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I.

CONTRACT REPORT 1'1- 0. 3-136

SOIL SERIES SURVEY OF SELECTED STUDY AREAS IN THAILAND

APPENDIX A: SOIL SURVEY OF THE NAKI-ION SAW AN AREA

by

Lelc Moncharoen

Manu Omalcupt

Under the direction of

F. R. Moormann

October 1966

Sponsored by

Advanced Research Projects Agency Directorate of Remote Area Conflict

Service Agency

U. S. Army Materiel Command

Conducted for

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station CORPS OF ENGINEERS

Viclc•burg, Mississippi

Soil Survey Division land Developr.ient Department

Royal Thai Government Bangkok, Thailand

This document is subject to special export controls and each transmittal to foreien governments or foreien nationals may be made only with prior approval of U. S. Anny Enatneer Waterways Experiment Station.

DISCLAIMER NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT IS THE BEST

QUALITY AVAILABLE.

COPY FURNISHED CONTAINED

A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF

PAGES WHICH DO NOT

REPRODUCE LEGIBLY.

T ZT

MAP or THAILAND

T T

,

Chai-Nat Singh-buri Lopburi Sara-buri Ang-thong Ayuthya Nonthaburi Pathum-thani Thonburi Phra-nakhorn Nakhornayok Prachinburi Samutprakan Cha-choenggao Cholburi Rayong Chant-buri Trat Chayaphum Nakhornrataima Buriram Surin Srisaket Ubonratthani Nor.g-kai Le«i Udornthani Sakonnakhorn Nakhornphanom Khon-kaen Mahasarakham Kalasin Roi-et Mae-hong aorn Chicngmai Chiengrai Lamphun Lam pang Ph/ae Nin Uttaradit Tak Sukhothai Phitmulok Kamphaengphet Phlchlt Phctchbun Nakhorn ta wan Uthai-thani Kanchanaburi Suphanburl Ratburi Nakhorn pa thorn Samut ■ ongkhr am Samutaakhorn Phetburi Prachuap-kh ir Ikhar Chumphorn Ranong Phang-nga Surat-thani Nakhornarithamrat Phuket Krabi Trang Phatalung Satun Song-khla Pattaal Yala Nara-Üiiwat

i

* 0 5

I 1 [

1

I

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

LOCATION OF AREA 1

TRANSPORTATION ROUTES 2

TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 3

SURFACE GEOLOGY 5

CLIMATE 6

VEGETATION AND LAND USE 7

HYDROGRAPHY 8

SOIL FORMATION AND PARENT MATERIAL ... 8

SOIL CLASSIFICATION 9

APPENDIX A: SOIL SURVEY OF THE

NAKHON SAWAN AREA INTRODUCTION

The soil survey of the Nakh^r. «a- ccnd^cUd during «,. perlo

yd Ap^ TtZelZtsT* "

Reconnaissance was made al™„ .11 'i»1'*3 eq mi).

..on, dr.inage eh.nneU. Bo^.;; wX^d^nrV'"PO"r" excvied, „suaUy to . deplh o, 100 cm Tn . , , f W"e

eludy the eoU proIUee In greeler d.leU . "l":'r3 »"■"• 'o ob..rW«on. per e,„.re So^er w.";. iT:^^ * * 10

Detailed field data wer« tro^ ♦ .lr Photoe at aoaies of 1.20,000 and I 60° OOo' tl l^""'" 0n

boundaries were tran«^^ AS . 1 »00,000; then the sou

Army Map Se^oeTp^ IphL^l^a:"" ^'r ^ •"" L™ Sou eharaelerieiioa for fhoae ^«3 ^ " "/' 1:50'000 '• determined by alr-oholo Zl . !, exammed in the field »ere

»ere not avauabie for a ^Ir teChnlq',ee- Ai'- Ph°'- of the etudy area Ind ihl „ T ^^ ^ SO,"h"n "»"»"•»■y 'or thi, are'a ^.^^ ^ZfoT^' ^"^ "»"^H..) preUtion of the aerie, L 708 ob,,rvalion and by lnt,r-

photo. on aoale 1:5,000 „are .«llaM?"^0 n",PS- NeW ,ir

'.he etudy ar.a. The.e ohlto aTaUable for '"• ^^ portion of

oertain iopographloai"Lu. '^d "fl" ^T*"* "^ '" ^^ boundariea. oorreollng doubtful eoll

of Me..r..DULT/Mh•^rVey• "*"" WOrk "" mi" "'• <""ction

Moormann F«4 «d A^i?! "'' "MU ^^P'- ^r. F. R. "

P-f. san'thad ^t^Tl^T^" ^ ' *"* he eatabllahment o, the aoü legend Mr P ^"n "Z a"eleted ^

ibe editing of the map and the p8^«.^" ol-th; f^J ^

LOCATION OF AREA

Centr.l ^Xl^ Z^ull ^N« Ind M'T "^ °' "" oonverge to form the Mae Nam Chao Ph^a " ^

^ proper name, in thi. report are" ap.Ued a. they aT^T^

Pr.cUc.Uy Ih, entire eludy ere. le eitu.ied „Ithln N.khbn =e province, hcwever, very .„.„ ,c.Uered .r..."y ^r"

^.:d;%-r-^r:nd-^%\?—u-r- and longitudes 99° 45« E and 100° 30' E.

TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

"»mx w^ys. m addition, air servio*. tr. R»^ U I. J ThaUand is availahl« « service to Bangkok and northern

pass through Nakhon Sawan Th.- i ' ang Hot Fai SaiNua) r-^-^ L M ^awan. Three loose-surfaced all-weather- roads stem from National Highway No 5 h,rf «n *K weather

the area are unsurfaced fair wüth \ er rOUtee in

negotiable only duTin^t^X s^n "^ ^ ^l^" WhiCh are

travel . hout the sidy ar/a T^Jt^rT^ ^

IZI^^I^T —*^ along the hanks o/navigahle"8

A fairly extensive system of natti»-«! *~A

.nd«.. M« N.m ping: N*:me

cre tÄ;.',„rrrJ^or •

P.H c, U.. e^dy .r.. J ^Ä^r^ T 'Lir"^

Populated places are spelled in this manner the first tim« th appear,followed by an abbreviated form i„ parenth * Thav^aM i i. «TMI m parentheses. Thereafter,only the abbreviated form is used in the text.

TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

The topography of the Nakhon Sawan study area is predominantly flat to slightly undulating or undulating. Nearly half of the area is occupied by the alluvial plains of the Mae Nam Chao Phraya river system (1)*. Isolated hills (monadnocks) are scattered throughout the study area and a fairly large range of hills is located near the southwestern border. An undulating peneplain is found southeast of Nakhon Sawan. A number of distinct topographical units were distinguished: hills, peneplains, terraces, and alluvial plains.

Hüls The following types of hills were differentiated on the

basis of rock type.

a. Andesite and rhyolite porphyry hills. Isolated andesite and rhyolite porphyry hill formations are found in the southeastern part of the study area. These hills are generally rounded in shape; some are symmetrical or cone shaped. Few rock outcrops are found on the side slopes of these hills.

b' Granitic or granodiorite hills. The only large hill mass in the study area, Khao Luang, located southwest of Nakhon Sawan, is composed of granitic rocks. Associated with this granitic mass are low hills of limestone, mica schist,and phyllite. These hills are rounded in shape and have characteristic boulder outcrops exposed on their side slopes.

c. Limestone hills. Isolated craggy liir astone hills are scattered throughout the plains and the peneplain area but occur mainly along the western boundary of the study area and along the eastern side of the Khao Luang granitic hill range. These hills occur as pinnacle buttes,with very steep cliff faces much fluted and pitted by solution. Rock is exposed over large surfaces of these hills.

d. Mica schist hille. The main occurrences of these hüls are immediately to the west of Nakhon Sawan and üirectly south of Nakhon Sawan adjacent to the southern edge of the study area. These hüls are composed primarüy of mica schist and

Numerals in parentheses refer to simüarly numbered items in the Literature Cited at the end of this report.

H 3 i

r^r ,H Kr"' lime8tone occure - association with these rocks fa the hüls south of Nakhon Sawan. The hüls are normally rounded and low and marked with erosional channels and vTaped valleys. Few rock outcrops are found on the side slopes.

Peneplains

A peneplain, which is part of a large peneplain forma-

rirlv T ng i0 the SOUth and eaet of the ^ area occupies a fairly extenszve area southeast of Nakhon Sawan. The topography xe predominantly undulating but in a few places, low hüls protrude The peneplain is composed of shallow clayey materials overlying bedrock and is often covered by a shallow layer of gr«vellv residuum. Composition of the bedrock varies strongly; the low aid* are composed of shale, quartzite .and andesite.

Terraces

Terraces occupy most of the western half and a significant prrtion of the easternmost part of the study area

Four classes of terraces were recognized; they are discussed as follows :

a' Terraces adjacent to Lfaaggtong hüls. These terraces are found'adjacent'to the limestone hlürrnd are commonly composed of clay-textured materials. Marl concretions and W- stone fragments are also found in the higher parts of these forma- tions in association with sedentary and local colluvial materials The topography is flat in low-lying areas and undulating in the higher parts. 6

b. Hish terraces. High terraces occur only in one relatively small area along the western border of the study area They have a slightly undulating topography. This higher terrace

ThlLndV ^t116 ^ the ^^ ierraCe IeVel <* Northeaster Thaüand (appendix E, Khon Kaen study area).

tw. ... ^ -OW terraces. Low terraces are slightly higher than the semi-recent terrace formations and occupy moli of the western part of the study area. Occurrences of these terraces are also found in the southeastern part of the study area. The lower parts of these terraces are flat and usually cultivated in

^ound'th6"^ r ^"P^8' includ-g "le colluvial footslopes around the Khao Luang hül range, are undulating and are used

wTthmrbT.aBricuiture or are unc~d and ~

d. Semirecent terraces. These terraces are slightly higher than the adjacent recfent river plains; however, the transition between the two landscapes is usually very gradual and smooth. The topography is flat to slightly undulating. Occurrences of these terraces are found throughout the study area, but a large semi- recent terrace occupies an extensive portion of the easternmost part of the area.

Alluvial plains

Extensive alluvial plains have been formed by the Mae Nam Chao Phraya, the Mae Nam Nan, and the Mae Nam Ping and their tributaries. Continuous shifting of these streams has resulted in thw formation of abandoned channels, oxbows,levees, and point bars. Bung Boraphet, a backswamp lake, occupies a significant part of the plains east of Nakhon Sawan. Most smaller streams have narrow U-shaped valleys which are filled with materieis of varying texture and composition; the valleys in the southeastern part of the study area often contain weathered lime- stone fragments.

SURFACE GEOLOGY

A large part of the study area is composed of recent unconsolidated Quaternary deposits with outcrops of rocks formed in early Carboniferous, Devonian, and Silurian; pre-Permian; Permian and Carboniferous; Triassic; and late Tertiary periods*.

Early Carboniferous. Devonian, and Silurian

Most of the rocks formed during this period are phyllites and slates with quartzite bands. Quartzite phyllite rocks of the Kanchanaburi geologic series (2) are found near mica schist rocks and sometimes occur in association with them.

