-7I AD-A123 719 CLIMATE OF SOMEI AM"A IN NOTh-CUNTRAL ALMAA:1979-1979 SUMART(UI CO REGION$ RESEARCH AND

U IJW EGINEERIu.NG LAB HANVER NH 0 K MUlN NO 82

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REPORT 82-35 of EngineersCold Regions Research &Engineering Laboratory

Climate of remote areas innorth-central Alaska1975 - 1979 summary

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For conversion of SI metric units to U.S./ 1British customary units of measurementconsult ASTM Standard E380, Metric Prac-tice Guide, published by the American Socie-ty for Testing and Materials. 1916 Race St.,Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

Cover: Remote climatic site at Gobbler'sKnob. Yukon River - Prudhoe BayHaul Road (Dalton Highway) is in thebackground.

CRREL Report 82-35November 1982

Climate of remote areas innorth-central Alaska1975- 1979 summary

Richard K. Haugen "-' '

I

Prepared for

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERSApproved for public release: distribution unlimited.

1a

I I nclaqifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)

READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1.REPR LMBRpot83 GrVT ACCESSION NO. 1. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (wad Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

CLIMATE OF REMOTE AREAS IN NORTH-CENTRAL ALASKA:1975-1979 SUMMARY 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(*) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(e)

Richard K. Haugen

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS I0. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASK

AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory DA Project 4A161102AT24, ScientificHanover, New Hampshire 03755 Area A2, Work Unit 002

II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

Office of the Chief of Engineers November 1982

Washington, D.C. 20314* 13. NUMBER OF PAGES114

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & AOORESStlf different from Controling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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1. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

*Additional support from the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Department of

Energy, and U.S. Geological Survey.

19. KEY WORDS (Conftinue on reveree aide it neceseary and identify by block number)

Alaska Low temperatureAtmospheric temperature Rainfall

Climate SnowHigh temperature

20. AMTACT fim6e reve sb If neessary ad Idetilfy by block nLatbar)

>Air temperature, precipitation, and some ground surface temperatures predominantly from remote areas of centraland northern Alaska are statistically and graphically summ zed on a monthly basis for a five-year period (1975-79).The remote site data were obtained during the course of several CRREL investigations. To provide a more omprelbn-sive coverage, these data are presented together with data obtained at National Weather Service stations in the are&. Theanalysis is based on four climatic regions within the study area: the Continental Interior, the Brobks Range, tJ¢krctkFoothills, and the Arctic Coastal Plain. A detailed analysis of coastal-inland summer air temperaturegradient& on theArctic Coastal Plain is given. Station histories for the 1975-79 period and tabulated air and grQund temperature statis-tics are included as appendices.

DD I Fom 14 03 £011Ow OF I NOV GS I6 ODSOLETESJANl " Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Wh Data Entered)' A

PREFACE

This report was prepared by Richard K. Haugen, Geographer, of the Earth Sciences Branch,Research Division, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. This investiga-tion was conducted under DA Project 4A 161102AT24, Research in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground,Scientific Area A2, Cold Regions Environmental Interactions, Work Unit 002, Cold Regions Envi-ronmental Factors, with U.S. Federal Highway Administration and Department of Energy fundingand additional support from the U.S. Geological Survey's program on the National Petroleum Re-serve-Alaska.

The author thanks Richard Mead, Peter Kelemen, J ill Fredston, and Donald Skantze for assis-tance in extraction of data from the thermograph charts, data handling, computer processing, andverification totaling over one half million data points. Gary DeCoff provided the computer pro-gramming. Many individuals assisted in servicing the instruments in the field: Charles Collins,CRREL Alaskan Projects Office; Donald Walker, University of Colorado; Dr. Jerry Brown and Dr.Richard Berg of CRREL; and Dr. Larry Onesti, University of Indiana. The U.S. Army AlaskaMeteorological Team, stationed at Fort Wainwright, Alaska, collected and reduced many of thestation records for areas south of the Yukon River, and their participation is greatly appreciatedboth for data collection and for assistance in operating the field instrumentation network.

The cooperation of the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company in providing access to the Haul Roadand many of the sites during pipeline construction is greatly appreciated. Personnel of the FairbanksForecast Office of the National Weather Service (especially Judy Smith), and James Wise of theArctic Environmental Information and Data Center, Anchorage, have been especially helpful insupplying copies of original observational data from the pipeline stations.

Terry May, Joseph Williams and David Best and personnel of the Naval Arctic Research Labor-atory provided assistance in collection of the Atkasook data, in cooperation with the NationalScience Foundation's program, Research on Arctic Tundra Environments (RATE).

roi,'

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CONTENTSPage

Abstract.........................................................................................Preface .............................................................................................. iiIntroduction ..... ..................................................................................... 1Data base........................................................................................Haul Road climate ................................................................................... 3

Regional d'scription............................................................................ 3Climatic data base ................................................................ .............. 4Temperature ............................................................................... ....... 4Precipitation ....................................................................................... 9

Arctic slope summer climate........................................................................ 11Regional description............................................................................ 11Methods ....................................................................................... 14

Results and discussion ............................................................................. 14Temperature ...................................................................................... 14Precipitation ...................................................................................... 18

Summary ......................................................................................... 18Interior Alaska.................................................................................... 18Brooks Range...................................................................................... 18Arctic Foothills................................................................................ 18Arctic Coastal Plain ............................................................................. 19

Literature cited....................................................................................... 19Appendix A. Alphabetical list of all stations and month-by-month inventory of available

data ................................................................................. 21Appendix B. Monthly and annual statistics for temperature and precipitation... .......... 29

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure1. Location of CRREL and National Weather Service stations in north-central

Alaska .................................................................................... 22. Cross sections of the vertical temperature distribution for the Haul Road transect 33. Annual temperature regimes for Haul Road stations................................... 54. Climatic transects for the Haul Road .................................................... 85. Location of the littoral tundra 7one and location of stations used in this report .. 126. Regression for estimation of normal monthly temperatures for Atkasook ......... 147. Relationship between the mean air temperatures in July and the distance inland

along the prevailing wind vector on the Arctic Slope of Alaska...................... 178. Diurnal ranges of air temperatures for July 1977 for stations at various distances

due south of coast ......................................................................... 179. Average thawing degree-days at various distances from the coast along the pre-

vailing wind vector for available littoral stations........................................ 1710. Average thawing degree-days at various distances due south from the coast for

all stations .................................................................................. 17

TABLES

Table1. Monthly, annual and seasonal air temperature sumrtxry for Haul Road stations. 62. Monthly and seasonal surface transfer coefficients.................................... 93. Total annual precipitation................................................................ 94. Thaw season rrecipitation totals ........................................................ 10

Page5. Unfrozen vs frozen precipitation, Wyoming snow gage.............................. 106. Greatest one-day precipitation, unfrozen............................................. 117. Range of climatic values............................................................... 118. Comparison of mean monthly air temperatures and precipitation on the Arctic

Slope of Alaska......................................................................... 139. Station data for analysis of summer air temperatures ............................... 15

10. Regression equations for summer air temperatures in relation to geographiclocation ................................................................................ 15

iv

CLIMATE OF REMOTE AREASIN NORTH-CENTRAL ALASKA1975-1979 Summary

Richard K. Haugen

INTRODUCTION DATA BASE

Over the past decade, several CRREL projects The computerized data base contains two typeshave been established for acquiring climatic data from of records: those from the National Weather Servicestations at high elevation and remote locations in (NWS) and those from the CRREL remote stations,north-central Alaska to supplement standard National and covers the period of May 1975 to December 1979.Weather Service data acquisition. These projects and The NWS statistics are included for regional compar-reiated publications have focused on the Prudhoe isons and longer-term trends. The raw computer in-Bay area (Brown et al. 1975, Walker et al. 1980), put for both CRREL and NWS stations are dailythe Haul Road between the Yukon River and Prudhoe minimum and maximum air temperatures and dailyBay (Brown and Berg 1980), other locations on the total precipitation where available. Only monthlyArctic Slope (Haugen et al. 1976, Haugen and Brown summaries are presented in this report for air temper-1980), and locations along the Steese Highway atures of all stations and precipitation for the Haul(Haugen and Brown 1978, Lotspeich and Slaughter Road stations. Ground surface temperatures are1981). Our interests have been to acquire temper- given for a few sites. Appendix A contains an alpha-ature and precipitation data in order to support our betical list of all stations and a month-by-month in-interpretations of the arctic and subarctic environ- ventory of available data. The locations of thements in Alaska and other similar circumpolar re- stations are shown in Figure 1.gions. Specifically our interests involved the use of The following monthly air temperature valuesbiological indicators such as tree growth and distri- (0C) are tabulated in Appendix B:bution for both present and historical reconstruction Average maximum air temperatureof climatic trends, elevational variations in tempera- Average minimum air temperatureture and precipitation for hydrological and erosional Average monthly air temperatureassessments, and prediction of freezing and thawing Standard deviation for the monthregimes for construction purposes. Absolute maximum for the month

The purpose of this report is to present the cur- Absolute minimum for the monthrent status of several studies (Arctic Slope and Haul Thawing degree days for the monthRoad) and to document the overall climatic data Freezing degree days for the monthbase. The present report is essentially a compilation Days of records missing for the month.of two other reports (Haugen 1980, Haugen and In addition, tabulated data are presented through-Brown 1980) and the monthly data on which they out the report on a monthly and annual basis.were based.

'I50

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Figureapp 1.Lcto fCRLadNtinlWahrSriesaiosi ot-eta lsaamCo1

HAUL ROAD CLIMATE typically have less extreme temperatures but higher

precipitation than the forested areas at lower eleva-Regional description tions.

