Understanding Mechanisms of Behavior Change

© CASAColumbia 2013

A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

August 1, 2013

UNDERSTANDING

MECHANISMS OF

BEHAVIOR CHANGE


Acknowledgments

2

NIMH

NIDA

NIAAA

Kevin Ochsner Andrew Chen

Kaerensa Craft

Marie Hayes

Alexis Kuerbis

Russ Marks

Fred Muench

Cassie van Stolk-

Cooke

Alicia Wiprovnick

Bruce Doré

Robert DeBellis

Alexa Hubbard

Katie Insel

Seth Kallman

Elina Kanellopoulou

Rebecca Martin

Jenny Porter

Jennifer Silvers

Jochen Weber

CASPIR SCN Lab

Noam Zerubavel Nasir Naqvi

Jon Morgenstern


Responses to Alcohol Cues

Behavior

3

Reactivity & Regulation

affective & cognitive processes


Cognitive Neuroscience

Approach

4

Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Ochsner & Feldman Barrett, 2001; Ochsner, 2008; Martin Braunstein et al., in prep

Social/Cognitive/Affective

Performance

behavior, stimuli

(lab tasks)

Information Processing psychological processes,

mental representations

Neural Systems specific brain regions

affective & cognitive

processes


Cognitive Neuroscience

Approach

5

Ochsner & Lieberman, 2001; Ochsner & Feldman Barrett, 2001; Ochsner, 2008; Martin Braunstein et al., in prep

2: Translate the model For a given population, use behavioral

and neural measures to draw inferences

about (dys)function of specific processes

1: Apply the model of

basic mechanisms

Social/Cognitive/Affective

Performance

behavior, stimuli

(lab tasks)

Information Processing psychological processes,

mental representations

Neural Systems specific brain regions

behavioral measures of

emotion & regulation

fMRI measures of cortical

& subcortical systems

affective & cognitive

processes


Extant Cog Neuro

Treatment Studies

6

• Predictors of relapse

• Identify biomarkers (morphology and/or activation) that

predict relapse

• Treatment effects

• Develop treatments that target deficits identified by cog

neuro theories (e.g., working memory)

• Test whether treatment changes brain activity to better

understand mechanism of treatment effect

Morgenstern, Naqvi, DeBellis, & Breiter (2013)


Mechanisms of Reactivity and

Regulation Can Inform

Treatments

7

• Cognitive neuroscience paradigms characterize nature

of the disorder (biomarkers)

• Heightened reward reactivity?

• Regulatory deficits?

• Neural responses to component processes of behavioral

treatments may relate to individual differences in

treatment response

• Ability to apply tailored treatments


Ventral Striatum Responds to

Rewards

8

Knutson et al., 2003 O’Doherty et al., 2002

Secondary Rewards

Fareri, Martin, & Delgado, 2008

Primary Rewards


Striatum Activity

Predicts Behavior

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Demos et al., 2012

Ventral striatum response to food and erotic images

predicts weight gain and sexual activity.


Emotion Regulation

Process Model

10

Stimuli in context Attention Appraisal Response

Situation modification Cognitive change Response modulation

Internal: thoughts,

sensations, etc.

External: people,

cues, events, etc.

Regulatory Processes

Situation

selection

after Gross, 1998; Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Ochsner et al., 2012

Select situations

that promote

desired responses

Change what you

focus on

Reappraise

meaning of

stimulus/event

Suppress or

enhance

expression/b

ehavior


Neural Circuitry of

Reactivity & Regulation

11

Ochsner & Gross, 2005, 2008; Ochsner et al., 2012, Martin Braunstein, Gross & Ochsner in prep


Regulation Decreases

Reward Reactivity

12

Monetary rewards (Delgado et al., 2008;

Staudinger et al., 2009)

Cigarette craving (Kober et al., 2010)

Neural responses to cocaine cues (Volkow et al., 2010)


Cognitive Regulation of Craving

13

Think about immediate

consequences of consuming…

How smoking would make you

feel, it’s smell, it’s taste….

Think about long-term

consequences of consumption…

Consequence for your health…

Cancer, lung & heart disease….

NOW

LATER

Kober, Mende-Siedlecki, Weber, Hart, Mischel, & Ochsner (2010) PNAS


Important to Understand

Regulation • Reactivity is affected by regulation

• AUD may by driven by

• Heightened reactivity to cues

• Impaired regulation ability

• Both

• Cognitive neuroscience approach allows for examination

of reactivity & regulation

14


Ending Addiction

Changes Everything

www.casacolumbia.org

THANK YOU!

Understanding Mechanisms of Behavior Change

Health & Medicine

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