Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning,...
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![Page 1: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle
from Atmospheric Measurements of O2 and CO2
Andrew Manning, UEA, UK
![Page 2: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Year
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
CO
2 co
ncen
trat
ion
(ppm
)
310314318322326330334338342346350354358362366370374378382
Mauna Loa CO2
South Pole CO2
Dave Keeling
The Keeling Curve
![Page 3: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Year
1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
O2/
N2
ratio
(pp
m E
q)
-80-76-72-68-64-60-56-52-48-44-40-36-32-28-24-20-16-12-8
CO
2 co
ncen
trat
ion
(ppm
)
310314318322326330334338342346350354358362366370374378382
Mauna Loa CO2
South Pole CO2
Mauna Loa O2
South Pole O2
Dave Keeling
Ralph Keeling
The Keeling Curves
![Page 4: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Simplified Global Budgets:CO2 = F – O – L
Atmosphere-Oceangas exchange
Photosynthesis Respiration
Fossil fuel burning
Simplified global CO2 cycle
F = fossil fuel carbon emissionsO = net oceanic carbon sinkL = net land biotic carbon sink
+ Z
Z = net oceanic O2 source
O2 = –FF + LL
F = average fossil fuel O2:CO2 ratioL = average land biotic O2:CO2 ratio
and O2 cycles
![Page 5: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
(CO2)global (ppm)354 358 362 366 370 374 378 382 386
(O2/
N2)
glo
bal (
per
meg
)
-360
-340
-320
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
Jan. 1993
change due to fossil fuelcombustion only
Jan. 2003
Atmosphericchange
Quantifying global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks
![Page 6: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Manning, 2001& IPCC TAR, 2001
Manning & Keeling, Tellus, 2006& IPCC AR4 draft, 2006
Units: Pg C yr-1
1990-2000 1993-2003Fossil-fuel emissions: 6.3 ± 0.4 6.5 ± 0.4Atmospheric CO2 increase: 3.2 ± 0.1 3.7 ± 0.1Net oceanic carbon sink: 1.7 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.6Net land biotic carbon sink: 1.4 ± 0.7 0.5 ± 0.7
O2 = –FF + LL + Z
CO2 = F – O – L(CO2)global (ppm)354 358 362 366 370 374 378 382 386
(O2/
N2)
glo
bal (
per
meg
)
-360
-340
-320
-300
-280
-260
-240
-220
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
Jan. 1993
change due to fossil fuelcombustion only
Jan. 2003
Ocean uptake
Atmosphericchange
Terrestrial uptake
Ocean O2 outgassing
Quantifying global oceanic and land biotic carbon sinks
![Page 7: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ALT (82°N, 63°W)
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
AP
O (
pe
r m
eg
)
-210
-180
-150
-120
-90
-60
-30
0
APO - Atmospheric Potential Oxygen
APO = O2 + LCO2
APO is conservative with respect to land biotic processes
So APO variations result only from:
- oceanic CO2 sink (long term)
- oceanic O2 fluxes (short term)
ALT (82°N, 63°W)
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03
CO
2 c
on
cen
tra
tion
(p
pm
)
346350354358362366370374378382
ALT (82°N, 63°W)
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03O
2/N
2 r
atio
(p
er
me
g)
-360-320-280-240-200-160-120
-80-40
0
![Page 8: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
From atmospheric O2 (APO) observations and transport model inversion get FO2
(oceanic O2 flux).
Then calculate kg2 from: FO2 = kg2 [ pO2(oc) – pO2(atm)]
Use this kg2 with CO2 observations to derive air-sea CO2 fluxes with less uncertainty.
Wanninkhof and McGillis, GRL, 1999
Gas exchange velocities from APO measurements Regional quantification of ocean carbon sinks
FCO2 = kg1[pCO2(oc) –
pCO2(atm)]
Large uncertainties in kg1
Large uncertainties in calculated air-sea CO2 fluxes.
