Understanding Chlorination and Chloramination Measurement · Combined Chlorine - Chloramination •...
Transcript of Understanding Chlorination and Chloramination Measurement · Combined Chlorine - Chloramination •...
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Understanding Chlorination and Chloramination Measurement
Marc-Philippe CamaraRegional Sales Manager
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Takeaway
Chlorine Added
Tota
l Chl
orin
e R
esid
ual
Bre
akpo
int
Total residual chlorine, primarily monochloramine
Free residual chlorine
Cl2:N < 5:1, typical
Cl2:N > 5:1, typical
Cl2:N > 9:1, typical
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Reaction with Water• Forms hydrochloric (HCl) and hypochlorous
(HOCl) acids:Cl2 + H2O HOCl + H+ + Cl-
• Reaction is reversible. Above pH 4, reaction is to the right
• HOCl dissociates to the hydrogen ion and hypochlorite ion (OCl-) varying with temperature and pH
HOCl H+ + OCl-
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HOCl vs. OCl-
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Free Available Chlorine
• Chlorine existing in water as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) or the hypochlorite ion (OCl-) is defined as free available chlorine
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Combined Chlorine - Chloramination
• Chlorine (HOCl and OCl-) reacts with ammonia to form chloramines, commonly referred to as ‘combined chlorine’
• The predominate species are monochloramineand dichloramine. A small fraction is trichloramine or nitrogen trichloride
• Some Chloroorganics will also be part of yourCombined Chlorine measurement
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Breakpoint Curve
Chlorine Added
Tota
l Chl
orin
e R
esid
ual
Bre
akpo
int
Total residual chlorine, primarily monochloramine
Free residual chlorine
Cl2:N < 5:1, typical
Cl2:N > 5:1, typical
Cl2:N > 9:1, typical
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CHLORINE ADDED mg/L
Cl2
RESIDUAL
mg/L
BREAKPOINT
A B C D
A. Chlorine destroyed by residual compoundsB. Formation of chloroorganics and chloraminesC. Chloroorganics and chloramines destroyedD. Free available residual formed. Some
chloroorganics remain
Free AvailableResidual
Combined Residual
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Breakpoint Curve Considerations• Shape of the curve is dependent upon
– amount of ammonia and other chlorine demand substances in the water
– temperature– pH– contact time
• Most effective disinfection, least taste and odor occurs with free residual chlorine
• Free chlorine may lead to formation of DBP
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Chloramination• Chloramination: Purposeful use of chlorine and
ammonia to form monochloramine. – Minimizes formation of chlorinated organics– Ammonia to chlorine Ratio is controlled to favor formation of monochloramine, typically 5:1 Cl2:N
• Total residual chlorine test: All free and combined chlorine species
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Chloramines• Less effective disinfection than free chlorine.
HOCl is 25X more effective biocide• Chloramines require longer contact time and/or
greater concentration than free chlorine.• Possible taste and odor (dichloramine) • More stable than free chlorine (long distribution
systems)• Generally do not produce DBP (NH2Cl may form
DBP, but are not as hazardous)
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Chloramine Formation• Monochloramine - NH2Cl
NH3 + HOCl NH2Cl + H2O• Dichloramine - NHCl2
NH2Cl + HOCl NHCl2 + H2O• Tricholoramine (Nitrogen Trichloride) - NCl3
NHCl2 + HOCl NCl3 + H2O• Chloramines are not as effective disinfectants as
free chlorine
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Definition of Unreacted Ammonia
• Ammonia in solution as
– NH3 Free ammonia gas dissolved in water or;
– NH4+ The ammonium ion
Ratio depends on pH
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Chlorine Added
Tota
l and
Fre
e A
mm
onia
Tota
l Res
idua
l Chl
orin
eCl2:NH3 <5:1 Cl2:NH3 >5:1 Cl2:NH3 >9:1
Monochloramine Formation
Free Ammonia
Total Ammonia Monochloramine Formation
Free Residual Chlorine
