Understanding Ecology and Ecosystems. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! HS...
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Transcript of Understanding Ecology and Ecosystems. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! HS...
Understanding Ecology and Ecosystems
Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed!
HS‐ESS2‐2 .Analyze geoscience data to make the claim that one change to Earth’s surface can create feedbacks that cause changes to other Earth systems. [Clarification Statement: Examples should include climate feedbacks, such as how an increase in greenhouse gases causes a rise in global temperatures that melts glacial ice, which reduces the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface, increasing surface temperatures and further reducing the amount of ice. Examples could also be taken from other system interactions, such as how the loss of ground vegetation causes an increase in water runoff and soil erosion; how dammed rivers increase groundwater recharge, decrease sediment transport, and increase coastal erosion; or how the loss of wetlands causes a decrease in local humidity that further reduces the wetland extent.
HS‐ESS2‐2. Construct an argument based on evidence about the simultaneous coevolution of Earth’s systems and life on Earth. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the dynamic causes, effects, and feedbacks between the biosphere and Earth’s other systems, whereby geoscience factors control the evolution of life, which in turn continuously alters Earth’s surface. Examples of include how photosynthetic life altered the atmosphere through the production of oxygen, which in turn increased weathering rates and allowed for the evolution of animal life; how microbial life on land increased the formation of soil, which in turn allowed for the evolution of land plants; or how the evolution of corals created reefs that altered patterns of erosion and deposition along coastlines and provided habitats for the evolution of new life forms.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of how the biosphere interacts with all of Earth’s other systems.
Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resource Standards Addressed
NRS.01.01. Apply methods of classification to examine natural resource availability and ecosystem function in a particular region. NRS.01.01.02.a. Summarize the components that comprise all
ecosystems. NRS.01.01.03.b. Analyze how biodiversity develops through
evolution, natural selection and adaptation; explain the importance of biodiversity to ecosystem function and availability of natural resources.
Learning Objectives
Define ecology and ecosystems. Explain natural selection and succession. Define homeostasis. Identify communities found in nature. Explain population ecology. Describe food relationships found in
nature. Identify biomes and explain ecosystem
diversity.
Terms Abiotic factors Adaptation Aquatic
communities Biome Biotic factors Carnivore Communities Competition Distribution
Dominant species Ecology Ecosystem Ectothermic Emigration Endotherm Food chain Food web Habitat
Terms Herbivore Homeostasis Homeotherm Immigration Mortality Natality Niche Omnivore
Poikilotherm Population density Population ecology Predation Selection Species diversity Succession Terrestrial
communities
What is an ecosystem? Write down all of
the differences you observe in this picture.
Are there a number of ecosystems and different organisms thriving in this ecosystem?
Ecology
The study of how organisms exist in their environment.
How nature is organized and the roles that each organism plays within its environment can be explained through the science of ecology.
Ecosystem
Where an organism lives within the environment.
An ecosystem can be as large as a rain forest or as small as a pond.
There are two types of factors found within an ecosystem, biotic and abiotic factors.
Biotic Factors
Living things found in an ecosystem. Bio- means life.
Biotic factors include plants and animals.
The biotic factors need the abiotic factors to live.
Abiotic Factors
The non-living things found in an ecosystem.
Abiotic factors include water and temperature.
Natural Selection and Succession
Selection and succession are examples of change that occur within an ecosystem.
Without change, ecosystems could not survive.
Natural Selection and Succession
Adaptation is an organism’s ability to tolerate change in its environment.
Adaptation is necessary for survival. The theory of evolution and
adaptation of organisms is credited to Charles Darwin.
Selection
The survival of organisms that are best adapted to their environment.
Adaptation occurs because the species goes through change over time.
Many of these changes occur through genetics.
Succession
The replacement of one community by another.
Succession occurs naturally over time.
Succession The rate of
succession can be altered by humans, however.
For example, humans may reduce the amount of a specific fish species in an area by over-fishing.
External Environment All organisms must deal with changes
in their external environment. Failure to deal with these changes can
cause elimination of the species. External environmental factors such as
moisture, temperature, and climate can affect homeostasis.
Homeostasis
The process in which organisms maintain a constant internal environment when the external environment changes. An example of homeostasis in
animals is sweating in warm temperatures and shivering in cool temperatures.
Homeostasis Some animals can tolerate a
variety of temperatures. Examples of these types of animals
include homeotherms and poikilotherms.
