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Transcript of Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007...
![Page 1: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Understanding EarthFifth Edition
Chapter 2:
Plate Tetonics:The Unifying Theory
Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Grotzinger • Jordan • Press • Siever
![Page 2: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Divergent BoundariesOceanic Plate Separation
Mid-AtlanticRidge
North Am
erican
PlateNort
h Americ
an
Plate
EurasianPlate
EurasianPlate
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Divergent BoundariesOceanic Plate Separation
Mid-AtlanticRidge
North Am
erican
PlateNort
h Americ
an
Plate
EurasianPlate
EurasianPlate
Volcanoes and earthquakes concentrate.
![Page 4: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Divergent BoundariesContinental Plate Separation
East AfricanRift Valley
Somali Subplate
Somali SubplateAfric
an Plate
African Pl
ate
![Page 5: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Divergent BoundariesContinental Plate Separation
East AfricanRift Valley
Somali Subplate
Somali SubplateAfric
an Plate
African Pl
ate
Parallel valleys; volcanoes and earthquakes.
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Convergent BoundariesOcean-Ocean Convergence
Mariana Islands Marianas Trench
Pacific PlatePacific PlatePhili
ppine
PlatePhili
ppine
Plate
![Page 7: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Convergent BoundariesOcean-Ocean Convergence
Mariana Islands Marianas Trench
Pacific PlatePacific PlatePhili
ppine
PlatePhili
ppine
Plate
Deep-sea trench; volcanic island arc.
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Convergent BoundariesOcean-Continent Convergence
Nazca Plate
Nazca Plate
AndesMountains
SouthAmericanPlate
SouthAmericanPlate
Peru-Chile Trench
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Convergent BoundariesOcean-Continent Convergence
Nazca Plate
Nazca Plate
AndesMountains
SouthAmericanPlate
SouthAmericanPlate
Peru-Chile Trench
A volcanic belt ofmountains forms.
![Page 10: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Convergent BoundariesContinent-Continent Convergence
Himalaya
Mainthrustfault
TibetanPlateau
Indian-Australian Plat
eIndian-Aust
ralian Plate
EurasianPlateEurasianPlate
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Convergent BoundariesContinent-Continent Convergence
Himalaya
Mainthrustfault
TibetanPlateau
Indian-Australian Plat
eIndian-Aust
ralian Plate
EurasianPlateEurasianPlate
Crust crumbles, creating highmountains and a wide plateau.
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Transform-Fault BoundariesMid-Ocean Ridge Transform Fault
North American P
lateNorth Am
erican Plate
Eurasian Plate
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Transform-Fault BoundariesMid-Ocean Ridge Transform Fault
North American P
lateNorth Am
erican Plate
Eurasian Plate
Spreading centers offset.
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Transform-Fault BoundariesContinental Transform Fault
North American Plate
North American PlatePacific
PlatePacific
Plate
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Transform-Fault BoundariesContinental Transform Fault
North American Plate
North American PlatePacific
PlatePacific
Plate
Offset continental crust.
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As platesmove past each other...
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As platesmove past each other...
…creek beds are offset
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As platesmove past each other...
…creek beds are offset
SanFrancisco
Los Angeles
San Andreas fault
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Magnetic mapping can measure the rate of seafloor spreading
An oceanic survey over the Reykjanes Ridge, part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge southwest of Iceland, showed an oscillating pattern of magnetic field strength. This figure illustrates how scientists worked out the explanation of this pattern.
Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic RidgeHigh
intensity
Low intensity
![Page 21: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Magnetic mapping can measure the rate of seafloor spreading
An oceanic survey over the Reykjanes Ridge, part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge southwest of Iceland, showed an oscillating pattern of magnetic field strength. This figure illustrates how scientists worked out the explanation of this pattern.
Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic RidgeHigh
intensity
Low intensity
A sensitive magnetometerrecords magnetic anomalies,…
![Page 22: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Magnetic mapping can measure the rate of seafloor spreading
An oceanic survey over the Reykjanes Ridge, part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge southwest of Iceland, showed an oscillating pattern of magnetic field strength. This figure illustrates how scientists worked out the explanation of this pattern.
Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic RidgeHigh
intensity
Low intensity
A sensitive magnetometerrecords magnetic anomalies,…
Iceland
Mid-AtlanticRidge
![Page 23: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Magnetic mapping can measure the rate of seafloor spreading
An oceanic survey over the Reykjanes Ridge, part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge southwest of Iceland, showed an oscillating pattern of magnetic field strength. This figure illustrates how scientists worked out the explanation of this pattern.
Mid-Atlantic RidgeMid-Atlantic RidgeHigh
intensity
Low intensity
A sensitive magnetometerrecords magnetic anomalies,…
Iceland
Mid-AtlanticRidge
…alternating bands of highand low magnetism.
Symmetrical bands on both sides. Why?
![Page 24: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Magnetic anomalies also in volcanic lava.
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Magnetic anomalies also in volcanic lava.
Normal
Reversed
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Magnetic anomalies also in volcanic lava.
Normal
Reversed
Earth’s magnetic fieldreverses direction.
Layers “remember”.
Older layers preservetheir direction.
Scientists constructed a magnetic time scale.
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Gilbertreversed chron
Gaussnormal chron
Matuyamareversed chron
Brunhesnormal chron
5.0 Ma Present4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
Subchrons
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Mid-ocean ridge
4.0
3.0
2.0
Oceancrust today
Million years ago (Ma)
5.0
million
years ol
d
3.32.5
0.70 0.7
2.53.3
5.0
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEARODINIA Late Proterozoic, 750 Ma
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEARODINIA Late Proterozoic, 750 Ma
Formed about 1.1 billionyears ago; began to breakup about 750 millionyears ago.
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEA Late Proterozoic, 650 Ma
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEA Late Proterozoic, 650 Ma
The pre-Pangean patternof continental drift.
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEA Middle Ordovician, 458 Ma
The pre-Pangean patternof continental drift.
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEA Early Devonian, 390 Ma
The pre-Pangean patternof continental drift.
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEA PANGAEA (a) Early Triassic, 237 Ma
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ASSEMBLY OF PANGAEA PANGAEA (a) Early Triassic, 237 Ma
Assembled by 237 Ma.
![Page 37: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
BREAKUP OF PANGAEA (b) Early Jurassic, 195 Ma
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BREAKUP OF PANGAEA (b) Early Jurassic, 195 Ma
Signaled by the openingof rifts from which lavapoured; relics can befound today in volcanicrocks from Nova Scotiato North Carolina.
![Page 39: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
BREAKUP OF PANGAEA (c) Late Jurassic, 152 Ma
![Page 40: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
BREAKUP OF PANGAEA (d) Late Cretaceous, Early Tertiary, 66 Ma
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THE PRESENT-DAY AND FUTURE WORLD (e) PRESENT-DAY WORLD
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THE PRESENT-DAY AND FUTURE WORLD (e) PRESENT-DAY WORLD
The modern world hasbeen produced over thepast 65 million years.
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THE PRESENT-DAY AND FUTURE WORLD (f) 50 million years in the future
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Whole-mantle convection
Uppermantle
Lowermantle
700 km
2900 kmOuter core
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core
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Whole-mantle convection
Uppermantle
Lowermantle
700 km
2900 kmOuter core
![Page 46: Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Chapter 2: Plate Tetonics: The Unifying Theory Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company Grotzinger Jordan Press.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56649ec15503460f94bcccd9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Stratified convection
Boundary near700 km separatesthe two convectionsystems.