P re-P ermian

Rocks of pre-Permian origin were subjected to metamorphism and are generally composed of para schist,phyllite, slate, and some quartzite; however, intrusions of andesite and diorite, occurring in botses and stocks, are sometimes fonnd.

* Being quarried for industrial purposes and for use as road surfacing.

5

?

Permian and Carboniferoue

Rat Buri limestone was formed during these periods. It is a massive, light gray, crystalline limestone and is inter- bedded in places with shale and phyllite.

Trias sic

Granitic rocks, probab'y granodiorite,are assigned to this period. These rocks are found only in the Khao Luang hill range and appear to occur as a younger intrusion of the lime- stone and mica schist formations.

Late Tertiary

Andesite and rhyolite porphyry are thought to have been formed in late Tertiary times and are found as stocks and dikes;andesite appears to be the dominant rock. The »»ndesite is green or purple and the rhyolite is buff or yellow in color. Granular-textured dioritic and aphanitic-textured basaltic rocks are also found in aserociation with the andesite and rhyolite forma-

Quaternary

Recent Quaterne ry deposits of river alluvium have been laid down unconfoxmably by the Mae Nam Chao Phraya river system. The nature of the deposits «■ due very largaly to the effects of the Ice Age. While no evidence of aatual glacial activity ha. been found in Thailand, the waxing and waning of the ice sheets in other parts of the world caused climatic changes and a rise and fall in base level. Alternating periods of erosion and sedimentation have resulted in the formation of peneplains ind river terraces. The most recent formations are the alluvial plains of the main streams and their tributaries.

CLIMATE

The Nakhon Sawan study area has a tropical savanna climate (Koppen "Aw") with distinct wet and dry seasons. With the exception of a slightly lesser rainfall in the western part of the study area, the climate of the area is well represented by the Nakhon Sawan station.* The average annual rainfall for "

♦ Statistical data were obtained from the Climatologica| Division, Meterorolegicai Department, Bangkok, Thailand.

5

Nakhon Sawan is 1,187 mm.* The heaviest rainfall is from May to October when the area is under the influence of the south- west monsoon. September is the wettest month with an average rainfall of 273 mm. The dry season is from November to April, during which time periods of up to one month without rainfall are quite common. The average rainfall from December to March, the anain dry season, is less than 10 mm per month.

The mean annual temperature is 28.40C **, which is only a few tenths of a degree higher than the mean annual tem- perature of Bangkok. April is the hottest month (31.2° C average) and December is the coolest month (24.6° C average).

VEGETATION AND LAND USE

Most of the Nakhon Sawan study area is cultivated. Rice is the main crop in the alluvial plains, the lower parts of the semirecent terraces, and the low terraces. Dryland crops, mainly corn, are grown on the higher peneplain, the higher terrace formations^ and the footslopes of the hüls. Jute, sugar- cane, and fruit ara grown or. the higher parts of the leveea where an important part of the villages are situated. Some corn and jute are also grown in rotation with rice on the better drained

»

?

* 1 mm = 0.03937 in.

** o _ F = 1.80C + 32

' alluvial soils.

Reeds, rushes and bamboo are widespread in the lower parts of the alluvial plains, especially the area north of the confluence of the Mae Nam Ping and the Mae Nam Nan and the area around Bung Boraphet. Secondary forests and shrub savanna are found scattered throughout the terraces,the peneplains, and the low hüls. Some primary forests are found on the higher parts of the hüls. Some of the common species are : yang khao (Dipterocarpus alatus) .yang daeng (D. costatus) , krabak (Anisoptera glabraj , payung and ching chan (Dalbergia s^) , ma-ka (Afzelia sp. ), takhian (Hopea odorata). kathon (Sandoricum indicum) .pradu (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) . teak (Tectona grandis). and tabeak (Lagerstroemia calyculat»).

HYDROGRAPHY

Chao PhrayTahe

rwr:y8tl

y ' T^ T^ ^ ^ ^ N- plaina is controlled by the ihr. 7 regime 0f the alluv^ eubject to flooding duL' the hTH/^11"85 SUCh *'~' -e at the height of th'e w^f,^h o^^'" ^ the8e 8t—' continuously throughout the year*- d„ t *** Bir**mB ^w

tributary etreaxns cease to üol'^t* ! "7 ^^ ^ Boraphet drops considerably! ^ ^^ 0f Bun«

Ping has beIenTo?lrb7t^%hondar

10r regime 0f the Mae N- -idway between NaJ„ Lt Ja'd ch^ 0f

MBhUmipho1 Da-.

lower plains has become less le're anTf ' ^^ 0f the

parts of these areas haye been re^Wd f^ PTl0n**d' *** higher plains, the terraces annfh agriculture. The

boding and have a "nVt^U d^^//- ^ '«^ ^ ow terraces,although not flooded by oy^low dV0"80^0^^'

-undated for several months by rain wall! ?! atreamS' are

paddies. y in water retained in ihe rice

SOIL FORMATION ANP D A r^-vmr, -^-ix AiMi. PARENT MATERIAL

Transported material

Recent rivar alluvium TU

b^ -^^r^^^;teri;l0he::/^^^ •- «-«uy cuy.y>

and in the abandoned streams channels oftV" n .^^ leVeeS

largest concentration of these ••Til.„^ ^ ^"^ plains- The «ain streams. sediments is found adjacent to the

Terrace alluvium and gkg. ~~n.n,fl||||

^^- -• co^^^Sf^^HW^. These

also found. They occur on a . 7n' " COar8er mat"ials are -er alluvial a./o^^lL^^Z ^ ^ the ^

medium to L. ^r^ZVeysr ^^ The8e material8 a^ These deposits are to«d • JT!!^ t T "^ deP08U8 OCCUr- alluvial sedimmtt. adjacent to the rece.t and semirecent

5 8

c' High terrace river alluvium and alope colluvium. These materials are usually strongly leached end have medium to fine textures;however, some sediments are composed of m«rl and are predominantly fine textured. These latter materials are found in association with limestone. Higher terrace sddiments adjacent to the hills and in the peneplain are commonly gravelly.

