Understanding Coping in Context Updated

7/31/2019 Understanding Coping in Context Updated

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RISK PROCESS (risk factors) correlatedwith problematic individual outcomes such

as personal distress, mental disorders or

behavior problems.

PROTECTIVE PROCESS

- which are strengths or resources associatedwith positive individual outcomes.


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DISTAL FACTORS

are predisposing processes ,

which directly and indirectly shape

stressors, resources, coping

processes and outcomes.


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DISTAL CONTEXTUAL FACTORS

it includes environmental conditions in

various life domains.- it can also cause chronic stressors that

involve long term scarcity.


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DISTAL PERSONAL FACTORS - these includes genetic and

biological factors, personality traits such as shyness or

extraversion.

PROXIMAL PROCESSES more immediately related tostress and coping.

* MAJOR LIFE EVENTS EACH EVENT IS A

ASSIGNED A POINT VALUE TO ESTIMATE THE AMOUNT OFCHANGE OR ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRES OF THE

INDIVIDUAL.


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PROXIMAL STRESSORS:

PROXIMAL: their precipitating, relatively direct relationship to

stress and coping.

STRESSORS: risk factors involving both individuals and

environments. They vary in severity, personal meaning, andpoint of impact.

Stressors act as antecedents, prior to appraisal and coping.

However, stressors and coping responses shape each otherto some extent.


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* LIFE TRANSITIONS THESE PRODUCE AN ENDURINGCHANGE IN PERSONS LIFE CONTEXT, REQUIRING THE

LEARNING OF NEW SKILLS OR ASSUMPTION OF NEWROLES.

* DAILY HASSLES IT INCLUDES FAMILY ARGUMENTSAND TRAFFIC JAMS.

* DISASTERS THESE AFFECT ENTIRE COMMUNITIES ,REGIONS AND NATIONS.

* VICIOUS SPIRALS CASCADING PATTERNS OFMULTIPLE STRESSORS, SET IN MOTION WHEN THE LOSS OFONE RESOUCRCE TRIGGERS OTHER LOSSES.

PROXIMAL STRESSORS


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STRESS REACTION: the personal experience of stressincludes physiological, emotional and cognitivecomponents which are interdependent andoften cyclical.

COGNITIVE APPRAISAL it is the ongoing processof constructing the meaning of stressful situationor event.

emotional experienced and expression areinfluenced by culture, gender roles and context.

STRESS REACTIONS


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RESOURCES ACTIVATED for COPING:

1. Material resources: money, employment, housing, food, clothing,transportation, and health insurances

2. Socio-emotional competencies: major focus of prevention-promotionprogram in community psychology.

Personal competencies for coping: self-regulation skills: managing emotions,motivations, cognitions, and other intrapersonal processes.

Social competencies: needed in order to connect with others and make use ofthe resources they offer. EMPATHY, the most basic social skill, involves

accurate understanding of the emotions of others. Making personal

connections, building relationships, and managing conflicts are crucial.

ASSERTIVENESS also matters.

3. Social resources: It takes a village to raise a child4. Cultural resources: traditions, rituals, beliefs, and narratives provides systems

of meaning for interpreting stressors

5. Social support: social settings as youth groups, mutual help organizations, and

religious congregations.

6. Mutual help groups

7. Spiritual resources:


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COPING PROCESSES: responses or processes ( e.g. actions, cognitions, self-regulatory

practices ) that a person uses to reduce stress.

COPING: a dynamic process that fluctuates over time according to the demands of the

situation, the available resources and the ongoing appraisal and emotions.

APPRAISAL: the ongoing process of constructing the meaning of stressful

situation of event. . The most relevant aspects of appraisal include the extent

to which the situation is seen as challenging or threatening, expected or

unexpected, and largely controllable or not.

REAPPRAISAL: or REFRAMING a problem involves altering ones perception of the

situation or its meaning.

CATEGORIES OF COPIN:

A. Problem focused: coping involves addressing a problem situation directly, especially by

making a plan to change the situation and following that plan.

B. Emotion-focused: coping that addresses the emotions that accompany the problem

rather than the stressor itself. Example is exercising or meditating to reduce anxiety, or

seeking emotional support from friends or family.

C. Meaning-focused coping that involves finding meaning in the stressor by reappraising it,

especially if this leads to growth or learning of important lessons. It maybe based on

deeper values, whether secular or spiritual, as when suffering is interpreted as leading

to growth.

COPING PROCESSES


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NOTES:

1. These categories may OVERLAP.2. Each category contains diverse subtypes.

COPING IS CONTEXTUAL: From an ecological perspective, coping is contextual

wise coping choices are based on the context and the person, not on

generalities. There is no coping style or strategy that is always superior.

Societal and cultural factors, gender and other forms of diversity, ecological

level, and the stressor itself must all be taken into account.

COPING IS DYNAMIC and CONTEXTUAL: Outcomes are not end states but

simply one more step in the cyclical processes of coping.


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COPING OUTCOMES:

1. WELLNESS: not only the absence of symptoms of disorders or distress; it is the

experience of positive outcomes in health and subjective well-being. Life satisfaction,

job satisfaction, positive affect, self-esteem, and academic achievement are wellnessoutcomes.