The Haul Road traverses two general climatic North of the Continental Divide is a region ofregions, the continental Interior and the Arctic. extreme winter temperatures, cool summer tempera-Several distinct climatic zones can be identified tures, and relatively low precipitation. Unlike thewithin these regions based on topographic and/or Continental Interior, wind is a major environmentalvegetation boundaries as well as their climatological factor throughout much of the year. Although windselements. The Interior is predominantly a forested rarely exceed 17 m/s (32 knots), they are seldomregion with alpine tundra occurring at elevations calm on the Arctic Coastal Plain (Conover 1960).over 700 m. The alpine tundra area increases north- The winds result in considerable blowing and driftingward, until it is transitional with the arctic tundra of snow, together with poor visibility and severe windin the Brooks Range. The northern Arctic Foothills chill factors during the coldest months (Searby andand the Arctic Coastal Plain are distinguishable cli- Hunter 1971 ). During the winter, the entire Haulmatically from the region to the south due to eleva- Road is under the influence of cold arctic air to antional differences and distance from the Arctic elevation of 800 to 1000 m.Ocean. During July and August, a sea breeze from the

The Interior is a zone of temperature extremes open water of the Arctic Ocean dominates theand relatively high precipitation as compared to the coastal climate (Moritz 1977, Kozo 1979). Radia-Arctic regions. During the summer, storm tracks tional heating of the inland tundra surfaces createsenter this area from the south or southwest, but a local pressure deficit, causing colder air from themost of the precipitation is of the convectional type, ice-free Arctic Ocean to move inland, and resultingand is widely scattered and variable in amount in a prevailing northeasterly wind. This often creates(Watson 1959). The greatest amounts of precipita- cloudy and foggy conditions near the coast whichtion occur during the summer. During the winter, extend in and persist until the air is warmed suffic-the Interior is dominated by relatively dry Conti- iently by radiation. The inland extent of the seanental Polar air masses, and sinking cold air creates breeze phenomenon is at least 17 km (Kozo 1979),high atmospheric pressure during the winter. Occa- although prevailing northeasterly wind is observedsionally, maritime air intrudes into the area from considerably farther inland. General relationshipsthe west or southwest, causing major snowstorms of air temperature to elevation and latitude during(Bilello 1974). The alpine areas within the Interior January and July are shown in Figure 2.

YUKON-TANANA UPLANDS BROOKS RANGE NORTH SLOPE

c C'IBO--o -

,' 4i ARCTIC FRONT ,-t - ~ ; oo~.'goo 8,: -- __Al-600,-- . .... .- - - -

'Z , .Q300J'-24 - {1"' 1-1 e 4

700k 600 500 400 300 200 t00Yukn -J

Jonuary

,,. -e

m C'18

001 4 -------6f ----.-- _ ,. . ...v? #'-12. . . .. -.2 . ..V_ O9oo 10'

1 ._ O.-I

700k. 600 500 4 300 200 '00Yukon1 Riv@r

July

Figure 2. Cross sections ef the vertical temperature distribution for the Haul Road transect. Climatic regions as

discussed in this report are shown. (Adopted from Conover /1960/, using current data; distances on scale in 20-km

intervals.) The Continental Divide coincides with Atigun Pass.

3

Climatic data base accurate, are now providing data at several remote andPrior to 1970, few climatic data were available high-elevation locations along the Haul Road.

for the region now traversed by the Haul Road.Barrow and Barter Island had the only representative Temperaturerecords for the northern Arctic Coastal Plain, and Haul Road temperature regimes include some offor the Arctic Foothills, a seven-year record (1948- the most extreme ranges encountered on the North53) at Umiat was the only data base. The Brooks America.- Continent. The all-time low temperatureRange was represented by a discontinuous record for the United States, -62'C (-80°F), was recordedfor Anaktuvuk Pass, 90 km west of the road. Chan- at Prospect Creek Camp airport, 24 January 1971.dalar Lake, Bettles, and Wiseman were the nearest During the period of our study, 1975-78, most Haulstations representing the forested Interior. Road stations experienced extreme minimum temper

Beginning in 1971, cooperative National Weather atures below -50'C, and at least half the stations hadService (NWS) observations were undertaken by the summer maximum temperatures over 30'C, an ex-Alyeska Pipeline Service Company at most construc- treme range of over 80'C (144*F).tion camps. These records were discontinuous until Average annual air temperatures (1975-78' ai(May 1975 when construction of the pipeline began. the Haul Road range from -1 1.50C at Prudhoe BaThe Alyeska-NWS observations were essentially con- to a high of -40C for some of the stations south otinuous until the closing of the camps in 1977 and Dietrich (Fig. 3). These values, however, are base1978. Observations were hourly, generally for 18 on only three or four years of record and so are rhours per day, in support of aircraft operations at directly comparable to a standard NWS 30-year ncamp airfields. Air temperature, total sky cover, mal. Comparison of Umiat temperatures with thecloud type, wind speed and wind direction were the previous seven-year record for Umiat (1948-53) andmajor parameters observed. Daily precipitation the 1975-78 Bettles record with the 30-year normaltotals were also recorded at most stations. at Bettles suggests, however, that the mean annual

In 1976, CRREL established air temperature and temperatures resulting from our 1975-78 data aresome precipitation measurement sites at the camps within one or two degrees of a long-term averageand at remote sites along the road, similar to our annual temperature (Fig. 3)program at remote sites in the Yukon-Tanana Up- The higher elevations along the Haul Road, rep-lands of interior Alaska (Haugen and Brown 1978). resented by the Gobbler's Knob and ChandalarTwenty-two temperature recording sites were in op- sites, tend to be above the average height of theeration by CRREL as of July 1978. These sites were winter temperature inversion, and have warmer av-operated primarily during the thawing season, but erage winter temperatures (Fig. 3). The extremelysome winter data are available. colj temperatures recorded at the valley stations

The CRREL climatic program, begun in 1976, (e.g. Prospect, Coldfoot, Dietrich) are the result of

had two major objectives: 1) to continue tempera- inversions of the vertical temperature profile, caused Iture and precipitation data at the construction camps by cold air downslope drainage. The cooler summerafter the Alyeska-NWS observations terminated, and temperatures at the high elevation sites reflect a nor-2) to provide climatic observations at higher eleva- mal decrease of temperature with elevation.tions and other locations to complement the camp Mean monthly and annual temperatures weredata base. tabulated for all Haul Road stations during 1975-78

Initially, the intention was to operate CRREL (Table 1). All the 1975 data and most of the subse-instrumentation only during the summer season for quent winter data are from NWS records. Most ofpurposes of estimating thawing degree-days. How- the thaw season record is a combination of NWS-ever, some winter data have been obtained even CRREL data. The 1978 and following data are pri-though the operation of unattended instrumentation marily from CRREL instrumentation.during the arctic winter is very difficult. The rela- Temperature patterns for the entire Haul Roadtively mild winter of 1977-78 permitted the opera- typify a Continental climate for the entire year withtion of several battery-powered thermographs. the exception of the maritime influence on summerDuring 1977 and 1978, four Wyoming snow gauges temperatures in the region north of Happy Valley.were constructed and installed in cooperation with The mean annual diurnal range of temperaturesthe Soil Conservation Service and the Bureau of (amplitude x 2) serves as an index of continentality.Land Management. These gauges, designed to meas- This value averages less than 80C north of Happyure winter precipitation in areas where blowing snow Valley Camp and greater than 100C south of it. Theoften renders the standard precipitation gauge in- highest mean annual diurnal temperature range is at

4

Temperature C)

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Prudhoe Boy(4)

Franklin Bluffsl3) i

Sogwon(3) -I

Umiat (4 I

Happy Valley(3) t

Galbraith(4) I

Chondolar (4)

Oietrich (4)

Cold foof4)' i

Bettles (30) I

Prospect(4)l t -

Gobbler's Knob( I ).

Old Man (4)1 I

Five Mile (4)

Years of Record Range of Average Range of AverageWinter Temperatures Summer Temperatures

Range of __o __ _ _ _ _Extreine Temperatures

Mean AnnualTemperoture

Figure 3. Annual temperature regimes for Haul Road stations. Mean annual temperatures are indi-

cated by "X" on the extreme range line for stations with at least three years' continuous record.Umiat and Bettles are included for comparison. The ranges of the coldest and warmest monthly min-imum and maximum temperatures are indicated by solid bars for winter (Dec-Feb) and summer(June-Aug) for each station.

Five Mile, 13.7 0C. Values of 120 to 130C, however, Freezing degree-days ('C) range on the average

are common between the Brooks Range and Happy from slightly less than 3500 degree days in the south-

Valley and in the Interior at the lower elevation ern portion to about 5000 in the north. Since fewer

stations. winter data are available, the transect lines appear

The variation of thawing degree-day (C) accum- smoother than for thawing degree-days. With the

ulations ranges from approximately 1850 degree exception of two winters' data for Chandalar and

days at the Yukon River to less than 500 in the one winter for Gobbler's Knob, the higher elevations

Prudhoe Bay area (Fig. 4). The length of the thaw are not well-represented with freezing degree-day

season* ranges from approximately 160 days at the data. South of the Broei Range, the winters of

Yukon River to 105 at Prudhoe Bay. At higher ele- 1976-77 and 1977-78 were considerably warmer

vations along the Haul Road (Chandalar, Atigun than prior winters, whereas north of the Brooks Range,

Pass and Atigun Camp) thawing degree-day accumu- only the 1977-78 winter was warmer. The year-to-

lations are similar to values north of Sagwon. In year variation of thawing degree-days at any given

terms of relative warmth, the 1978 thaw season was site is considerably less than that for freezing degree-

slightly above average for the entire road compared days. The variability of winter temperatures from

to the 1975-78 observational record. The 1977 thaw year to year is illustrated in Figure 4.

season was by far the warmest south of the Brooks Summer temperature gradients with latitude and

Range. elevation can be compared to vegetation distributionand growth characteristics. The altitudinal and lati-

*Defined as the period between the first and last day when tudinal timberline of the white spruce forest occursthe average temperature is above or below 00C for five suc- within the road transect at approximately 720-mcessive days. elevation near Finger Mountain, Gobbler's Knob, and

5

Table 1. Monthly, annual and seasonal air temperature summary for Haul Road stations (1975-1978).