Residual material

Residuum and colluviated residuum

a. Andesite and rhyolite porphyry. These materials »re commonly medium to fine textured and contain varying amounts ot rock fragments; they often include materials derived from associated rocks, i.e. limestone, diorite, phyllite, or shalo.

b' Granite or granodiorite. These materials are medium textured with a considerable coarse sand fraction, and contain varying »mounts of rock fragments.

c. Limestone and associated rocks (quartz phyllite or mica schist) . These materials are fine textured and contain considerable amounts of limestone, quartzite phyllite, or mica schist fragments. Iron manganese concretions are often found In deeper layers .

d' Mica schist and associated rocks (quartzite phyllite) . These materials are usually medium to fine textured and are normally found in the hüls or near rock outcrops. They may contain mica flakes and a variety of rock fragments.

SOIL CLASSIFICATION

In the classification of soils for this study, attention has been given largely to dividing the soils into series. All the soils of one series have profiles almost alike and have major horizons that are similar in thickness, arrangement, and other important characteristics. Each soil series is named for a town or other geographical feature near the place where the series was first mapped. Where soils differed strongly over short distances, making separation by series difficult, the area was mapped as an associa- tion. Soils which represented a relatively small area were sur- veyed as unnamed units.

y* I

•a

To accomodata „.W differences in the texture.pH, xnotUing. etc. . of the various layers.series were soxnetixnee separated into .oü Phases. Some of these sou phases differ from the modal series n one or two important genetic characteristics, bat because of

the rare occurrence of these soil phases they were treated as separate phases within the series which they most nearly resembled. '

The sous in the Nakhon Sawan study area have been classified by soil series as defined in the U. S. Department of Agriculture £oil Survey Manual (4).

Following the name of each sou series,there is a symbol in parentheses. This symbol identifies the mapping unit on the detailed sou maps. g

For the sake of convenience,the sou survey of the

lilZ t^ ^\u9n arran«ed into thr- -aps which were com- bined from the following AMS Series L 708 map sheets :

Sheet I - No. 4957-1, 4958-1 and -II

Sheet II - No. 5057-IV, 5058-1II and-IV

Sheet III - No. 5057-1, 5058-1 and -II

' Sheet IV is the key and gives the main properties of tfte varxoue mapping units.

Soil series

a.QngT!ia ^^ iTm)' Tha Muan« Boüa occuPy ">e levees

along streams and abandoned stream channels. The main

PhT?11^8 V^0 "^ are fOUnd al0n« the Mae Na™ Chao Phraya, Mae Nam Nan, M.e Nam Ping, and Mas Nam Yom.

ar* U. • Zu***, ^u' are Wen t0 Inod3rat«1y well drained and orchlrds ar ? 1* ***i*™'*''-e^le gardens and fruit orchards are commonly found on these sous. In some areas dryland crops such as jute, sugarcane, and corn are grown.

Tha Muang soils arc Alluvial * sous with an A-C or

- sünoam ^ MrnCV TheSe 80ü8 are P-^-^ntly sandy loam, or B^ loam Mica is commonly found throughout the profile and is most abundant in the sous adjacent to the Mae Na.n Ping. There is an abrupt boundary between the surface iayer and the underlying subsoil. Color in the surface is predomiLntly brown to yeUowish brown. Color in the subsoil is dark grayish brown

^rer0 M^l area8 ^ brOWn t0 yellOWi8h brown" in"llvated areas. Motüing sometimes occurs in the subsoil. Values of pH are medium to slightly acid (5.5 to 6.5).

Qrsat soil group names are capitalized. ' ~

10

I

Sapphaya (Sa) . Sapphaya soils occur along the river levees in association with Tha Muang soils. Sapphaya soils are similar to the Tha Muang soils in texture and matrix color but are generally somewhat lower in topographic position.

These sdlls are well to moderately well drained but are usually flooded during the wet season. They are normally used for growing rice.

Sapphaya soils are Alluvial hydromorphic soils with an Apg-Cg horizon sequence. These soils are normally loam to silt loam but occasionally silty clay loam is found below 50-60 cm in depth. The color of these soils when dry is pale brown or very pale brown. Because of their use for growing rice,these soils have acquired a mottled surface (inverted gley) that is con- centrated along the root channels. Mica is commonly found throughout the profile. Values of pH are medium to slightly acid (5.5 to 6.5).

Chainat (Cn). Chainat soils occupy the transition zone between the levee and th» river basin. They have a flat to slightly undulating topography. They are commonly found adjacent to the Sapphaya and Rat Buri soils and exhibit, to some extent, characteristics of each.

Chainat soils are moderately well to somewhat poorly drained and are mostly used for growing rice. Some dryland crops such as jute and corn are also grown.

Chainat soils are Alluvial hydromorphic soils with an Ag-Cg horizon sequence. These soils are commonly clay loam to silty clay to a depth of 1 m or more; howevev, a thin layer (10-30 cm depth) of loam or silt loam often occurs at the surface, and a heavy clay, typical of Rat Buri series soil, is sometimes found in the subsoil at a depth of 70-80 cm. Mica is seldom found in these soils. The color oi' the topsoil is grayish brown, whereas color of the subsoil is predominantly brown but is occasionally yellowitah brown,, The profile is mottled throughout. Values of pH are strongly acid (5 to 5.5) in the topsoil and medium to slightly acid (5.5 to 6.5) in the subsoil.

