understanding human behavior intro

8/13/2019 understanding human behavior intro

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Understanding human

behaviour

POOJA GUPTA

NCCE


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Meaning

Behaviour simply means as a response to

certain stimuli which is observable directly

& indirectly.

Behaviour is observed directly by

studying the responses of people to their

work environment.


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Process of behaviour/models1. S-R model This model assumes that the reasons

which cause human behavior are of two types:* Internal feeling

*External environment

Internal feelings of a person may relate to his motivationalfactor where as the external environment which is also

called the stimulus directly influences the activity of aperson.

Stimulus organism response

input output


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2.

S-O-R model- This model is achieved by insertingo (organism) in S-R model. Here dieorganism is constantly active, scanning itssurroundings, monitoring its over actions. Theorganism is to overcome obstacles and satisfyhis needs.

Stimulus organism response

input output


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3. S-O-B-A model-S in this model stands for stimulus or the externalenvironment situation. o in this model stands for the organism asthe person. B stands for behaviour. A stands for accomplishmentsand consequences.S O B A

stimulus organism behavior accomplishment

feedback


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Understanding human behaviour

Organizational behavior is the toolwhich helps themanagers in understanding human behavior inall the directions in which the human beinginteract. Human can be studied from the pointof view of the following four levels:

1. Individual behavior

2. interpersonal behavior

3. Group behavior4. inter group behavior


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Individual behaviour

The main focus of behavioral sciences is on the

study of individual behavior. It tries

to analyze why and how an individual

behaves in a particular way in a given situation.The behaviour of individuals, is affected by a

number of psychological, social and cultural

factors. The job of organisational behaviorist is

to integrate these factors to help in

understanding human behaviour.


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Inter-personal behaviour

Behavioral sciences also provide means forunderstanding interpersonal behaviour in theorganisations. In organisations, two person relationshipis inevitable. Interpersonal interacts mansmost natural

attempt at socialization.dimensions are changed to a certain degree when theindividual comes in contact with others in theorganisational where he interacts:

1.On one to one basis

2.On one to group basis

3.On group to one basis

4. On group to group basis.


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Group behaviour

Group behaviour is the social process by

which people relate and respond to each

other and perform their respective roles.


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Factor affecting behaviour

Personal

factors

Environmental

factors

Organizational

factors

BiographicalFactors:

Learnedcharacteristics:

Physical

characteristics

Personality economic factors physical facilities

Age Perception socio cultural

factors

Organisation

structure designGender Attitudes political factors Leadership

Religion Values legal environment Reward system

Marital Status


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Personal factor

A) Biographical factors

1.Physical characteristics-someof these characteristics are related toheight, skin, weight, etc.

2.age-age is considered to be an inherited characteristics because it is

determined by the date of birth, the relationship between age andjob performance is an issue of increasing performance.

3.sex-being a male or female is genetic in nature and it is considered tobe an inherited feature.

4.religion-though there are no scientific studies to prove it and wecannot some generalise it, but religion and religion based cultures

play an important role in determining some aspects of individualbehaviour, especially those aspects which concern morals, ethicsand a code of conduct.

.


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5.Marital status- research has consistently indicated thatas marriage imposes increased responsibilities, to havea steady job becomes more valuable and important

6.experience- the next biographical characteristics istenure or experience. The impact of seniority on jobperformance is an issue which is subject to a lot ofmisconceptions and speculations.

7.intelligence-generally, it is considered that intelligence isan inherited quality. Some people are born intelligent orin other words intelligent parents produce intelligent

children.


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8.ability-ability refers to the capacity or capabilityof an individual to perform the various task in a

job. Ability of an individual can be of two types:

a) Intellectual ability-if the individual is expected

to perform mental activities, he must have aparticular level of intellectual ability.

b) Physical ability- physical abilities include apersonsstaminamanual dexterity, leg strength.


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B) Learned characteristics

1. Personality-by personality we dontmean the physicalappearance of a person. Personality generally refers toPersonal traits such as dominance, aggressiveness,persistence and other qualities reflected through a

parsonsbehaviour.2. Perception-perception is the view point by which one

interprets a situation.

3. Attitude-attitude is just like perception but with a frameof reference.

4. Values-values are global beliefs that guide actions andjudgments across a variety of situations.


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Environmental factors

1. Economic factors- the behaviour of an individual isaffected to a large extent by the economicenvironment. A few economic factors are as explainedbelow:

*employment level- the employment opportunities which

are available to the individuals go a long way ininfluencing the individual behaviour.

*wage rates-the major consideration of every employeewho is working in the organisation is his wages.

*general economic environment-some employees who are

working in government offices or public sectorundertakings are not affected by economic cycles.

*technological development-through technology is not aneconomic factor, but we include it in the economicfactors because of the impact it has on the individual

job opportunities.


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2.socio-cultural factors- the social environment

of an individual includes his relationship with

family members, friends, colleagues, supervisors

and subordinates.3.Political factors- political environment of the

country will affect the individual behaviour not

directly, but through several other factors.

4.Legal environment- rules and laws formalized

and written standards of behaviour.


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Organisational factors

1.Physical facilities- the physical environment at a workplace is the arrangement of people and things so that ishas a positive influence on people.

2.Organisational structure and design- these areconcerned with the way in which different departments inthe organisational are set up.

3. Leadership - the system of leadership is established bythe management to provide direction, assistance, adviceand coaching to individuals.

4.Reward system- the behaviour and performance of theindividuals is also influenced by the reward systemestablished by the organisation to compensate theiremployees.


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APPROACHES TO STUDY

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR


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INTRODUCTION

It is required that a systematic approach

should be there to understand, explain and

predict human behaviour.


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BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH

Human behaviour approach is outcome of

the thoughts developed by behavioural

scientists who have looked at the

organisation as collectivity of people forcertain specified objectives.

The human behaviour approach

emphasises human resources in anorganisation more as compared to

physical and finincial resources.


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MAJOR CONCLUSIONS

People do not dislike work.

Most people can exercise a great deal of

self direction, self control, than are

required in their current job.

Work satisfaction may improve as a by

product of subordinates making full use of

their potential.


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COGNITIVE APPROACH

The cognitive approach in psychology is a

relatively modern approach to study

human behaviour.

The cognitive approach is based on the

principle that our behaviour is generated

by a series of stimuli and responses to

these by thinking process.


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ASSUMPTIONS

Human behaviour can be explained as a

set of scientific processes.

Human beings have capacity to retain

immediate events.

There is general ability to act in a

meaningful way


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PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

Psychonalytic theory is based on the

notion that man is motivated more by

unseen forces than he is controlled by

conscious and rational thought.

There are ID EGO And SUPER EGO .

They are so interrelated that they can only

be artificially seperated for individual studyand analysis.


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The IDthis is unconscious part. The id is asource of psychic energy and seeksimmediate gratification for biological or

instinctual needs. The EGO- the ego is conscious and logicalpart of the human personality and associatedwith the reality principle.

The SUPER EGO- the super ego representssocial and personal norms and serves as anethical constraint on behaviour.

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