1975SEASONAL

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN THAW DD FREEZE DD

Prudhoe Arco .6.4 3.5 6.8 4.4 -2.5 -13.7 -26.3 -31.7 464

Franklin Bluffs 5.5 10.1 7.4 -2.4 -13.7 -32.7 .32.7 752

Happy Valley -6.1 7.2 10.6 8.3 -13.1 -23.2 .30,0 806

Galbraith 7.5 10.6 7.2 -2.7 -12.3 -22.8 -27.8 833

Atigun Camp 8.3 9.2 7.2 -2.7 -11.8 -20.7 795

Chandalar Shelf 9.3 12.2 7.8 -2.0 -10.9 -20.2 -22.7 924

Dietrich Camp 12.0 15.3 10.9 3.6 - 7.0 -23.1 -29.9 1307

Coldfoot Camp 5.9 12.8 15.8 11.2 3.2 - 6.1 -22.0 -26.8 1532

Prospect Camp 6.7 12.3 15.6 11.3 3.2 - 7.7 -22.0 -27.0 1543

Old Man Camp 12.1 14.3 2.9 - 8.1 -22.1 -27.5 1250

Five Mile Camp 8.0 13.5 14.5 11.3 3.5 - 7.8 -26.3 -33.1 1582

1976 1975-76

Prudhoe W. Pier 1.7 4.1 4.2 0.3

Prudhoe Pad F 5.4 4.1 1.1

Prudhoe Arco -30.8 -31.9 .29.0 -16.5 -5.9 3.2 6.8 6.6 1.7 -11.4 -16.5 -30.4 -12.8 571 5b42

Deadhorse -1.9 4.3 7.3 5.8 1.4

Franklin Bluffs -18.4 -7.5 5.8 10.5 10.7 2.7 -12.6 -19.2 -35.1 847

Sagwon -2.2 5.0 10.8 10.5 2.7

Happy Valley -28.4 -29.3 -23.7 -13.9 -5.2 7.4 11.8 11.6 4.0 -13.0 -19.5 -35.6 -11.1 1093 5096

Toolik Lake 8.2 13.7 9.0 1.5

Galbraith -26.8 -30.3 -22.2 - 9.3 -1.4 8.1 10.6 10.0 2.3 -14.6 .14.9 -30.5 - 9.9 1006 4841

Atigun Camp - 6.5 -0.3 8.3 10.3 10.0 2.7 -13.2 -11.9 1021

A(igun Pass -5.9 2.3 5.3 5.9 -0.3 - 8.5

Chandalar Shelf -21.1 -22.2 -18.5 8.3 0.0 7.7 10.2 9.7 2.7 -11.8 -11.8 -19.7 - 6.9 974 3888

Dietrich -27.9 -29.5 -16.7 4.7 4.9 10.7 13.4 12.4 5.6 - 9.0 -12.4 -26.7 - 6.9 1460 4263

Coldfoot -24.6 -27.2 -14.8 3.3 5.7 12.1 13.7 13.1 6.0 - 7.4 -10.3 .20.8 - 4.8 1563 3843

Prospect .23.0 -26.1 -13.7 2.3 5.9 13.7 14.3 13.1 5.6 - 6.4 - 9.9 -20.1 - 4.1 1675 3761

Oldman -22.8 -27.8 -16.6 4.4 4.5 11.5 12.8 12.1 5.6 - 7.0 -10.2 1445 3958

Five Mile -30.2 -31.4 -15.2 2.5 6.1 12.8 13.7 12.1 4.5 - 8.8 -15.0 -27.0 - 6.8 1545 4513

1977 1976-77

Prudhoe W. Pier -1.5 2.6 4.2 1.6 -3.1 318

Prudhoe Pad F 4.0 4.2 6.2 1.7 - 4.0 491

Prudhoe DS II 0.1 4.2 7.1 2.2

Prudhoe Arco .23.1 -28.0 -31.9 -19.1 -5.5 3.7 5.5 8.2 2.5 - 4.7 -21.4 -23.4 -11.4 654 5026

Deadhorse -1.2 5.7 7.6 9.8 3.8 - 6.0 879

Franklin Bluffs -25.1 -29.6 -33.7 -20.0 -3.4 5.7 7.5 12.1 3.2 884 5471

Sagwon -3.5 6.7 10.0 12.9 3.3 - 9.2 1040

Happy Valley -24.5 -31.2 -32.5 -18.0 -4.5 8.0 12.1 12.4 2.5 - 9.8 -24.9 -21.6 -11.0 1125 5412

Toolik River -0.9 6.3 10.0 10.8 1.3 - 7.0 932

Toolik Lake -0.7 5.4 9.8 12.0 -0.2 -10.0 914

Galbraith -16.8 -20.6 -27.0 -17.3 -1.3 7.6 10.2 11.3 0.3 .11.3 -26.4 -22.7 - 9.5 982 4382

Atigun Camp 0.2 6.3 11.7 12.8 1.2 - 4.2 1071

Atigun Pass 2.5 8.5 9.4 -4.9 -13.5 625

Chandalar Shelf -14.4 -13.7 -20.4 -11.8 1.5 9.3 11.7 12.6 2.0 .10.2 -18.1 -19.6 - 5.9 1189 3173

Timberline - 7.5 4.1 11.5 14.5 12.4 2.3 - 7.7 1428

Dietrich - 7.7 5.1 13.0 15.4 13.7 5.1 6.6 1626

Coldfoot 5.4 13.2 18.8 18.1 7.1 4.6 1904

Prospect -12.9 -13.1 -18.8 - 9.0 5.4 12.6 14.8 13.8 4.1 6.9 -31.9 -25.8 - 4.8 1582 2767

Gobbler's Knob 6.1 15.0 18.1 17.0 5.4 3.7 1871

Oldman 5.9 13.1 14.2 13.4 4.2 5.6 1540

Five Mile -20.9 -17.5 -20.8 - 9.0 7.3 14.2 16.2 14.1 4.9 7.1 -26.2 -32.3 - 6.4 1756 3629

*Thawing and freeeing degree-days represent the cumulative departure of mean daily temperatures

above or below, respectively, OC.

6

Table 1 (cont'd).

1978SEASONAL

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ANN THAW DD FREEZE DU

1977-78Prudhoe W. Pier 2.5 8.2 5.1 2.4 - 4.9 573Prudhoe Pad F 6.7 215 (Incomplete)

Prudhoe DS II 3.7 7.4 5.9 2.9Prudhoe Arco -26.0 -24.5 -16.5 -7.6 2.8 8.4 5.2 2.6 -12.9 -14.8 -23.3 -10.6 606 4409Deadhorse 1 o% er -9.0 1.3 5.4 -14.7 -15.3Deadhorse Runway -4.5 2.8 7.8Sag River 4.3 10.3 6.7 1.9 - 5.0 '47Franklin Blutfs 7.3 3.2Sagwon -17.9 -24.1 -24.3 -15.9 -9.9 3.0 11.4 6.8 1.7 -10.8 -12.1 -17.6v - 9.6 760 4225Happy Valley 8.1 13.2 8.0 4.2 - 7.8 974Toolik River 9.6 13.8 9.3 2.4 - 8.5 1102Galbraith -15.5 -20.3 -24.4 -11.3 -1.8 5.8 12.7 7.2 2.0 -19.1 -14.0 -22.1 - 9.0 781 3365

(less Mar '78)Atigun Camp -1.4 6.2 11.9 3.0 722Atigun Oass -26.0 -14.2 -3.3 1.5 8.1 610Chandalar Shelf -14.5 -18.0 - 8.3 0.5 7.6 13.2 10.7 1.7 -10.9 1107Timberline 2.8 7.8 17.3 10.9 4.7 1223Dietrich 3.7 9.4 15.8 12.8 5.2 - 8.9 1443Coldfoot 2.6 5.1 10.1 15.1 12.8 6.5 1562Prospect -14.5 -17.0 -13.7 - 4.1 5.5 10.5 14.6 11.8 5.5 - 5.7 -14.3 -17.1 - 3.7 1511Gobbler's Knob - 6.7 - 9.4 -13.1 7.0 0.3 10.1 15.9 12.9 6.8 1447Old Man - 4.7 4.5 9.1 15.0 11,8 7.0 1403Five Mile -20.8 -22.7 -15.7 - 4.2 5.3 10.1 16.1 12,4 6.8 - 6.0 -17.6 -23.4 - 4.7 1526 3912

1979

Prudhoe W. Pier -5.0 1.7 7.5 6.4 2.6 551Prudhoe Arco -18.6 -28.3 -16.4 -3.4 3.2 10.1 9.3 2.0 -6.5 -12.8 -27.4 4484Deadhorse Tower -18.5 -29.9 -28.0 -16.6 -3.9 3.4 9.4 8.5 1.4 -6.9 -13.3 -29.4 -10.3 749Sag River -11.9 -16.6 12.0 -4.2Franklin Bluffs -3.0 6.4 12.9 10.6 1.5 997Sagwon -12.5 -1.9 7.9 14.6 11.5 0.5 1114Happy Valley 0.7 7.4 14.0 11.7 1.6 1072Toolik River -19.4 -23.6 3.4 8.6 9.6 13.5 0.9 931Galbraith -15.5 -29.1 -10.3 -9.2 1.8 11.0 11.7 8.6 0.1 -10.1 -13.5 -26.3 -6.7 1054 4235Atigun CampAtigun F.:ss -23.7 -18.7 -15.0 14.1 13.2 -2.3Chandalar Shelf 3.3 7.2 12.9 11.7 936Timberline 5.5 10.6 14.5 13.9 3.2 1326Dietrich 6.7 11.9 15.1 14.0 9.2 1548Coldfoot 6.6 13.0 15.5 14.5 5.0 1548Prospect -17.8 -24.4 -14.7 -6.6 8.1 13.3 15.1 14.7 5.8 -2.9 -8.6 -28.9 -3.9 1710 3228Gobbler's Knob 7.2 17.8 15.6 13.6 6.0 817Old ManFive Mile -27.2 -37.0 -16.2 -4.6 9.7 16.3 15.0 13.1 3.9 -2.0 -12.1 -28.9 -5.8 1612 4044

7

0 30

Q- 300- May-Oct'77h

-- 200- U

~, 2 hL Jun Oct'78 i

04

oc

0000

0

C-

5500

450-

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C 35~

97-7

-30-

-250- - _________ __ _

1~800 -a7 0 04 *j

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01200- a 0 .8= n

g00 20oo4050Eu o RQ 0 L'

Figur 4. ClmtctascsfrteHu od lutaigtEvaitoofpepttonthwgndrezgdgeedas(C)oe tetanet Salcice o h taig n rezn dge-dycos etin ndct vle otie

by avergin a0ilbl dat pro o95

(DM U

at the northern limit of tree growth 40 km north of and ground temperature data, and values obtainedDietrich. Application of the so-called Nordenskjold during the three summers are presented in Table 2.tormula for determination of the temperature equiva-lency of the timberline (Haugen and Brown 1978) Precipitationgives an approximate July mean temperature value Although distinct differences exist in precipitationof 12'C. This formula is V = 90C-0.1 k where V amounts and characteristics along the Haul Road,is the temperature of the warmest month at the variations with latitude and elevation are not as read-timberline, and k is the temperature of the coldest ily defined as for temperature. The 1976-78 recordmonth. The calculated 1 2°C July temperature at indicates annual totals ranging from 140 mm (Sag-the elevation of the Haul Road timberline is in essen- won) to over 400 mm in the Atigun Pass-Chandalartial agreement with our observational data. Shelf area (Table 3). From the timberline south to

Temperature-vegetation gradients were also in- Old Man, the 30-year normal precipitation at Bettlesvestigated on the Arctic Coastal Plain. These are is probably representative of all but the higher eleva-discussed in the section on Arctic Slope Summer tions along the Haul Road. South of Old Man to theClimate. Yukon River, total precipitation is distinctly less,

Ground temperature measurements were obtained exceeding 300 mm at Five Mile (Table 3) only onceat graveled surfaces at Galbraith and Deadhorse air- since 1975.ports and from tussock vegetation at Sagwon. Sur- During the 1975-78 study period, 1977 was theface transfer coefficients were calculated from air wettest year. May-October (thaw season) precipitation

Table 2. Monthly and seasonal surface transfer coeffici-ents, summers of 1976-1978.