Rat Buri (Rb). Rat Buri soils occupy the higher parts of the alluvial plains and are usually found at some distance from the levees and abandoned river channels. They have a flat to slightly undulating topography.

11

V)

These solle are subject to flooding during the wet season and are poorly drained. They are used for growing rice and give moderate yields.

Rat Burl soils are Alluvial hydromorphic sous with an Ag-Cg horizon sequence. These soils are ueually composed of clay but In some areas a thin clay loam or sllty clay loam ** layer (20-30 cm !n depth) occurs. Laterlte concretions washed in by floods are o?ten found in the soils „ast of the Mae Nam Nan and north of the confluence of the Mil« Nam Nan and Mae Nam Ping. Color of the surface layers is usually very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2) to dark brown (10 YR 3/3); although in some profiles the matrix color Is gray. Color In the subsoU varies from grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) to yellowish brown (10 YR 6/6). These soils are mottled throughout the profile. In the surface layer brown to yellowish brown mottles are concentrated along root channels. Values of pH are strongly to slightly acid (5 to 6.5) and increaee with depth.

A calcareous phase (Rb-ca) of the Rat Burl series is recognized and indicated on the sou maps. These calcareous phase soils are found in the alluvial plain between the Mae Nam Nan and Mae Nam Ping and were separated from the normal Rat Burl series becauoe of their neutral to alkaline reaction. They occupy slightly lower positions than the normal Rat Burl series and are subject to flooding for longer periods during the wet season. These sous are poorly drained and are usually not cultivated becauee of their low position and excessive flooding. Bamboo forests are predominant. Rat Burl, calcareous phase sous are composed of clay. Color Is very dark brown (10 YR 2/2) to very dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/2) in the surface layers and grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) or light brownish gray (2.5 Y 6/2) in the subsoU. These soils are mottled throughout and always contain limestone fragments. Values of pH are usually slightly acid (6 to 6.5) in the surface layess,but rise in the subsoU.

Phimal (Pin). Phlmai soils are found in the abandoned channels (rxbows) and in the lower parts of the river basins. They have a flat topography.

These soUs are poorly drained and are subject to flooding each year. The Phlmai soils in the river basins are used for growing rice but those in abandoned river channels are not.

12

v»

Phimai sous are Alluvial hydromorphic soils with a horizon soguence of Apg-Cg; the Apg horizon Is usually well developed and humlferous. These soUs are composed of heavy clay. Mottling occurs throughout the profile. Color of the sur- face layer (depth 80 to 30 cm) Is dark gray to black, whereas the dominant color of the subsoil is gray to olive gray (in the Munsell color chart notations the chroma is usually one or less). Distinct mottles, few to common are found in the subsoil. When' these soils are dry they contain large slickensides at varying depths. Values of pH are usually medium to slightly acid (5.5 to 6.5) In the topsoil and neutral (6.5 to 7) in the subsoil.

Yang PonK (Yp). Yang Pong soUs occupy depressions and backswamps of river basins and old river channels of semi- recent terraces. A large occurrence of these sous is found around Bung Boraphet. They have a flat topography and a dis- tinctive microrelief. Those Yang Pong sous which form on the semirecent terraces are associated with Kamphaeng Saen com- plex soils.

Yang Pong soils are continuously saturated with water and are rarely cultivated. Some lotus is grown on the higher parts of these soUs but marshy vegetation generally predominates.

Yang Pong soils are Alluvial hydromorphic soils with an Ag-Cg horizon sequence. They are composed of heavy clay and have a dark humlferous surface horizon. Reduced,bluish to gray sou layers occur at a shallow depth. Values of pH are strongly to slightly acid (5 to 6.5).

Chum Saenp; (Ce). Chum Saeng soils are found extensively in the alluvial plains east of the Mae Nam Nan. These soils are similar to the Manorom series but occupy a lower position on the alluvial plain and have a weaker profile development and no termite mounds. They have a flat topography.

These soils are poorly drained and subject to flooding during the wet season. They are usually used for growing rice and give moderate yields.

Chum Saeng soils are Alluvial hydromorphic sous with an Apg-Cg horizon sequence. These soils are composed of clay to a depth of 1 m or more. Matrix color Is dark gray (10 YR 4/1) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) In the surface layers and pinkish gray (7.5 YR 6/2) to gray (10 YR 6/1) In the sub- soil. These soils are mottled throughout; brown (10 YR 5/3) to yellowish brown (10 YR 6/8)mottle8 are concentrated along the

13

root channels in the surface layers and fine to medium, strong, red mottles (2.5 YR hue or below) occur below a depth of 20 to 30 cm. Values of pH are very strongly to strongly acid (4.5 to 5.5).

Tha Tako (To). Tha Tako soils are found along narrow alluvial valleys in the eastern part of the study area where streams cut through the hills and the peneplain. These sous are mainly formed of alluvium deposited by the streams, but near the foot- slopes of the hüls they are intermixed with colluvial deposits washed down from the hüls. They have a flat to slightly undu- lating topography at,«.d are usefl for growing rice.

Tha Tako soils are Alluvial and Humic Gley soils with a common horizor sequence of Ag-Cg. These soils are composed mainly of clay but loam is occasionally found in the surface layers to a depth of 20 to 50 cm. Limestone fragments and secondary concretions are usually found in the deeper sub- soü, below 50 cm in depth. Matrix color is dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3) to dark brown (10 YR 3/3) in the topsoil and dark grayish brown to olive brown in the subsoil. Values of pH are normally neutral to mildly alkaline (7 to 8); however,near Chum Saeng a very dark gray clay with a pH value of 5.5 is found in the surface above an olive brown clay subsoil with a pH value of 7 to 8.