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Myths, Misunderstandings and Oddities
Total Residual Chlorine – Free Residual Chlorine = Chloramines
If free residual chlorine is “X”% of total, you’re beyond breakpoint
Total residual chlorine > Free Residual Chlorine
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How to Test?Colorimetric Methods – Lab or Field Use
Chlorine – DPD
Chloramination – MonoChlor F
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Test Kits
Compara-tors
Test Strips
Chlorine X XMonoChloramine NA NA
Avoid use of color comparators for regulatory reporting due to
subjective errors
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Handheld PC2 Pocket Colorimeter – Free and Total Chlorine
• DPD method • Code 587000 • USEPA approved/accepted for
drinking water • Two Ranges:
– LR ‐ 0.02 to 2.00 mg/L – HR ‐ 0.1 to 8.0 mg/L as Cl2
• Reagents included: (100 tests each, low range, or 50 tests each, high range)
• Unit now available to calibrate/check amperometricchlorine analysers
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Measurement Hints
• Sampling– Analyze immediately after sample collection– Fresh representative sample, water to flow at least 3‐5 min.– Allow enough contact time between chlorine feed and sample,
sample further down and at the end of distribution line– Rinse, Rinse and Rinse– Avoid plastic containers– If off site measurement, leave no headspace in sample bottle,
chill at 4 °C and analyze as quick as possible– The analysis is only as good as the sample
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Measurement Hints
• Testing– Dedicate different sample cells for Free and Total– Rinse, Rinse and Rinse– Both Free and Total test are similar, but reagent and reaction time are not
• Free requires about 30 sec, read within a minute• Total requires about 3 min., read within 4‐5 minutes• Note if you see a change 1 min after the test
– If sample turns yellow or colorless, dilute sample and multiply result by dilution factor.
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Common Interferences
• Other oxidants: ClO2, O3, Br2, H2O2, I2, KMnO4
• Disinfection by-products, I.e. chlorite and chlorate
• Particulate contamination -turbidity
• Monochloramine on free chlorine DPD test
• Buffer capacity (high alkalinity or acidity)
• Sample color • Mn+3 to Mn+7
• Cr +7
• Organic N-Cl (organic chloramines in wastewater)
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Why is my chlorine analysis not accurate?
• Free chlorine interference with manganese and/or monochloramine DPD test
• Free chlorine value will often read higher than total chlorine value
• Solutions:– 30 sec reaction time on DPD free chlorine test – Test with Hach method 10241 to define level of interference using PC2, DR900, etc.
– Test for Total or Free Ammonia
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Test for Free Chlorine in chloraminated water
• Overcomes interference for Free Chlorine by chloramines
• Used for breakpoint chlorination, chloramination and distribution system monitoring
• Test not approved for reporting, but usefull for troubleshooting.
• Can be used in Spectros or PC2 Pocket Colorimeters • Range:
– 0.04 – 5 mg/L Free Chlorine as Cl2 • Hach Lab Method 10241, Requires:
– Freechlor F Reagent Solution, 50 ml SCDB (code 2964926) – Monochlor F Reagent Pillows, 100/pkg (code 2802229)
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Compensating for Manganese Interference
• Split sample. Analyze first portion as usual
• Second Portion:– Adjust pH w/1N sulfuric acid
– Add drops of 30 g/l potassium iodide; wait one minute
– Add drops of 5 g/l sodium arsenite
– Add DPD and complete test
• Subtract result of second portion from first portion
Sample Size 5 ml 10 ml 25 ml
H2SO4, 1N Adjust to pH 6-7
Adjust to pH 6-7
Adjust to pH 6-7
Potassium Iodide, 30 g/l
2 drops 2 drops 3 drops
Sodium Arsenite, 5 g/l
2 drops 2 drops 3 drops
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Question ?
• Need more help?– Local ressources:
• Department of Environment and Conservation• Local test kits provider
– Hach help• Local Hach Distributor• [email protected]• Hach Technical Support Line: 800 665 7635