Locution Year lune luly Auqust September Seasonal

Galbraith 1976 1.68* 1.46 1.35 1,3* -

(gravel) 1977 0.48 1.52 1.19 2.7 1.721978 1.6 1.23 1.45 2.21 ?.62

Sagwon 1976 - 0.70 0.67 0.43 -(tundra) 1977 0.42 0.81 0.69 0.58 0.63

1978 0.73 0.79 0.60 0.74 0.72

Deadhorse** 1976 1.08 1.30 1.36 1,63" 1.34(gravel) 1977 1.12 1.33 1.05 0.82 1.08

* Incomplete data.* Deadhorse 1978 data insufficient.

Table 3. Total annual precipitation (mm).

"amc 1975 1976 1977 1978

Prudhoe Bay VW.G. 223 183Sagwon W.G. 238 140Happy Valley 202 183Toolik River 267 194Galbraith 188 254 204 195Atigun Pass W.G. 295Chandalar Shelf WG. (1978) 450 409 394Coldfosot 406 400 408Bettles 235 383 356 241Prospect 286 374 440 334Old Man 291 393**Five Mile 168 250 309 282

* Galbraith- March and August estimated from Toolik.W.G.-modified W'oming gage.**Old Man-December 1976 missing.

9

during 1977 was greater than in 1978 at all sites ex- precipitation data are available for Gobbler's Knob,cept Toolik River (Fig. 4). Based on comparisons however. Measured 1977 thaw-season precipitationwith Bettles and Umiat, 1976 was a near-normal at Gobbler's Knob was the greatest for all Haul Roadyear for precipitation. The 1978 data for May are sites (367 mm) during the period 1975-1978.not presented because these were available for only Over the entire Haul Road transect during mosta few stations (Table 4) and their inclusion would years, the majority of the precipitation receisedrender the rest of the comparison less valid. The annually is unfrozen. The distribution of unfrozenavailable data (Table 4) indicate that the 1978 values vs frozen precipitation at the four Haul Roid Womingwould be 4 to 16% greater if the month of May were gauge sites (plus an additional Wyoming gauge siteincluded in the graphic comparison (Fig. 4). at Prudhoe Bay), indicates that about one-half the

The greatest total annual precipitation during the annual precipitation is unfrozen at Sagwon and Prud-study period was 440 mm recorded at Prospect for hoe Bay, the northernmost Wyoming gauge sites1977 (Table 3). A consistent increase of precipita- (Table 5). Toward the south, the thaw season be-lion with elevation has been documented for two comes longer, and the unfrozen precipitation per-summers (Table 4) between Prospect and Gobbler's centage becomes larger. South of Chandalar, NWSKnob, which is only 8 km to the south. No winter records indicate that approximately two-thirds of the

annual precipitation in unfrozen.

Table 4. Thaw season precipitation totals (mm), 1975-78.

1978Location 1975 1976 1977 198 (irncl. _su.% 1979

Prudhoe Bay W.G. 81 58Franklin Bluffs ND 56 101Sagwon W.G. 74 145 61 66Happy Valley ND 1tO t 18Tooik River W.G. 177 135Toolik Lake 95 123 127Galbraith 132 141 121Atigun River 285 150Atigun Camp 189 117 164 180Atigun Pass W.G. 226 292 217 248Chandalar Shelf W.G. 200 268 182 209Timberline 167 181 170Dietrich 84 130 220Coldfoot 302 282 256 194Prospect 201 253 326 205 213 137Gobbler's Knob 203 367 214Old Man 197 219 214 146

(est. Aug)Five Mile 116 128 217 137 159 25

W.G.-Wyoming snow gauge.

Table 5. Unfrozen vs frozen precipitation, Wyoming snow gage.

PercentLocation Duration of thaw season Unfrozen Frozen Total unfrozen

Prudhoe Bay 1977 31 May-6 October 81 142 223 361978 5 June-29 Sept 58* 125 183 32

Sagwon 1977 30 May-5 October 144 94 238 61

1978 3 lune-15 Sept 52 88 140 37

Toollk River 1977 25 May-19 Sept 157 110 267 591978 1 June-18 Sept 107 87 194 55

Atigun Pass 1978 30 May-8 October 217 57' 295 74

Chandalar 1978 18 May-18 Sept 213 181 394 54

*Gauge bridged over by snow.

10

Table 6. Greatest one-day precipitation(mm), unfrozen.*

Location Date Amount

Franklin Bluffs 26 June 1975 25Happy Valley 30 Nov 1976 15Galbraith 8 June 1976 24Atigun Camp 30 July 1976 36

Chandalar Shelf 26 July 1975 8930 July 1976 32

Dietrich 30 July 1976 20Coldfoot 18 June 1975 46Prospect 24 July 1977 52Old Man 8 Aug 1976 27

Five Mile 31 May 1977 34

Table 7. Range of climatic values; summary of 1975-79 stations.

Brooks Arctic ArcticInterior Range Foothills Coastal Plain

Degree-day totals (°C)Thawing 1182-1904 453-1189 760-1125 318-897Freezing 2767-4513 3173-3888 4225-5412 4409-5642

Thaw seasonLength of thaw (days) 123-168 87-131 104-139 91-128tarling date 18 Apr-] Jun 3 May-10 Jun 18 May-27 Jun 25 May-9 Jul

Precipitation (mm)Frozen NA 57-181 87-1 10 125-142Unfrozen 84-367 117-292 52-157 58-81Total annual 168-445 295-450 140-267 183-223

Temperature ('C)Mean annual -6.9 to -3.7 -6.9 to -5.9 -11.1 to -6.7 -12.8 to -10.3Mean annual 12.8 to 14.6 10.8 to 12.6 7.6 to 11.6 7.2 to 9.6diurnal range

Annual temp range -53.3 to +33.0 -37.8 to +26.1 -53.3 to +30.0 -50.6 to +28.9(extreme low-high)

Precipitation intensity in terms of the greatest perhaps half the Arctic summer precipitation. Theone-day total during the thaw season was also tabu- immediate coastal area, however, is usually under thelated (Table 6). The most intense precipitation influence of the maritime air, resulting in cloudyusually occurs during thunderstorms south of the skies, on-shore winds or sea breezes, and precipitation

Continental Divide. The greatest single-day totals that is more frequent but in smaller amounts than in

are 89 mm at Chandalar (27 July 1975) and 52 mm the tundra areas to the south. The ranges of temper-

at Prospect (24 July 1977). Although precipitation ature and precipitation values along the Haul Road

is not observed on an hourly basis at Haul Road NWS are summarized in Table 7.stations, the hourly records of cloud cover and typeindicate the 89 mm of precipitation at Chandalaroccurred during a nine-hour period, and the 52 mm ARCTIC SLOPE SUMMER CLIMATEat Prospect was recorded during approximately twohours. Regional description

North of the Continental Divide, thunderstorm There is a distinct contrast between the summer

activity is rare. Weak low pressure centers passing climate of the immediate coast and the interior por-

from west to east, often along the boundary of the tion of the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain. The coastal

summer Maritime Polar Front, are responsible for zone experiences more frequent cloudiness and fog,

11

• i m ... .

E A N W

.As.flA Sec eo~ SayPod 0 Sa* 8y01 Pad F

Orc,! 0 __l

,--"

Figure 5. Location of the littoral tundra zone and location of stations used in this report. Dottedline shows the location of temperatures across the Arctic Slope that are equivalent to those forA tkosook during luly. The overage 7'C isotherm for July approximates the southern border of thelittoral zone (from Haugen and Brown 1980).

and prevailing northeast winds or sea breezes off the occurs due to the warming of the land surface duringocean, which keep average summer air temperatures the day, which causes an inland flow of cooler airwithin a few degrees of freezing. Inland, clear skies from the partially ice-covered ocean (Moritz 1977).are more prevalent, wind directions are more variable, This situation is unique to the Arctic because theand average air temperatures are higher. Cloudy, land surface is almost always warmer than the waterImoist, cool, and windy conditions associated with surface to the north, and therefore a land-to-seathe Maritime Arctic air prevail along the immediate breeze does not develop at night. Kozo (1979) foundcoast throughout most days. Inland, however, the that a 37-km zone centered on the coastline is influ-air is heated during the morning so that the low enced by sea breezes.clouds and fog dissipate over the southern Coastal Few climatic data are available from the inlandPlain. coastal tundra to evaluate the magnitude of the mani-

The area of maritime influence remains within time influence. Weekly observations collected bythe summer Arctic air mass as shown by Conover Clebsch and Shanks (1968) at a site about halfway(1960) and by Barry (1967). Conover indicated between Atkasook and Barrow indicated higher con-ti-at during July the boundary of this air mass (Arc- current temperatures than at Barrow, and a somewhattic Front) is about halfway between Umiat (Fig. 5) greater amount of precipitation. A comparative studyand the coast. Barry showed a 50% occurrence for of carbon dioxide gradients and productivity atthe position of the front in July centered roughly Barrow and Atkasook (Johnson and Kelley 1970)on the same area. However, the southern extent estimated July average air temperatures to be 6.S°Cof the maritime influence does not necessarily coin- higher at Atkasook than at Barrow (unpublishedcide with the arctic air mass. More recent investi- data*). Comparison of temperatures between the twogations have shown that the summer climate of the sites during the spring breakup of the Meade Rivercoastal zone is controlled by a mesoscale phenome- (25 May to 14 June 1%66) showed Atkasook to benon, the sea breeze (Moritz 1977, Walsh 1977, Kozo 1.30 C higher with mean daily air temperatures above1979). The sea breeze develops as a pressure deficit freezing occurring 9 days earlier than at Barrow

SP.L. lohnson, CRREL, pers. comm. 1966.