Sara Buri (Sb) . Sara Buri ^oils occur in the semi- recent terraces and the transition zone between the semirecent terrace and the recent alluvial plains. Sara Buri soils are similar to Rat Buri soils but occupy slightly higher positions and support termite mounds. They have a flat to slightly undula- ting topography.

These soils are poorly drained and the lower mem- bers are sometimes flooded during exceptionally high floods. The soils are used mostly for growing rice and give moderate yields.

Sara Buri soils are weakly developed Low-Humic Gley soils with an Apg-Btg horizon sequence. These soils are predominantly clay throughout the profile; however, some profiles have a clay loam surface layer and a clay or heavy clay subsoil below 20 cm in depth. Color is very dark gray to dark grayish brown (10 YR 3/l, 10 YR 3/2 , 10 YR 4/2) in the surface layer and dark brown or yellowish brown (10 YR 4/3 , , 10 YR 5/4) below a depth of 15 to 20 cm. Brown to yellowish brown mottling can be observed throughout the profile. When dry,dis- tinctive csacks occasionally appear at the surface.

it 14

Limestone fragments and uncondolidated laterite concretions some- times occur in the subsoil. Values of pH are strongly acid (5 to 5.5) at the surface and medium acid to neutral (5.5 to 7) in the subsoil.

Nakhon Pathom (Np) . Nakhon Fathom soils occur on the lowest parts of the semirecent terraces and occupy abandoned river channels and oxbows. These soils are found in the western part of the study area. They have a flat to slightly undulating topography.

These soils are somewhat poor to poorly drained and the lower members are occasionally subject to flooding during the wet season. Most of theee soils are used for growing rice and give good yields during normal rainfall conditions.

Nakhon Pathom soils are Low-Humic Gley soils with an Apg-Btg horizon sequence. These soils are generally com- posed of clay loam in the surface layers (15 to 20 cm depth) and clay loam to clay in the subsoil. Occasionally, sandy loam to loamy sand id found in the subsoil below a depth of 50 cm. Mica is unigue to the Nukhon Pathom soils found in this study area since it usually is not found in these soils in other parts of Thailand. Matrix color is ddrk grayish brown to dark brown (10 YR 4/4 to 10 YR 6/4) in the topsoil, and very dark grayish brown or yellowish brown in the subsoil. Brown to yellowish brown mottling occurs throughout the profile. Values of pH are strongly acid (5 to 5.5) at the surface and neutral (6.5 to 7) in the subsoil.

An acid phase (Np-a) of the Nakhon Pathom series is recognized and indicated on the soil maps. These soils are similar to the normal Nakhon Pathom soils, but their subsoil pH to a depth of 100 cm or more remain low (4.5-5). In this respect they are similar to Manorom Soils, but they miss the distinct reddish subsoil mottling of the latter.

Phet Buri (Pb) . Phet Burl soils are found on levees in the semirecent terraces west of the Mae Nam Ping and are very similar to Kamphaeng Saen soils in topography, color, and tex- ture, but unlike the Kamphaeng Saen soils, the Phet Buri soils are used for growing rice. Only a few small occurrences of these soils are found within the study area. Phet Buri soils have a slightly lower topographic position than the Kamphaeng Saen soils and have a flat to slightly undulating topography.

15

?

These soils are uioderately well drained and are sel- dom flooded. They are cultivated and used for growing rice and give moderate yields under normal rainfall conditions.

Phet Burl sous are Low-Humic Gley sous with an Apg-Btg horizon sequence. These soUs are composed of fine sandy loam throughout the profile. The color or the surface la- yer is dark grayish brown(lO YR 4/2Ho grayish brown (10YR5/2) hui becomes whitish when dry. The color in the subsoil is brown (lOYR5/3)to yellowish brown (10YR5/6) . MotUing and mica occur

throughout the profile. Values of pH are strongly to slightly acid (5 to 6.5) .increasing slightly in the subsoil.

Kamphaeng Saen (Ks) . Kamphaeng Saen sous occupy the semirecent river levees along former river courses are found in the central and western parts of the study area. Thase sous are old enough for weathering and the formation of genetic sou horizons to have taken place; genetic horizon deve- lopment varies according to the texture and age of the levee. The characteristics of these sous are similar to the Tha Muang sous. The Kamphaeng Saen sous have a flat to slightly undula- ting topography.

These soils are well to moderately well drained and are seldom flooded. They are excellent agricultural sous (both ohemicaUy and physically) and are used for growing corn, sugarcane, and jute. Small Phrubs and some rubber trees are found on the uncultivated soils.

Kamphaeng Saen soils are Noncalcic Brown soils with a common horizon sequence of A-Bt or A-Btg. These sous are usually composed of fine sandy loam to clay loam, but near the stream channels they are sometime^ medium tsxtured or even sandy throughout. The color is dark grayish brown to dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2 to 10 YR 4/2) in the surface layer and brown to yellowish brown (7.5 YR and 10 YR hues) in the subsoil. Weak mottling is occasionally found in the subsoil at depths below 50 cm. These sous always contain mica through- out the profile to a depth of 1 m or more. Values of pH are strongly to slightly acid (5 to 6.5) and increase slightly with depth.