Homeotherm An organism that maintains near
constant internal temperature despite the temperature of the environment. Humans, horses, deer, and dogs are
examples of homeotherms. Homeotherms are warm-blooded or
endotherms. An endotherm is an organism that can
maintain a constant body temperature.
Poikilotherms An organism that has a body
temperature that equilibrates with the environment. Snakes, fish and turtles are known as
poikilotherms. Poikilotherms are considered
ectothermic. An ectothermic organism does not have
a constant body temperature.
Communities
Collections of organisms that live together.
Each organism or species of organisms is its own individual.
However, they all react and interact with each other.
Habitat
The physical environmental characteristics of a community.
A habitat includes biotic and abiotic factors.
A niche is the function of an organism within its community.
Communities Communities can be found in the
water and on the land. Interaction does occur between
these two types of communities. This interaction can be good, for
example some aquatic animals such as alligators can live on both the land and in the water.
Communities Sometimes though, the interaction
can be bad. For example, water runoff can
erode soil from the terrestrial community into the aquatic community.
This excess soil is considered pollution.
Aquatic Communities
Communities that occur in the water.
Aquatic plants include water chestnuts and water hyacinths.
Aquatic animals include fish, shrimp, and eels.
Terrestrial Communities
Communities found on the land. Trees, soybeans, and grass are
examples of plants found in a terrestrial community.
Sheep, cattle, and hogs are examples of terrestrial animals.
Dominant Species
Within a community one species may begin to take over.
A species that is stronger or has an advantage over another species and is capable of altering the community for other species.
Species Diversity
Refers to a variety of different types of organisms living in a community.
The greater the variety, the greater the species diversity.
Population Ecology
The study of how plant and animal populations within a community affect each other.
Can be affected by the attributes of density, age, distribution and is also affected by population growth, competition, and predation.
Population Density The measure of how crowded
organisms are in their environment.
Because organisms compete for resources, keeping a balance is important. If the population is too high, some
organisms will die.
Population Age Three groups of ages are pre-reproductive,
reproductive, and post-reproductive. Pre-reproductive organisms are young and
have not reproduced Reproductive organisms are in the process of
reproducing, Post-reproductive organisms are past the
stage of reproducing. To be productive, a community should
contain each of these three age groups.
Distribution
A description of how organisms are distributed within their community.
Population Growth Determined by immigration,
emigration, natality, and mortality. Immigration is the act of an organism
moving into a habitat. Emigration is the act of an organism
moving out of a habitat. Natality is the production of new
individuals in a habitat. Mortality is the death rate in a
population.
Competition The use of the same resources by
different organisms to live. Population ecology can also be
affected by competition. All resources are limited in supply. Because of this, some organisms
will die or will be forced to move to other communities to survive.
Predation One living organism serving as food
for another organism. The organism that consumes another
is called a predator, the organism being consumed is called the prey.
Cannibalism, or the eating of your own kind, is also considered predation.
Food Relationships in Nature
All living organisms need some type of nourishment to live.
This nourishment usually comes from food.
A food chain is the order in which organisms obtain their food.
Food Chain
Each species has its own food chain.
Food chains intertwine to form food webs.
A food web is the interconnection of food chains within a community.
Food Web Within a food web,
animals are grouped according to the types of food they consume. These groups
include herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
Herbivore
An animal that eats only plants for food.
Examples of herbivores include bison and grass carp.
Carnivore
An animal that eats only animals for food.
Examples of carnivores include hawk’s, coyotes,
wolves.
Omnivores
Animals that eat both plants and animals.
Examples of omnivores include bears and catfish.
Biome
An area made up of a distinct combination of plants and animals.
Biomes are made up of the groups of ecosystems found on earth.
Biomes are terrestrial or aquatic in nature.
Types of Terrestrial Biomes Tropical forests are found near the
equator. Temperate forests can be found in
warm, semiarid, cold, and wet areas. Grasslands and savannas are areas
where grasses grow. Tundra and taiga are cold areas found
near the Arctic. Deserts are areas with little or no rain
fall.
Aquatic Biomes Include lakes and ponds, streams,
oceans, and wetlands and estuaries. Lakes and ponds are inland areas of
freshwater. Streams are ecosystems made up of
flowing water. Oceans are large bodies of saltwater. Wetlands and estuaries are areas found
near bodies of water.
Review / Summary Define ecology and ecosystems. Explain natural selection and succession. Define homeostasis. Identify communities found in nature. Explain population ecology. Describe food relationships found in nature. Identify biomes and explain ecosystem
diversity.
The End!