12

Brooks Rag ... "ad

Table 8. Comparison of mean monthly air temperatures and precipitation on theArctic Slope of Alaska.

Barrow Atkosook Prudhoe Bay Umiat Barter Island Happy Volley

Temperatures (*C)

1975

June 0.8 (0 .6 )* 3.8 1 (3.2)** 3.5 (2.9) t I ** 1.6 (1.1)* 7.2July 3.0 (3.7)* 7.2 (8.7)** 6.8 (6.9)tf ** 3.8 (4.4)* 10.6

August 1.5 (3.1)* 4.8 (7.8)* 4.4 (5.9)ff ** 2.5 (3.9)* 8.3

1976

June 0.8 2.7 3.2 7.5 1.1 7.4

July 3.6 8.1 6.8 12.9 3.5 11.8

August 3.2 8.1 6.6 10.7t 4.2 11.6

1977

June 1.1 4.4 3.7 7.4 1.4 8.0

July 3.8 10.5 5.5 11.1 3.1 12.1

August 6.8 5.9 8.2 11.8 5.2 12.4

1978

June 0.5 4.1 2.8 6.2 0.6 8.2July 4.4 10.1 8.4 13.6 4.8 13.2

August 2.5 5.9 5.2 8.3 2.6 8.0

Precipitation (mm)

1975

June 2 (9)0 23 - ** 8 (14)* 0

July 25 (22) * 31 - ** 12 (26)* 3

August 29 (26) * 26 - ** 8 (27)* 24

1976

June 8 18 - 22 9 27

July 9 29 - 17 10 36

August 4 19 - t 7 9

1977

June 5 8 - 25 14 45

July 2 4 - 5 0 5

August 20 9 - 36 13 33

1978

June 9 41 - 9 15

July 19 (May 13- - 18 5 **

August 13 Aug 24) - 30 16 **

* Monthly normals.

t Incomplete data.** Estimated normals.ft Mean for 1970 to 1978.** Not measured.

13 I

(Johnson and Kistner 1967). More general climatic totals (sum of the mean daily air temperature abovedescriptions for the Arctic Slope are given by Searby 00C) were computed for all sites.and Hunter (1971) and Watson (1959). Annual andinterannual variations in temperature have been dis-cussed by Wiseman and Short (1976) and Myers RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONand Pitelka (1979). Discussions of the regional cli-mate and hydrology are presented by Dingman et al. Temperature(1980). Thirty-year climatic normals for the Arctic Slope

The objectives of this section are 1) to relate air are available for only two coastal sites, Barrow andtemperature and precipitation values observed at the Barter Island, with supplemental data since 1970Atkasook site to the established normals* at Barrow, available from the Prudhoe Bay region (Brown et al.2) to provide a means of identifying other areas of 1975, Haugen 1980, Walker et al. 1980). The Barrowthe Arctic Slope where climate, particularly temper- normals are 0.60 C for June, 3.7*C for July, and 3.10 Cature, can be expected to be similar to that of the for August (Table 8). The Barter Island normals forAtkasook area, and 3) to provide a more detailed these months are slightly higher than those at Barrow.description of the coastal-inland distribution of Prudhoe Bay, based on the 1970 to 1978 Atlantic-summer air temperature and precipitation than has Richfield Company (ARCO) airstrip record, is thepreviously been available, warmest of the coastal sites by 2 to 30C for the summer

months because of its more inland position (Table 9).Methods Regression analyses were performed on the Barrow

This report is based on climatic observations and Atkasook air temperatures (1975 through 1978)(Table 8) obtained during the summers of 1975 to to provide a basis for estimation of normal monthly1978 at Atkasook and concurrent observations in summer temperatures for the Atkasook site (Fig.the Prudhoe Bay region and south along the trans- 6). Applying the regression to Barrow monthlyAlaska pipeline Haul Road (Fig. 5; Haugen et al. normal air temperatures yields estimated normals1976, Haugen 1980). These stations, representing for Atkasook of 3.20 C for June, 8.70C for July, andboth coastal and inland locations, permit mesoscale 7.8°C for August. The estimated normal values foror regional comparisons of summer climate. Atkasook mean monthly air temperatures are 2.2,

Air temperatures at our stations, including Atka- 5.0 and 4.7 0C higher than those at Barrow for June,sook, were obtained on 30-day continuously retord- July, and August, respectively.ing thermographs in standard instrument shelters. For the period under discussion (1975 to 1978)Calibration checks using a mercury thermometer Barrow summer temperatures were below normalwere made at chart changes. Unfrozen precipitation in 1975, above normal in 1977, and closest to normalamounts at Atkasook were obtained with a standard in 1976. The year 1978 was mixed, with a warmer8-in. (20.3-cm), unshielded, nonrecording rain gauge. than normal July and cooler than normal August.Readings were generally taken following each stormevent. Elsewhere on the Arctic Slope, weather ob-servations were reestablished at Umiat in October 14

Y= 1.83+2).36X-0 134X21975 (previous records exist for 1947 to 1953) and 12- r2 .93

initiated at the Lonely airstrip in 1976 by observers SE .O75*c 0of the National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA, in osupport of exploratory drilling in the National Pe- 0.

troleum Reserve-Alaska. In the Prudhoe Bay region, 68CRREL and the University of Colorado (Walker and 0Webber 1979) maintained several thermograph sites 6

between the coast (West Pier) and Deadhorse. Com-parative air temperature data for a site near Peard 4 0

Bay are reported by Owens and Harper (1977).Temperature data from all sites for the 1975-to- 2 2 3 4 5 6 7

1978 study period were processed on the CRREL Borrow Air Temperature, *Ccomputer for analysis. Temperature means and ex-tremes, variability statistics, and thawing degree-day Figure 6. Regression for estimation of normal

monthly temperatures for A tkasook based oni'Normal" refers to the climatological normal based on the monthly June, July, and August air tem-the 30-yr period 1941 to 1970 (U.S. Department of Corn- peratures for Barrow and A tkasook, 1975merce 1973). through 1978 (from Hougen and Brown 1980).

14

~ 0~( ~ ' ~ N 0 0' (n 0

v0 -0' a"a In-

* 0 Uc- 0 o

- C (coo'I ct r-. qq too o~ o dv% .

46S E

o In- NN N(NN'0

to eq

-0 %D( a-(N(N(N(No

(4 -. - '! N 7' (-

r4 o- o'v

zs >

'D I- t- I-- 0 )o0 CI To

o o

m. 0L .- 2o- Oi. u. L

-J -15

Similar trends occurred at Atkasook and Prudhoe pare both approaches to the analysis of the influenceBay. July is generally the warmest month at all of distance to the sea. The West Pier station is lessArctic Slope stations (Table 8), although variations, than 1 km from the open water of Prudhoe Bay andsuch as the warm August in 1977, do occur, is subjected to the prevailing east-northeast winds

In order to relate the summer temperatures from off the bay (Fig. 9). Mean temperature at West Pier inAtkasook to other locations across the Arctic Coastal July 1977 was less than 3*C and was comparable toPlain, stepwise multiple regressions were performed that at stations such as Barrow and Lonely. Proceed-for the 1975 to 1978 data using latitude, longitude, ing southeastward from the coast across the Prudhoeand elevation from 11 stations as independent var- Bay region, mean air temperatures increased to 7.5°Ciables and mean July temperature as the dependent at Deadhorse, which is situated 26 km downwind fromvariable (Table 9). Elevation was highly correlated the ocean or 12 km due south. The temperature in-with latitude; it was therefore eliminated in the step- crease is greatest in the immediate coastal zone. Usingwise regression. The Happy Valley and Umiat sta- the data in Table 9, we derived the equation in Figuretions, although physiographically located within the 6. This equation permits us to define the position ofFoothills Province, were included in our analyses the 7'C July isotherm (Fig. 5), which was originallybecause they occupy valley positions which are some- discussed for northern Alaska by Cantlon (1961) astimes influenced by maritime air masses. The loca- a bioclimatic southern limit of the littoral tundra.tion of the 1975-to-1 978 mean temperature isotherm The littoral tundra is characterized by a smaller num-equivalent to the normal July temperature for Atka- ber of vascular plant species, fewer dwarf shrubs, nosook was calculated based on this regression (Table true shrub vegetation, and a greater occurrence of wet10, eq 1) and is shown in Figure 5. tundra meadow as compared to the tundra immedi-

Average air temperatures for July 1976 were with- ately south of it. Apparently the 70C isotherm andin a few tenths of a degree of estimated means for the border between the littoral and inland portionsmost stations (Table 8). The equation for 1975-to- of the Arctic Coastal Plain corresponds roughly to1978 July mean temperature is nearly identical to the border between maritime and continental climaticthe equation calculated for July 1976 data (Table 10, zones. Our analysis refines the position of this iso-eq 2). The observed July mean of 6.70C for 1976 therm based on more complete data and incorporatesat Peard Bay (Owens and Harper 1977), a location the influence of the prevailing wind. The computedwhich was not used in the regression analyses, fell distance from the coast along the prevailing wind vec-within 10 C of our calculated values using either eq tor for the 70C July isotherm was 60 km (Fig. 7). AI (7.4'C) or eq 2 (7.3 0C) in Table 10. regression using distance due south of the coast posi-