16

A mottled phase (Ks-mo) of the Kamphaeng Saen aeriea is recognized and indicated on the soil maps. These soils are found in onr area east of the Mae Nam Ping near Ban Maha Pho. The mottled phase soils occupy somewhat lower positions than the normal Kamphaeng Saen soil^ and have a darker colored topsoil and a mottled subsoil. The mottled phase soils are some- what poorly drained, and most of them are used for growing sugarcane. Small shrubs dominate the uncultivated portions. Generally, these mottled phase soils are composed of loam in the surface layers and clay loam in the subsoil. They are occasional- ly composed of loam throughout, and sandy materials are «leo often found below the loam layer in the subsoil at depths of more than 50 cm. Matrix color is very dark gray (10 YR 3/1) to dark gray (10 YR 4/l) to a depth of 20 to 50 cm and grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) to brown (10 YR 5/3) below that depth. Indistinct mottling and mica occur throughout the profile. The pH value is 6 to 6.5 at the surface and falls to 5 or 5.5 in the subsoil.

A leached phase (Ks-1) of the Kamphaeng Saen series is recognized and indicated on the soil maps. These soils sre separated from the normal Kamphaeng Saen soils because of their coarse-textured, strongly-leached surface with characteristics intergrading toward Gray Podzoliic soils.. These soils are excessively drained. The textural profile is the main diagnostic characteristic of the Kamphaeng Saen, leached phase soils. These leached phase soils are composed of loamy sand. Mica is present throughout the profile. Matrix color is very dark gray (10 "VR 3/1) to dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) in the surface layers (20 to 30 cm depth) and becomes whitish when dry,and grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) to brown (10 YR 5/3) in the sub- soil. Values of pH vary due to the poor buffering capacity of the sandy materials but are usually strongly to medium acid (5 to 6) .

Kcok Phra (Kr) . Krok Phra soils are found on the lower parts of the semirecent terraces and occupy slightly higher positions than the Nakhon Pathom soils. Occurrences of these soils are foiznd scattered throughout the western part of the study area. The characteristics of these soils are similar to the Lampang series in the surface layers and the Nakhon Pathom series üi the subsoil. Krok Phra soils have a flat to slightly undulating topo- graphy.

i

These soUs are somewhat poorly drained and are extensively used for growing rice under irrigation and yields are good.

A Q< . Kr0k Phra aoas are Low-Humic Gley sous with an Ag-Btg horizon sequence. These sous are composed of loamy sand to sandy loam in the surface Imymrm (approximately 20 to 50 cm depth) and clay loam to clay in the subsoil. Loamy sand *T sandy loam textures are occasionally found throughout the pro- file o a depth of 1 m or more. Mica is often found in the sur- face myers and i« more abundant in the sandy profiles. The color s dark gray (10 YR 4/1) to brownish grpy (10 YR 6/2) in the

topsod and grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) to brown (10 YR 5/3) m the subsoil. Yellowish-brown (10 YR 5/6) to brown (7.5 YR 5/4) mottling occurs throughout the profile and is somewhat concentrated along the root Channels in the surface layers Values of pH are strongly acid (5 to 6.5) in the surface'and neutral (6.5 to 7) in the subsoil.

Ubon (Ub).. Ubon sous occupy semirecent remnants which are found outcropping in the alluvial plains between the Mae Nam Nan and Mae Nam Ping. These sous are somewhat similar to the San Pa Tong. sandy phase and Kamphaeng Saen, leached

graphy 8' 80Ü8 ^^ * ^ ^ 8lighily undulating ^po-

These sous are somewhat poorly drained and are occasionally subjected to flooding during the wet season. Ubon «ods are mWnly used for growing rice but their low fertility assoczatfed with their sanay texture imposes some limitations. Small shrubs are predominant in the uncultivated areas.

Ubon sous are Low-Humic Gley soils with a common horxzon sequr ce of Ag-Btg. A diagnostic characteristic of the Ubon Berxes ^ its texture which is loam sand or sand. Matrix

4/1°^ ^ ^ (10 YR 3/l) ^ dark «rayish bro^ U0 YR 4/1) in the surface and brown (10 YR 5/3) to light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4) in the subsoil. These sous are motUed throughout Values of pH are variable due to the low buffering capactty of their sandy material, but are usually verystron?ly to strongly acid (4.5 to 5.5). V7 **

NfenoromjMn). Manorom sou» «re found on the semirecent

,TCe! ^ OCCUPy an exten8ive Portion of the easternmost part of the study area. They have a flat to slightly undulating topo- graphy and are occupied by numerous termite mounds.

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i

These soils are somewhat poorly drained and are usually cultivated in rice; yields are moderate under normal rain- ten conditions. Groundnuts (peanuts) are grown on some soils, but yiolds are poor due tp the heavy texture pf the subsoU.

Manorom soils are Low-Humic Gley sols with an Ag-Btg horizon sequence. These soils are composed of clay loam in the surface layers (between 15 and 40 cm in depth)and clay or heavy clay in the subsoil. OccaeionaUy, loam or fine sandy loam is found in the surface layers. Matrix color of the top sou is dark gray (10 YR 4/l) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) but becomes whitish whdn dry in some profiles. Color In the subioll Is gray (10 YR 6/1) to light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2) Most of these soUs have a granular mulch In a thin layer at the surface as a result of netting and drying. Manorom soUs are mottled throughout. Brown (10 YR 5/3) to yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8) Indistinct mottling la concentrated along root channels in the surface layers, whereas very distinct red mottling (2.5 YR or less) Is found at depths from 20 to 50 cm. Scattered laterltic gravel Is often found In the profiles at varying depths. Values of pH, which are somewhat higher In the surface layer than In the subsoU, are very strongly to strongly add (4.5 to 5.5).

Boraphet (Bo) . Boraphet soils occupy an elongated area on the semlreoent terrace between the peneplain and the alluvial plains southeast of Bung Boraphet. They have a flat to slightly undulating topography.

These soils are poorly drained and are mainly used for dryland crop cultivation; corn and beans are the main crops. UnculkvaWd areas are overgrown with bamboo forests or grass.