![Page 9: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stephens et al., GBC, 1998
Gruber et al., GBC, 2001
Latidudinal distribtion of APO fluxes Validation and improvement of ocean BGC models
![Page 10: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Battle et al., GBC, 2006
Tohjima et al., GRL, 2005
![Page 11: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
DurbanDurban
FelixstoweFelixstowe
Felixstowe to DurbanPeriodicity = 45 days
8 cruises/yr
CarboOcean atmospheric O2/CO2 measurements
![Page 12: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
-500
-450
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
19Aug 20Aug 21Aug 22Aug 23Aug 24Aug 25Aug 26Aug 27Aug 28Aug 29Aug 30Aug 31Aug 01Sep 02Sep 03Sep 04Sep
Day in 2006
O2
(per
meg
)
360
365
370
375
380
385
CO
2 (pp
m)
O2CO22 hr moving averages
See poster by Michael Patecki for more info
![Page 13: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Atmospheric O2/CO2 measurements in CarboOcean:
Michael Patecki, UEA, U.K.Poster: System development and preliminary results of atmospheric O2 and CO2 from shipboard measurements in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Jost Lavric, LSCE, FrancePoster: Continuous high accuracy atmospheric O2/N2 and CO2 measurement – a new automatic station on Cape Farewell, Southern Greenland.
Ingrid Luijkx, RuG, The NetherlandsPoster: Continuous atmospheric CO2 and O2 measurements on the F3 North Sea gas and oil platform.
Harro Meijer, RuG, The Netherlands
![Page 14: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1) Atlantic O2 + CO2 measurementsa) CarboOcean, with Michael Patecki
Continuous, automated measurements, achieved with:- “Oxzilla” fuel cell O2 analyser - Siemens NDIR CO2 analyser- “Blue Box” for calib. gases- 2-stage drying system
![Page 16: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stephens et al. (1998)
Gruber et al. (2001)
Lack of O2 observation!
![Page 17: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CO2
Month
50N-40N
40N-30N
30N-20N
20N-10N
10N-EQ
EQ-10S
10S-20S
20S-30S
10 ppm
1 3 5 7 9 11
30S-40S
O2/N
2
Month
50 per meg
1 3 5 7 9 11
APO
Month
50 per meg
1 3 5 7 9 11
Data and figure courtesy of Y. Tohjima, NIES, Japan
Pacific Ocean shipboard flask measurements, 2002-2004
![Page 18: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
40S
20S
0
20N
40N
60N
120E 180 120W 60W
PYXISGolden WattleMOL GloryFujitrans World
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
30N-20N
2002 2003 2004
O2/
N2
(per
meg
)
![Page 19: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
APO interannual variabilitym
ol O
2/y
r x1
01
4
- ocean models under-estimate observed variability
Buitenhuis, Le Quéré, Keeling
![Page 20: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Simplified Global Budgets:CO2 = F – O – L
Atmosphere-Oceangas exchange
Photosynthesis Respiration
Fossil fuel burning
Simplified global CO2 and O2 cycles
F = fossil fuel carbon emissionsO = net oceanic carbon sinkL = net land biotic carbon sink
O2 = –FF + LL
F = average fossil fuel O2:CO2 ratioL = average land biotic O2:CO2 ratio
+ Z
Z = net oceanic O2 source
![Page 21: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
APO - Atmospheric Potential Oxygen
(CO2 = F – O – L ) x L
+O2 = –FF + LL + Z
APO Fossil fuel APO loss
Oceanic APO loss
O2 + LCO2 = (L – F)F – (LO – Z)
1) Solve ‘O’ with APO
2) Solve ‘L’ with CO2
- land sink more variable, and have larger CO2 network
- less “noise” in long-term APO trend
![Page 22: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
CO2
O2
Atmosphere
Ocean
O2
CO2
Relative reservoir sizes Long-term trends
O2
CO2
Seasonal effects
CO2
O2
![Page 23: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Keeling and Garcia, PNAS, 2002.
![Page 24: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CarboOcean – observations theme led by UEA- 5 year, 15 million Euro programme-main objective: to quantify net annual air-quantify net annual air-sea COsea CO2 2 fluxes in North Atlantic Ocean fluxes in North Atlantic Ocean (and (and world ocean)world ocean)
My contribution:continuous, automated system for measurements of atmospheric O2 and CO2 from ships(to complement measurements of dissolved O2 and CO2)
![Page 25: Understanding the Ocean Carbon Cycle from Atmospheric Measurements of O 2 and CO 2 Andrew Manning, UEA, UK.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea35503460f94ba6ce4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
FelixstoweAntwerp
Gran Canaria
Cape Town
Port Elizabeth
Durban
Felixstowe to Durban
Periodicity: Felixstowe is visited every 45 days