Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists

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UNDERSTANDING THE WORK OF NURSE THEORISTS

This page was last updated on 18-01-2010

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Theories of Nursing

• Theory is "an internally consistent group of relational statements (concepts, definitions

and propositions) that present a systematic view aout a phenomenon and which is useful

for description, e!planation, prediction and control"

• Theories are road maps that provide a framewor# for selecting and organi$ing

information%

o &hat to as#

o &hat to oserve

o &hat to focus on

o &hat to thin# aout

• 'ursing theory is an organi$ed and systematic articulation of a set of statements related to

uestions in the discipline of nursing

Uses of Theory

Theory is used to%

• escrie

• *!plain

• +redict

• +rescrie

Uses of Nursing Theory

• efine relationships among the variales of a given field of inuiry

• uide research, practice and communication

• llow the prediction of the conseuences of care

• llow the prediction of a range of patient responses



• +rovide a rationale for collecting reliale and valid data aout the health status of clients,

which are essential for effective decision ma#ing and implementation

• elp to estalish criteria to measure the uality of nursing care

• elp uild a common nursing terminology to use in communicating with other health professionals deas are developed and words defined

• *nhance autonomy (independence and self-governance) of nursing y defining its own

independent functions

In e$u"!#ion

• +rovide a general focus for curriculum design

• uide curricular decision ma#ing

In rese!r"h

• ffer a framewor# for generating #nowledge and new ideas

• ssist in discovering #nowledge gaps in specific field of study

• ffer a systematic approach to identify uestions for study, select variales, interpret

findings, and validate nursing interventions

An illus#r!#ion%% The ger& #heory

• *!plains the phenomenon of disease transmission

• .eans of speculative e!planation and prediction of certain oservale events

• llows us to effectively function to prevent transmission of communicale disease

• 6iale asis upon which to ma#e decisions aout how to prevent certain illnesses

• There are phenomena we do not understand that are related to germ transmission,

• *!ample-the communicaility of cancer

'Nursing r!"#i"e('

ll e!periences and events a practicing nurse encounters in the process of providing nursing



care

Even#s%((

• 5ome may e e!perienced y the client,

• thers y the nurse

• 5ome may e oserved in the environment

• .ay e oserved in the nurse-client interaction

• n situations of daily wor# or living,

7777ut as long as they are oservale during the process of providing direct nursing care,they are considered part of nursing practice

Appro!"hes #o in#er rel!#ionships )e#*een pr!"#i"e !n$ #heory

• ow nursing practice contriutes to the process of theory development

• ow theory contriutes to nursing practice7

+on#ri)u#ion of pr!"#i"e #o #heory $evelop&en#

• Theory development within nursing occurs in the conte!t of practice

• Two activities contriute significantly to the overall process of developing theory in

nursing

• 4oncept analysis and

• +ractical validation of theory

+on"ep# !n!lysis



• dentify and verify astract concepts

• "what events in practice can e lin#ed with astract concept !"

• pplication of theory in practice

• 'ursing process operation of analysis of assessment data

• sed as scientific rationale supporting 9udgments in nursing care plans

+on"ep#s

•

4oncepts may e (a) readily oservale, or concrete, ideas such as thermometer, rash, andlesion: () indirectly oservale, or inferential, ideas such as pain and temperature: or c)non-oservale, or astract, ideas such as euilirium, adaptation, stress, and

powerlessness

• nursing theories address and specify relationships among four ma9or astract concepts

referred to as the metaparadigm of nursing

• ;our concepts are considered to e central to nursing %

• +erson or client, the recipient of nursing care (includes individuals, families, groups, and

communities)

• *nvironment, the internal and e!ternal surroundings that affect the client This includes

people in the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others

• ealth, the degree of wellness or well-eing that the client e!periences



• 'ursing, the attriutes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on ehalf

of, or in con9unction with, the client

Nigh#ing!le,s environ&en#!l #heory

• "the act of utili$ing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery"

• 5he lin#ed health with five environmental factors %

• +ure or fresh air

• +ure water

• *fficient drainage

•

4leanliness

• <ight, especially direct sunlight

• eficiencies in these five factors produced lac#

• f health or illness

epl!u,s in#erperson!l rel!#ions &o$el

• 'urses enter into a personal relationship with an individual when a felt need is present

