Underground Works Substructure Earth Retaining...
Transcript of Underground Works Substructure Earth Retaining...
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Underground Works
Substructure
Earth Retaining Diaphragm wall
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Failure of retaining wall systems
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Underground works
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TYPES OF EARTH RETAINING SYSTEMS FOR EXCAVATIONS
� Natural Slope � Gravity Walls � Reinforced Soil with Geo-synthesis � Braced Walls or (mostly) strut support � Soldier pile and lagging walls with
anchor or strut support � Sheet piling or sheet pile walls with
anchor or strut support � Pile walls (contiguous, secant) with
anchor or strut support
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TYPES OF EARTH RETAINING SYSTEMS FOR EXCAVATIONS
� Diaphragm walls or slurry trench walls with anchor or strut support
� Prefabricated diaphragm walls with anchor or strut support
� Reinforced Concrete (Cast-in-situ or prefabricated) retaining walls (Excavation in stages) mostly anchor support
� Drop shaft sinking and caissons
� Jet-grout walls (or deep soil mixing) + Anchors or Struts
� Soil nail walls
� Top-down excavation and support method
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Wall Selection Criteria :
1.Size of excavation
2.Ground condition
3.Groundwater level
4.Settlement of adjacent ground
5.Displacement criteria
6.Others (Availability, Speed of Work etc.)
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1.Natural Slope
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2.Gravity Walls
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3.Geo-synthesis Geotextile/Geogrids
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4.BRACED WALLS + ANCHOR/STRUT SUPPORT
� Excavation step by step
� Steel frames with timbering or shotcrete
(sometimes timber frames)
� Usually strut support
� Soils with some cohesion
and without water table are
suitable
� Often limited to small dimension shafts and
trenches with and without
penetration below base
(mostly without)
Strut
Steel and/or
timber panels
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BRACED WALLS + STRUT SUPPORT
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Soldier pile
and lagging walls
Soldier PilesWale Struts
PLAN VIEW
Soldier pileWales Struts
SECTION
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5.SOLDIER PILE AND LAGGING WALLS (Example: BERLIN WALLS)
Strut
WaleH Soldier Pile
Lagging
5cm*15cm or
5cm*20cm 2 to 4 mLagging
INSIDE VIEW
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SOLDIER PILE AND LAGGING WALLS (use tieback)
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6.SHEET PILE WALLS (SHEETPILING)
Grout
Steel sheet piles
R.C. sheet piles
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Sheet Piles
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Plan view Elevation
PLAN
Struts
Wale
Sheet
PileSECTION
RakerWales
Another possibility for support
in large excavations
ground
anchors
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Retaining wall system Plan
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Proper Interlock
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Transportation
Pre-loading
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Bad shoring
Becareful
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Weak ? Checking?
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For what?
Heavy equip.
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7.PILE WALLS
Tangent pile
Piles
Anchors
Breasting
Beam Anchor Plate &
Anchor Head
Top beam
anchor plate
and head
Breasting Beam
Breasting
Beam
Top
Beam
shotcrete in some cases
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Failure of piles wall system
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Tangent & secant pile
Breasting
Beam
OR
Casing
Problemgrouted in water
bearing soils
Breasting
Beam
D S
Secondary
Piles
(Reinforced
Con.)
Primary Piles
(Unreinforced)
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8.DIAPHRAGM WALLS (Slurry Trench Walls)
Water-stop
(Recent
Design)
Stop-end
Pipe (Old)
Primary
Second
ary
P P PS S
20 -30 cm
1 -2 m
Excavation
& OTHERS
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Barratte piles/D-wall
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D-Wall: Guide Wall
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CRAB
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Crab
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D-wall diagram
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D-wall of Subway Station
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Steel cage
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Steel cage installation
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Water stop
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Water stop
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9.Prefabricated Diaphragm Walls
Struts
Prefabricated panel
Bentonite-cement
grout
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10.Reinforced Concrete(Cast in-situ or prefabricated) Retaining Walls
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Type of Caissons
Open Caissons Pneumatic Caissons Box Caisson
(floating)
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11. Jet Grout walls or other soil methods like deep soil mixing
double wall if
necessary
cantilever
double wall of vertical
columns (for circular
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12. Soıl
Naıl Walls
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Soil Nail (Anchor)
grout
PVC (or
similar) seath
drill hole
centralizer
anchor body
(grouted)
grout
anchor
plate
anchor head
tendon
A
A
B
B
A-A B-B
if packer
centralizer
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Soil nail machine
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Test performance
Sonic Integrity Test
Inclinometer
Monitoring
Drilling Monitoring
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Soft clay+Water…….
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Below the Manhole
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Good : Sheet pile and Wale contact
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Steel box piles
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Coffer Dam
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Top/Down construction
�What benefits?
�Is it suitable for Bangkok?
�Example buildings used this system.
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Above and below
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Down progress
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Connection/Joint