2. RESILIENCE: maintaining or returning to a prior level of health during stressful

circumstances. It arises from the interplay of environmental and individual factors.

3. THRIVING: process of growth that takes them beyond their prior level of functioning

RESILIENCE PLUS: in the face of stressors, not only holding ones ground butgrowing through experience.

4. SOCIAL EMBEDDEDNESS: many positive outcomes involve closer ties to family,

friends, community or other social groupings. These ties provide meaningful

relationships and psychological sense of community meaningful in themselves as well

as allies for pursuing goals and coping resources for future stressors. Negative

outcomes such as family discord and community fragmentation also can occur.5. EMPOWERNESS: gaining access to valued resources. It involves actually gaining

power in some way, not simply feeling more powerful. Increased access to resources

may be an important outcome of coping.


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INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE COPING

1. SOCIAL and POLICY ADVOCACY: It may involve working to raise public

awareness of an issue, such as gaining media attention for the needs ofdisaster victims. It may involve social action, such as protesting cuts in

mental health or youth development programs.

2. ORGANIZATIONAL CONSULTATION: Community and organizational

psychologists consult with these settings, seeking to: change organizational

policies; alter organizational roles, decision making, or communication; ordeal with issues such as work-family relationships, human diversity, and

inter-group conflict.

3. ALTERNATIVE SETTINGS: At times, the limitations of an agency, clinic, or

other setting may be so great that citizens or professionals form an

alternative setting to serve clients in a different way.

4. COMMUNITY COALITION: This approach involves bringing together

representatives from a local community to address issues such as

preventing drug abuse or promoting health or youth development.


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5. PREVENTION and PROMOTION PROGRAMS: These seek to reduce the

incidence of personal problems in living, mental disorders, and illness, or

to promote health, personal development or academic achievement.

6. CRISIS INTERVENTION: The most promising crisis intervention

approaches immediately after traumatic events focus on providing

emotional support, practical assistance, information about coping, andencouraging later use of ones own sources of support and treatment if

needed.

7. COLLABORATION with COMMUNITY RESOURCES: Community

resources are outside treatment system. These include mutual help

groups, consumer advocates, womens services, spiritual and religioussettings, indigenous healers and elders, and holistic health practitioners.

8. CASE MANAGEMENT: Complementing professional treatment are

innovations in casework and client advocacy.

INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE COPING


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SOCIAL SUPPORT

NOTE: It is a key resource for strengthening coping and well-being.

1. GENERALIZED SUPPORT: occur in interpersonal relationships sustainedover time, providing the individual with a secure base for living and coping. It

is not tailored to one specific stressor and does not necessarily involve

behavioral helping in a specific situation. It involves individual perceptions and

environmental support, the presence of meaningful others in ones life. Itrefers to caring and attachment in close personal relationships, such as a

strong marriage, parent-child relationship, or friendship.

It is measured in terms of PERCEIVED SUPPORT, in which research

participants are asked about the general quality or availability of support in

their lives.2. SPECIFIC SUPPORT or ENACTED SUPPORT: is a behavioral help provided

to people coping with a particular stressor. It maybe emotional

encouragement, information or advice, or tangible assistance such as loaning

money. It concerns distress already present in the recipients life, specific

support is discernible only when a person needs it, and is tailored to a specific

stressor.


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SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS

Social support occurs within networks of relationships:

1. MULTIDIMENSIONALITY: Multidimensional relationships are those in whichthe two persons involved do a number of things together and share a number

of role relationships.

2. DENSITY: Your social network also contains relationships between thepersons in your network other than you. Network density refers to the extent

of these relationships.

High-density network: when many ties exist between network members.

Low-density network: when few of the members are closely connected to

each other.

3. RECIPROCITY: the extent to which the individual both receives support fromothers and provides it to others. It may be the most important aspect of

friendship across the life span


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MUTUAL HELP GROUPS

Mutual help, self-help, and mutual support groups are voluntary associations of

persons who share soma status that results in difficulties with which the group tries

to deal.

It is based on peer relationships. It involves an exchange of helping based on

interpersonal norms of reciprocity rather than a professional service provided for a

fee. Each member both provides aid and receives it.

HELPER TEHRAPY PRINCIPLE:providing aid to others promotes ones own well-being.

SELF-HELP GROUP: facilitates by a person in recovery from the focal problem,

and do not have professional involvement.

MUTUAL SUPORT GROUPS: are peer led, with some professional involvement,and others involve training and supervision by professionals while also using some

elements of mutual support.

MUTUAL HELP: it is used to provide focus on the communal aspect of these

settings.


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DISTINCTIVE FEATURES of MUTUAL HELP GROUPS

1. A focal concern: a problem, life crisis, or issue affecting all members.2. Peer relationships rather than, or in addition to, a professional-client

relationship.

3. Reciprocity of helping: each member both receives and provides help

4. Experiential knowledge for coping. This knowledge is based on thepersonal experiences of group members who have coped with the

focal concern.

5. A community narrative that embodies the experiences of its members.

These narratives are expressed in story form a description and

explanation of the focal problem, and an explicit guide to recovery orto coping.

Understanding Coping in Context Updated

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