Hen$erson,s $efini#ion of nursing

• enderson conceptuali$ed the nurse=s role as assisting sic# or well individuals to gain

independence in meeting 1> fundamental needs (enderson)

• 3reathing normally

• *ating and drin#ing adeuately

•

*liminating ody wastes

• .oving and maintaining a desirale position

• 5leeping and resting

• 5electing suitale clothes



• .aintaining ody temperature within normal range y ad9usting clothing and modifying

the environment

• ?eeping the ody clean and well groomed to protect the integument

• voiding dangers in the environment and avoiding in9uring others

• 4ommunicating with others in e!pressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions

• &orshipping according to one=s faith

• &or#ing in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment

• +laying or participating in various forms of recreation

•

<earning, discovering, or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal development andhealth, and using availale health facilities

Roger,s s"ien"e of uni#!ry hu&!n )eings

• 5he states that humans are dynamic energy fields in continuous e!change with

environmental fields, oth of which are infinite

• 'urses applying /oger@s theory in practice (a) focus on the person=s wholeness, () see#

to promote symphonic interaction etween the two energy fields (human and

environment) to strengthen the coherence and integrity of the person, c) coordinate the

human field with the rhythmicities of the environmental field, and (d) direct and redirect patterns of interaction etween the two energy fields to promote ma!imum health

potential

Ore&,s gener!l #heory of nursing

• rem=s self-care deficit theory e!plains not only when nursing is needed ut also how

people can e assisted through five methods of helping% acting or doing for, guiding,

teaching, supporting, and providing an environment that promotes the individual=s

ailities to meet current and future demands

King,s go!l !##!in&en# #heory

• ?ing=s theory offers insight into nurses= interactions with individuals and groups within

the environment t highlights the importance of client=s participation in decision that

influence care and focuses on oth the process of nurse-client interaction and the

outcomes of care

Neu&!n,s sys#e&s &o$el



• The model is ased on the individual=s relationship to stress, the reaction to it, and

reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature

• 3etty 'euman@s model of nursing is applicale to a variety of nursing practice settings

involving individuals, families, groups, and communities

Roy,s !$!p#!#ion &o$el

• /oy focuses on the individual as a iopsychosocial adaptive system that employs a

feedac# cycle of input (stimuli), throughput (control processes), and output (ehaviors

or adaptive responses)

W!#son,s hu&!n "!ring #heory

• Aean &atson (1BCB) elieves the practice of caring is central to nursing: it is the unifying

focus for practice

• 'ursing interventions related to human care are referred to as carative factors

• &atson=s theory of human caring has receiving worldwide recognition and is a ma9or

force in redefining nursing as a caring-healing health model

!rse,s hu&!n )e"o&ing #heory

• +arse=s model of human ecoming emphasi$es how individuals choose and ear

responsiility for patterns of personal health

Leininger,s "ul#ur!l "!re $iversi#y !n$ univers!li#y #heory

• 5he emphasi$es that human caring, although a universal phenomenon, varies among

cultures in its e!pressions, processes, and patterns: it is largely culturally derived

Ore&,s gener!l #heory of nursing

Assessing

• nvolves collecting data aout the client=s capacities (#nowledge, s#ills, and motivation)

to perform universal, developmental, and health-deviation self-care reuisites etermine

self-care deficits

Di!gnosing

• 5tated in terms of the client=s limitations for maintaining self care (a deficit in self-care

agency)

l!nning



• nvolves considering and designing, with the client=s participation, an appropriate nursing

system (wholly compensatory, partially compensatory, supportive-educative, or a mi!)

that will help the client achieve an optimal level of self care

I&ple&en#ing

• ssisting the client

Ev!lu!#ing

• etermining the client=s level of achievement

Referen"es

1 +hipps A &ilma, 5ands ? Audith .edical 5urgical 'ursing% concepts D clinical

practiceEth edition +hiladelphia .osy pulications 1BBE

2 3lac# . Aoice, aw#s ho#anson Aane .edical 5urgical 'ursing% 4linical .anagementfor positive outcomes 5t <ois, .issouri 200F

G Tomey ., lligood ./ 'ursing theorists and their wor# (Fth ed) .osy,

+hiladelphia, 2002

> lligood ./, Tomey . 'ursing theory utili$ation and application 2nd *d .osy,+hiladelphia, 2002

Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists

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