The warmth and length of the summer season in- tioned the isotherm in about the same location butcreased at inland sites on the Arctic Coastal Plain, with a slightly higher standard error.as demonstrated by mean air temperatures in July The range of air temperatures can also be used tonear 40C at the coastal stations and near I 1 0C at the distinguish zones of maritime and continental influ-stations farther inland (Table 9). We analyzed the ence. A definite distinction appears to exist betweenrelationships of air temperature to proximity with the coastal stations, which had mean diurnal temper-the ice-free ocean based upon 1) the distance due ature ranges of less than 8'C for July, and the inlandsouth from the coast and 2) the distance from the stations, which had ranges greater than I00 C (Table 9).coast along the prevailing wind direction. The latter Based on this distinction, the coastal-inland boundaryassumes that the cooler air from the ocean warms as in the east occurs somewhere between Deadhorse anddistance increases downwind from the ocean. Franklin Bluffs, 12 and 71 km south of the coast, re-

Our analysis included the July mean temperature spectively. To the west, Atkasook, 48 km south ofand temperature range, number of days in the thaw the coast, had a temperature range of 9.3 0C and wouldseason, and total thawing degree-days for 1975 to be placed in the continental zone. For a year with a1978 (Table 9). A prevailing wind direction of N75°E warm July (1977) the mean diurnal temperature rangewas used for all of the Arctic Slope analyses, based was larger (Fig. 8), suggesting that the border betweenon the 30-yr normal values for Barrow (N80 0E) and maritime and continental zones was farther north.Barter Island (N700 E) in July, the mean of July and This further suggests that annual differences in tern-August 1978 records for the ARCO airfield at Prud- perature can be related to the pattern of the seahoe Bay (N67.5*E), and the orientation of the sand breezes and the position of the Arctic Front.dune field on the west side of the Sagavanirktok In order to extend our analyses to include the entireRiver (N75 0E). growing season, thawing degree-days were computed.

The relatively dense network of temperature sta- The thaw season begins when the daily average tem-tions in the Prudhoe Bay region allowed us to com- peratures for five consecutive days remain above

16

14 16

Y=4 72+0 0379X-0 000047X2

_ (O 6636 02X12 r2= 090 r2=O092U-

SE=O 9*C 1 SE=O 98C Fko n

C HappyS10 - 12' Va Y

00 X

6 E ltVi •eodhorse

50 100 150 '200 250 300 350 0 " 40 60 80 00 120 14

Ostance from coast, km Disto nce from coast, km

Figure 7. Relationship between the mean air Figure 8. Diurnal ranges of air temperatures fortemperatures in July and the distance inland July 1977 for stations at various distances duealong the prevailing wind vector (N750 E) on the south of coast (from Haugen and Brown 1980).Arctic Slope of Alaska (from Haugen and Brown1980).

700 1 I 00Yt332 5+It 079X Y=434.54+4.915X

650 r2=O'91 1000 r2

=O.91 0SE = 375 Thaw degree-days, C SE-786 Thaw degree-days,*C a

600 900/

0

550 800

500 700

350 400-

12 16 20 24 28 300 210 40 60 80 100 120 140

Distance from coast, km Distance from coast, km

Figure 9. Average thawing degree-days (1975 to Figure 10. Average thawing degree-days (19751978 seasons) at various distances from the coast to 1978 seasons) at various distances due southalong the prevailing wind vector (N750E) for from the coast for all stations (from Haugen andavailable littoral stations (from Haugen and Brown Brown 1980).1980).

freezing and ends when five consecutive days re- tion in Figure 6 estimates average thawing degree-daysmain below freezing. At the coast, average values as 670, compared to 618 observed during 1975 toranged from 300 to 6500C thawing degree-days. 1978. Although the observed Atkasook values wereInland, values of 750 to 10000C were the rule, ex- used as data in the regression analysis, a completecept for Atkasook (Table 9). thaw season was observed only for 1976, and the

Two equations were developed for thawing de- totals for the other years were somewhat lower thangree-days: one depicts more precisely the steeper they would have been if temperature data for Maygradient which occurs within the first 30 km of and September were available. As most of the datathe coast along the prevailing wind vector (Fig. 9); (Table 9) did represent the entire thaw season at thethe other applies to due south distances greater than various sites, the estimate of 670 thawing degree-days15 km inland (Fig. 10). For Atkasook, the equa- for Atkasook may be closer to the true value than

the observed data.

17

The region west of the current Prudhoe Bay oil although it may be slightly greater inland. This con-production area (Fig. 5, insert map) can be used to clusion is supported by data gathered along the Haultest the effect of prevailing winds. A drill site (Pad Road (Haugen 1980).S) located 20 km along the wind vector and 10 kmdue south of the ocean should have 543 thawingdegree-days using Figure 9 and 488 thawing degree- SUMMARYdays using Figure 10. The r2 value was the same(0.91) for both regressions, but the standard error Lccl thermal and moisture regimes have had awas less for the wind vector computations. Future major influence on the road design, construction andfield measurements in the region should establish performance and their effect on the surrounding en-which of these regressions is more applicable. vironment. To provide a more adequate data base

for these important parameters. climatic observationsPrecipitation were conducted at 22 sites along the Yukon River-

Approximately 37% of the annual precipitation Prudhoe Bay Haul Road and sites on the Arctic Slope.on the Arctic Coastal Plain occtrs during the summermonths (Dingman et al. 1980). Available data for Interior Alaskasummer precipitation do not suggest substantial The Interior region extends from the Yukon Riverdifferences in the amounts received between the north to the timberline site 40 to 45 km north oflittoral zone and the inland portion of the plain, the oil pipeline's construction camp at Dietrich. TheFor any given location the annual differences in the length of the thaw season is the longest (123 to 168amounts of summer precipitation were generally days) and thawing degree-day totals are the highestgreater than differences due to distance from the (11820 to 1904'C-days) in this region. The warmestcoast (Table 8). mean annual temperatures (-3.7' to -6.9'C) occur

Precipitation for the three summer months at here, especially in the southern part. PrecipitationBarrow and Barter Island generally fell near or below during the summer is primarily due to convectionalthe monthly normals during the 4-yr period of in- activity, and the maximum amounts are about equ"alvestigation (Table 8). In comparison with average to those found in the Brooks Range. Total annualItemperature values, 1975 was a cold, wet summer, precipitation is 168-455 mm.

and 1977 was warm and dry.During 1976 to 1978 the total precipitation at Brooks Range

Utniat was nearly twice that at both Barrow and Sites from Chandalar Shelf to Atigun Camp in theBarter Island (Table 8). However, for this period Brooks Range are included in this region. ThawingBarrow and Barter Island only received 47 and 44% degree-day totals are low (4530 to 11 890C-davs), asof the normal precipitation, respectively, while with the Arctic Coastal Plain, but the thaw Season is

Umiat received 69% of the average value for 1947 slightly longer (87-131 days). The extremely coldto 1953 (Conover 1960). winter temperatures typical of the continental climate

The nature of summer precipitation is different of the Interior and Arctic Foothills regions do notbetween coastal and inland sites. Near the coast, usually occur at the higher elevations in the Brooks"trace" precipitation (less than 0.005 in. [0.127 Range because they are above the usual winter temper-mmDI occurs frequently. At Barrow, precipitation ature inversion. Mean annual temperatures in thisoccurred on an average of 72 out of 92 days for the region range from -5.9' to -6.9'C. The highest an-1975 through 1978 summers. Of the 72 occur- nual precipitation amounts (295-450 mm) o~ccur inrences, 44 were "trace" amounts. At Ulmiat for the this region and the most intense, single-day rainfall1976 to 1978 period, precipitation occurred on an during the study period occurred on the Chandalaraverage of 21 days out of thie 92; 10 days showed Shelf."trace" precipitation. Measured summer precipita-tion at Barrow should be increased by a factor of 1.1 Arctic Foothillsto account for the trace amount not normally re- The Arctic Foothills region includes the stationsported in totals (Dingman et al. 1980). Considering from Galbraith Lake to the Sagwon bluffs. Differ-the measured departure from normals in the 1975 entiation of this region from the Coastal region toto 1978 period, and the corrections necessary for in- the north is based on its higher elevation and greatercreased frequency of trace amounts received along distance from the sea. The Arctic Foothills have athe coast, we conclude that total precipitation does more continental climate than the Arctic Coastalnot differ greatly across the Arctic Coastal Plain, Plain. The thawing index ranges from 7600 to

18

1125°C-days. The thaw season is shorter (104-139 vol. 9, p. 79-95.days) and cooler than that of the Interior region, Berg, R.L., J. Brown and R.K. Haugen (1978) Thawresulting in colder mean annual temperatures (-9.0° penetration and permafrost conditions associatedto-I 1.I°C). The amount of precipitation is smaller with the Livengood to Prudhoe Bay road, Alaska.than for the two southerly regions (140 to 267 mm In Proceedings of the Third International Conferenceannually), and convectional precipitation during on Permafrost. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Nation-the summer is rare. al Research Council of Canada, vol. 1, p. 616-621.

Bilello, M.A. (1966) Survey of arctic and subarc ticArctic Coastal Plain temperature inversions. U.S.A. Cold Regions Research

This region includes stations from Franklin Bluffs and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) Technicalnorth to Prudhoe Bay. Cold winters, cool summers Report 161. AD645597.(the thawing index ranges from 318' to 8770 C-days) Bilello, M.A. (1974) Air masses, fronts, and winterand short thaw season (91 to 128 days) result in the precipitation in central Alaska. CRREL Researchcoldest mean annual temperatures (-10.6' to -1 2.8'C) Report 319. AD780696.and the greatest freezing degree-day accumulations. Brown, J. and R. Berg, Eds. (1980) EnvironmentalWind is a significant environmental factor due to engineering investigations along the Yukon River tothe wind chill effect on humans and the blowing Prudhoe Bay haul road, Alaska. CRREL Reportand drifting of snow. Precipitation amounts are 80-19. ADA094497.relatively low (170 to 266 mm), about the same as Brown, J., S.L. Dingman, and R.I. Lewellen (1968)those in the Arctic Foothills, but a greater propor- Hydrology of a drainage basin on the Alaskan Coastaltion occurs as snow rather than rain (95-165 mm Plain. CRREL Research Report 240. AD671005.frozen vs 56-101 mm unfrozen). Brown, J., R.K. Haugen, and S. Parrish (1975) Se-

Regression analyses of the summer air temperature lected climatic and soil thermal characteristics ofdata from 1975 to 1978 for stations from the in- the Prudhoe Bay region. In Ecological lnve~[igotionsland tundra to the immediate coastal area were used of the Tundra Biome in Prudhoe Bay Region, A laskato predict temperature values across the Alaskan (J. Brown, ed.). Biological Papers of the Universit,Arctic Coastal Plain based upon latitude and longi- of Alaska, Special Report 2, p. 3-11.tude. This provides the best approximation of aver- Cantlon, J.F. (1961 ) Plant cover in relation to macro-,age values based on existing data. Mean monthly meso- and micro-relief. Final Report to Arctic Insti-temperature, mean daily range of temperature, and tute of North America on Contracts ONR-208 andthawing degree-days all increase with distance from ONR-212.the coast. The estimated July normal for Atkasook, Conover, J.H. (1960) Macro- and micro-climatology48 km south of the coast, is 8.7 0C, while the estab- of the Arctic Slope (ot Alaska. U.S. Army Headqua-lished 30-yr normal for Barrow on the coast, is ters Quartermaster Research and Engineering Com-3.70 C. The July average temperature 6 km due mand, Natick, Massachusetts, Technical Reportsouth of the open water of Prudhoe Bay is 2'C EP-139.higher than on the immediate coast. Within the area Clebsch, E.E.C. and R.E. Shanks (1968) Summerunder the dominant influence of the sea breeze, re- climatic gradients and vegetation near Barrow,gression analyses suggest a more precise relationship Alaska. Arctic, vol. 21, p. 161-171.between air temperature and distance along the pre- Dingman, S.L., G.Weller, R.G. Barry, E. LeDrew,vailing wind vector (N75E) than between tempera- C. Benson and C. Goodwin (1980) Tundra climateture and distance due north to the sea. The appro- and microclimate. In An Arctic Ecosystem: Thepriate regression equation was used to locate the Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska (J. Brown et al.,average 70C isotherm for July, which corresponds Eds.), Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutch-to the southern border of the littoral zone. Precipi- inson and Ross, chapter 3.tation differences are less distinct across the coastal Hare, F.K. (1950) Climate and zonal divisions ofplain. Trace amounts are observed more frequently the boreal forest formation in eastern Canada. Geo-along the coast than inland; total amounts inland are graphical Review, vol. 40, p. 615-635.somewhat greater, but more variable in occurrence. Haugen, R.K. (1980) Regional climate. In Environ-

mental Engineering Investigations Along the YukonRiver-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road (J. Brown and R.L.

LITERATURE CITED Berg, Eds.) CRREL Report 80-19. ADA094497.Haugen, R.K. and J. Brown (1978) Climatic and

Barry, R.G. (1967) Seasonal location of the Arctic dendroclimatic indices in the discontinuousFront over North America. Geographical Bulletin,

19

A

permafrost zone of the central Alaskan uplands. Patric, J.H. and P.E. Black (1968) Potential evapo-Proceedings of the Third International Conference transpiration and climate in Alaska by Thornthwaitc'son Permafrost, National Research Council of Canada, classification. Pacific Northwest Forest and RangeOttawa, vol. 1, p. 392-399. Experiment Station, Juneau, Alaska. U.S. Depart-Haugen, R.K. and J. Brown (1980) Coastal inland ment of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paperdistributions of summer air temperatures and pre- PNW-71, Institute of Northern Forestry.cipitation in northern Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Searby, H.W. and M. Hunter (1971) Climate of theResearch, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 403-412. North Slope of Alaska. U.S. Department of Com-Haugen, R.K., J. Brown and T.A. May (1976) Cli- merce, National Oceanographic and Atmosphericmatic and soil temperature observations at Atkasook Administration, Technical Memorandum AR-4.on the Meade River, Alaska, summer 1975. CRREL U.S. Department of Commerce (1973) MonthlySpecial Report 76-I. ADA025198. normals of temperatures, precipitation and heatingJohnson, P.L. and J.I. Kelly (1970) Dynamics of and cooling degree days, 1941-70. National Climaticcarbon dioxide and productivity in an arctic bio- Center, Asheville, North Carolina.sphere. Ecology, vol. 51, p. 73-80. Walker, D.A. and P.J. Webber (1979) RelationshipsJohnson, P.L. and F.B. Kistner (1967) Breakup of of soil acidity and air temperature to the wind andice, Meade River, Alaska. CRREL Special Report vegetation at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Arctic, vol. 32,118. AD667946. p. 224-236.Kozo, T.L. (1979) Evidence for sea breezes on the Walker, D.A., K.E. Everett, P.J. Webber and J. BrownAlaskan Beaufort Sea coast. Geophysical Research (1980) Geobotanical atlas of the Prudhoe Bay region,Letters, vol. 6, p. 849-852. Alaska. CRREL Report 80.14.Lotspeich, F.B. and C.W. Slaughter (1981) Prelimin- Walsh, I.E. (1977) Measurements of the temperature,inary results on structure and functioning of a taiga wind, and moisture distribution across the northernresearch watershed. Institute of Water Resources coast of Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.Report, IWR-101, University of Alaska. 9, p. 175-1 82.Moritz, R.E. (1977) On a possible sea-breeze circula- Watson, C.E. (1959) Climates of the states, Alaska.tion near Barrow, Alaska. ArctIc and Alpine Research, In Cimatography of the United States, no. 60-49.vol. 11, p. 427-31. U.S. Department of Commerce.Myers, J.P. and F.A. Pitelka (1979) Variations in Wiseman, W.J. Jr. and A.D. Short (1976) MesoScalesummer temperature patterns near Barrow, Alaska: thermal variations along the a,atic north slope. InAnalysis and ecological interpretation. Arctic and Assessment of the Arctic Marine Environment:Alpine Research, vol. 11, p. 131-44. Selected Topics (D.W. Hood and D.C. Burrell, Eds.).Owens, E.H. and j.R. Harper (1977) Frost-table and Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska,thaw depths in the littoral zone near Peard Bay, p. 229-240.Alaska. Arctic, vol. 30, p. 155-168.

20

APPENDIX A. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ALL STATIONSAND MONTH-BY-MONTH INVENTORY OF AVAIL-ABLE DATA.

LCCATION SCURCE LATITUD2E LCGCIUOE ELEV.(P)

ALLAK AKE I IWS 66.56 152.66 183.0019 d F A A I S C A A197 x X x x x x

1976 x x X x X x X x X X1977 X XX X X X X X X XX x1978 X XX X X X X X X X X x1979 X X X X X X x x x

ATIGLN CAMP CRR[L 68.2, 149.42 1035.00J F M A M J J A S r. N C197.1976 X1977 x X X X x X1978 x x X x197Q

ATIGUN CAMP hws b F•21' 149.42 1035.00J F A M J J A S C N C

1975 x x x x x x197i Ax x x x x x x1977197F197q

ATIGU. PASS CREfL 6- .12 149.53 1400.0tJ F M, A M J J A S C N C197T197C x x x x1977 x x x x x x1978 x x X x x X1979 X X X x X

ATKASOOK (MEADE RIVER) CRREL 70.47 157.40 15.25J F M A M J J A S C N L197 x x x

1976 x x x x1977 x X x1978 x X X1979

2 ARROW FWS 71.30 156.78 9.20

1975 AX X X X X X X X X X X1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X X1979 X X X X X X X X X X X X

EARTER ISLAND NWS 71.13 143.63 12.201 F M A M A A A S 0 N A1975 x x X x x x X x x x x X

1976 X X X X X X X X A X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X X1979 X X X X X X X X X X X X

8ETTLES NWS 66.92 151.52 198.001 F M A M J A A S 0 N D1975 X X X X X X X X X X X X

1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X X1979 X X X X X X X X X X X X

21

CARIBOU CREEK (MAIN) CRREL 65.13 147.55 264.00J F M A M J J A S 0 N C

1975 x x x1976 X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X1979 X X X X X X X X

CARIBOU PEAK CRREL 65.18 147.50 773.0CJ F M A M i J A S 0 N 0

1975 x x x x x1976 X X X X X X X x x x x1977 X x x x x x1978 X XX x X X X X X X X X1979 X X X X X X X X X X

CHANDALAR LAKE NWS 67.50 148.50 564.00J F M A M J J A S C N O

1975 x X X X X X X1976 X X X X X XX X XX X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X X197Q X X X X X X X X X X X

CHIANCALAR SHELF CAMP CRREL 68.08 149.58 1000.00J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0

19751976 x x x x x1977 x x x x x x x1978 X X X X X X X1979 x x x x

CHANCALAA SHELF CAMP tKWS 68.08 149.58 1000.00J F M A M J J A S C N C

1975 K x x x X x x1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X1978 X1979

Cl-ENA DAM CRREL 64.41 147.10 152.40F FM A M dA S C IO

197519761977 x x x1978 X X X X X x x X x1979 x X x X X X X X X X

CFENA CAM GROUND SURFACE (GRASS) CRREL 64.41 147.10 152.40J F P 4 M J J A S C h

197519761977 x X x1978 X x x x1979 x x x x

COLDFOOT CAMP CRREL 67.27 150.23 325.00J F P A M J J A S C h C

19751976 x X x X x1977 x X X x x X1978 x x x x x x x1979 x X x X X

22

" CLDFOCT CAMP Nws 67.27 150.2! 325.001975 x x X x x x x X1976 X X X X X X X X X x x X1977 X X x X

1979

:EADHGRSf j F P M .A S ch CRREL 70.20 148.4f 18.20

19751976 X x x1977 x x x x x X1976 x x x x x1979 x x x x x x x

CEADHORSE F JWS 70.20 148.46 18.20

19751976197719781979 X X X X X X X x x x x

CEAD14ORSE GROUND SURFACE (GRAVEL) CRRFL 70.20 148.4f 18.20

19751976 x x x1977 x X x X X x1978 x x X1979 x x

CIETPICH CAMP (AIRFIELD) CRREL 67.73 149.75 445.0c, F " A M J J A S f N 0

197t1976 x x x x1977 x X X x X x1978 x x x X x1979 x x x x

CIETRICH CAMP (AIRFIELD) %WS 67.73 149.75 445.00J F M A M J J A S 0 k 01975 ) x x x x x x1976 X X X X X X X X X X X197719781979

EAGLE CREEK GROUNG SURFACE (TUSSOCK) CRREL 65.26 1fi5.30 690.00J F M A M J J A S 0 N 01975 x x x A x1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X x x X x X1978 X x x x x x x x x1979 x x x

EAGLE CREEK LODGE CRREL 65.26 145.30 690.00J F M A M J J A S 0 N 01975 x x A x x1976 X X X X X X x x x1977 X x x x x x1978 X X X X x x X x x1979 x A X

23

EAGLE CREEK ITREES) CRP EL 65.26 145.29 884.00J F " A M J J A S C

1975 x x x x X1976 X x X x x X X X X1q?7 x x x x x x X X x X1978 x x x x x x X x x x1979 x X X x x

EAGLE CREEK (7USSCCK) CRREL 65.26 145.!0 762.00J F m A M ,J A S C K C

1975 X X X X X1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X x X X X X X x197R X X X X X I x t x X1979 x x x x

EAGLE SUMMIT CRRFL 65.46 145 .!3 1130.00

J F P A M -, J A S C h, C

1975 x x x x X1976 x X X X X1977 x x X X X X x1978 X X x x x x x x1979

EAST OUMALIK CRREL 69.65 155.70 87.00

i F p A M J J A S C N C197519761977198I1979 x X X

ELLICTT HIGHWAY CRRE.L 65.32 149.1C 732.00,j F M i A S C h C

1975 x x x X X1976 X X X X X x X X X X1977 x x X x X x X xIsla X X X X X X X X

1979 X X x X x x x X X

ELLICIT HWY GROUNC SURFACe (TUSSOCK) CRREL 65.32 149.10 731.0

j F P A m , j A S C h C

197519761977 x X x x X X X X X1978 X x X X x1979

FAIRBANKS J F M A 4 1 J A S 0 N D hUS 64.82 147.86 133.00

1975 ( X x x X I x1976 x x x x x X x X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X X1979 x x x X x x X x x X x x

FISM CREFK j ACRREL 70.30 151.86 10.00

.J F N M JJd A SO0N C

197197619171978 x x1979 x K I \ x X \

24

FIVE MILE CAMP (AIRFIELE) CRREL 65.93 149.83 145.00J F M A M J J A S C N rIq71976 x X x x x1977 x X x X x x1978 X x x x X X x197' x

FIVE MILE CAMP (AIRFIELE) KWS 65.93 149.83 145.001 F M A M J J A S r h C197. x x x x x x x x

197t A x X X ) X X X X X x1977 X X XX X X X X X x x X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X X197 X X X X XX X XX X X

FRANKLIN FLUFFS CAMP (AIRFIELD) CRREL 69.72 148.68 108.00J F M A M J J A S C N 0

1975197t A x x1977 X X x x x1978 X X197a x X X x X \

FRANKLIN HLUFFS CAMP (AIRFIELD) KWS 69.72 148.(8 1C8.00J F M A M A A S C N A197t y X x X X X x

1976 x x x X x x x X x1977 X X X X X A X19781979

CALBRAITH (AIRFIELL) CRREL 68.48 149.48 820.00J F FA A M J t S C 1, C

19751976 x X X X1977 x1978 x x x X X x X1979 x x X X X x X

CALBRAITH (AIRFI-LC) S 8.48 149.48 820.00F M A M , J AS C h C

1975 X X X x X X X X1976 A X X X X X X A X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X197 X X X X x X X x X1979 X X X X X X X X X X X

CALBRAITh GROUND SURFACE (GRAVEL) CRREL 6R.48 149.48 819.00J F P A M ; J A S C , C

19751976 X X X1977 x x X X X x1978 x x x x x x1979 x x x x x x x x x

COPBLERSS KNOB CRREL 66T76 150.!5 650.00

,J F P A M ,jJ A S C h C197519761977 x x X x X x x X1978 A X x x X x x x1979 x

25

FAPPY VALLEY CAMP (AIRFIELD) CRREL 69.17 148.P3 290.00J F M j i A S C K C

19751976 x x x1977 x X x x x X1978 x x x x x1979 x x x X X

hAPPY VALLEY CAMP (AIRFIELD) Ku, 69.17 14P.83 290.00

57 F P A J j A S C N L197t X X X X X X X

1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X197719781979

h-AYSTACK MOUNTAIN CRREL 65.17 14 7.95 767.00

1 F M A M J J A S 0 N 1975 x X X X X

1976 X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X

1978 x x x x x X x x x X19 7q x x x x X X X x

INDIAN MOUNTAIN NuS 65.98 153.68 372.00J F M A M 1 J A S 0 N A1975 x X X x x x x

1976 x x x x x x x x X X X X1978 X X X A1979 x X X X X X X X X X X X

LIVENGOOD CAMP NWS 65.52 148.F3 161.001 F M A m J A A S N 1975 X x x x x x |

1976 X X X X X X X X X X X1977

19781979

LONELY CAMP (AIRFIELD) KWS 70.92 153.25 3.051 F M A M J A A S 0 N D1975 x X X x x

1976 X X X x x1977 x x X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X1979 X X X X X X X X X x X

CLD MAN CAMP (AIRFIELD) CRREL 66.45 150.58 406.00J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

19751976 x x x x x1977 x x x x x x1978 x x x x x x1979

OLD MAN CAMP (AIRFIELD) KWS 66.45 150.58 406.00J F M A M d J A S C N D

1975 x X x X X X X1976 X X X X X X X X X X X197719781979

26

FROSPECT CREEK (AIRFILLE) CRREL 66.82 10.ES 337.00.I F F A M J A S C h C

19751976 X X X1977 X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X x1979 X X X X X

FRCSFECT (REEK (AIRFILC) rWS 6(.82 1-t0.ft 337.0C

.J F P A M , J A S C h r

1975 X X X X X X X X1976 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X X X X X X197b X XX X XX X XX X X X1971 X X X X X X X X X X X X

PRUDt-OE PAY (ARCC AIRPIELF) NW. 70.25 148.13 18,.50J F M A M J A S C K 7i'

197b X X X X X X X X X X X1976 X XX X X X X X XX X1977 X XX X X X X X X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X t1979 X X x X x X X X X X x

FRUOIOE PAY (CRILL SITE II) CRREL 70.27 148.48 14.5c

J F v A M J A S C NF197519761977 X X X X197h X X X XIq79

FRUN-S0E PAY (PAD F) CRREL 70.34 14P.76 6.2CJ F Y M J' P S C hl r

19 751976 X X1977 X X X x X197F x

1979

FRUOSGE PAY (wEST PILR) ERREL 70.38 148.!! 3.00

.iFP AM.JJASrhfL,19751976 X X X1377 XX X X1978 X X X X1979 X X X X X )

SAGAVANIRTOK RIVER (MS-132) CRREL 69.85 148.ES 80.00j F M A M J J A S V N C

19 7!197619771979 x X x x1979 X X X

5AGWON BLUFF (MS-1271) CRREL 69.33 148.67 305.00

J F M A M JJ A S C N 019751976 w X X X1977 X X X X x X X X1978 X X X X X X X X X X X1q79 )( X K X X X

27

SAGWON BLUFF GKOUNO SURFACE (TUSSOCK) CRFEL 69.33 148.E7 305.014 F M A M J J A S 0 N 0

19751976 x x1977 X x x x X x1978 X X X X X X X X X X X1979 x x x

1 ANANA ws 65.16 152.1C 70.75J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0

1975 x x x x x K x1576 X X X X X X X X X X X X1977 X X X X X X X x X X x1918 X X K X X x X X x x1979 X X X X x x x x x x K

TAPS ROAO CRREL 65.82 149.52 691.00J F M AM j J A S 0 N 0

19751976 x x x x x x1977 x X x1978 x x K x1979 x X x x x x x x K x

TIMBERLINE (HAUL ROAD) CfkRLL 66.03 149.70 690.0VJ F M A M J J A S 0 % 0

197519761977 x x X x X X1976 x x x x x1979 x X x x

ICOLIK LAKE CRREL 68.59 149.1p 760.00d F P AM o J A S C h C

19751976 K x x1977 x x X x x x1978 X X1979 I

TCOLI( RIVER (PS 117) CRREL 68.62 149.27 850.00J F P1 A M ; J A S C K Z

197519761977 x x X x x x19781979 x x x x

IJ III NWS 69.37 152.13 81.00,j F P A P j J A S r h4 C1975 9 x1976 X X X X x x x x x x x1977 x x x x x x X x x x x x1978 K K K K K K K K K x1979 X X X X X X X X X X X X

bEST OUMALIK CRREL 69.70 155.PC 55.00SF It A, M j J A S C N C

19751976297719761979 g X X N K N

28

APPENDIX B. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION.

.4 f'4. ,.P. ... -..1 + 4 -4 * * 4 LP.- .4

...... 4 -' 4 ..... o 0 4....0.4 CL

7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 -0 4 4 417 9.01 *4-

i i 7 I i I ..

I400 00 0 CI i407 N.9L .0 P

.... ... N....... 4. ( 0. . . . 0 4-

7 _ d r 0. ' .. 4 +L,- 7 401 0 0.- 4, .t N 7 4.0 T'0+r 4

no no n+i +r +i (

lit

<01

I II III i i

- .)04 . .4 *+ *..- *e . .4( .) . ...- I* -0.44 44.

I. . . .-.... _.-0 zI . .. 4.4

o 04 _l4 02- . .4 = + -,-O4 'C C. "."4.4 a" ;" '

'n' 0 1%i c4

1.71 1 JI

i I I I

-- - ,49 NI .. .4 u 49 .

0 -. 0 . tO,..- ,1(I . " 0"" .0. ('".41

29

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A facsimile catalog card in Library of Congress MARCformat is reproduced below.

Haugen, Richard K.Climate of remote areas in north-central Alaska:

1975-1979 summary / by Richard K. Haugen. Hanover,N.H.: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer-ing Laboratory; Springfield, Va.: available fromNational Technical Information Service, 1982.

iv, 114 p., illus.; 28 cm ( CRREL Report 82-35.Prepared for Office of the Chief of Engineers by

Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Researchand Engineering Laboratory under DA Project 4A161102AT24.

Bibliography: p. 19.1. Alaska. 2. Atmospheric temperature. 3. Climate.

4. High temperature. 5. Low temperature. 6. Rainfall.7. Snow. I. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers.II. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab-oratory. Ill. Series: CRREL Report 82-35.

I