Boraphet soils are Humlc Gley soils with an Ag-Bg or Cg horizon sequenpe. These soils are composed of clay and

is black (10 YR 2/1) to very dark grayish b rown (10 YR 3/2) with Indistinct mottling, and the subsoil Is grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) o gray (10 YR 6/1). Distinct strong red mottling (2.5 YR or below) occurs to the subsoU. In some areas the dark surface layer has been removed by erosion thereby exposing the grayish cay suksoll with the strong ,ed mottling. Values of pH are slightly add to neutral (6 to 7) or moderately alkaline (8) In the surface and very strongly tp strpngly add (4.5 to 5.5) In the subsoil.

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Lfcmpang (Lp) . Lampang soils are found on the low terraces and occupy a large portion of the western part of the study area; smaller areas are also fouhd in the southeastern part of the study area. Lampang soils usually have a flat to slightly undulating topography,

T^ese soils are somewhat poorly drained and are .. saturated or partly inundated during the wet season. They are used exclusively for growing rice and bear medium yields under normal rainfall conditiono.

Lampang soils are Low Humic Gley soils with a common horizon sequence of Ag-B. These sous are composed of loafny sand to sandy loam in the surface layers and sandy loam to sandy clay loam in the subsoil. Clay or heavy clay is occasionally found below a depth of 70 cm and some profiles are sondy loam through- out. Matrix color is dark grayish brown (10 YK 4/2) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) in the surface layer, which is poor in organic matter, and grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) to light brownish gray (10 YR 6/2) in the subsoil; however, a brownish (10 YR 4/3 or 10 YR 6/4) color is also sometimes found in the subsoil. Brown to reddish fanottling occurs throughout the profile and be- comes redder in profiles with a clayey subsoil. Values of pH are usually very strongly to strongly acid (4.5 to 5.5) but are sometimes slightly acid to neutral (6 to 7) in the subsoil.

A clayey phase (Lp-cl) of the Lamphang series is recgonized and indicated on the soil maps. The clayey phase soils are separated from the normal Lampang series because of a heavy clay layer in the subsoil and the presence of strong, red mottling. These soils consist of heavy clay at depths between 20 and 50 cm. Matrix color is dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) in the surface and gray (10 YR 6/1 or 10 YR 5/1) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) in the shfasoil. Mottling in the surface iayer is brown (10 YR 5/3) to yellowish brown (10 YR 5/8) and is concentrated along the root channels. In the heavy clay layer strong red mottling (2.5 YR hue or below/ occurs and concretions are occasionally found. Other characteris- tics are similar to the normal Lampang soils.

A concretionary phase {L.f-cc) of the Lampang series is recognised and indicated on the soil maps. These soils contain a considerable amount of lateritic concretions in the subsoil,usually below 50 cm. The density of the late rite is, however not sufficient, nor does it occur shallow enough to classify such soils with the Sakon or Phen series. In all other characteristics these soils ä*e comparable with modal Lampang soils.

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Sakon (Sk) . Sakon soils occur on the low terrace and on the colluvial footslopos of andesiie and rhyolite hüls and are found in the southeastern part of the study area. They have a slightly undulating to undulating topography.

These soils are somewhat well to amnewhat poorly drained. Rice and dryland crops are cultivatdd on the soils which are more than 30 cm thick. SoUs with laterite at or near the surface are not cultivated and are overgrown with smell shrubs.

Sakon soils are Low-Humic Gley soils that intergrade with Gray Podzolic soils. These soils have an A-Bt or Ag-Btg horizon sequence and usually consist of dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) to brown (10 YR 5/3) sandy loam to clay loam above a hard laterite. The diagnostic characteristic of these soils is presence of consolidated laterite in block or sheet fsrm (20 cm or more in thickness) at depths of less than 50 cm. The laterite is occasionally found in spots at the surface but generally it is covered by a thin layer of soil between 25 and 40 cm in depth. SoUs which are used for growing rice are mottled. Values of pH are very strongly to medium acid (4.5 to 6).

San Pa Tong (Sp) . San Pa Tbng soils which occupy the low terracfls composed of old river alluvium and some slope colluvium, are found almost exclusively in the western part of the study area. They have a flat to »lightly undulating topography.

These soils are well to moderately well drained and are mainly uncultivated. Some soils are used for growing corn. Sparse low shrubs are dominant in uncultivated areas; however, patches of barren ground also occur.

San Pa Tong soils are Gray Podzolic soils with a common horizon sequence of Al-A2<-Bt or Ap-Bt. The textural B horizon is weakly expressed, especially when the soil is deve- loped on sandy textured sediments. These soils are composed of loamy sand to sandy loam on the surface and sandy loam to sandy clay loam in the subsoU. Color of the surface layer is very dark grayish brown (10 YR 4/2) to dark brown (10 YR 3/3 0/7.5 YR 4/2 - 4/4) and becomes light gray (10 YR 26/1) to pale brown (10 YR 6/3) when dry. The color of the subsoil is reddish ysUow (5 YR 6/6) to brown (10 YR 3/3). Mottling sometimes develops in the lower part of the profile (between 70 to 80 cm in depth). Values of pH are medium acid (5.5 to 6) in the surface and strongly acid (5 to ".5) in the subsoU.

£ 21 v.

A colluvi*! phase (Sp-col) of the San Pa Tong series is recognized and indicated on the soU maps. These colluvial phase soils are composed mainly of coarse colluvial material occurring around acid igneous rocks and resistant limestone hüls. San Pa Tong, colluvial phase sous are composed of loamy sand in the surface layer and sandy loam or sandy clay loam in the subsoU. Occasionally, loamy sand with medium to coarse colluvial fragments is found throughout the profile. Matrix color is dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/3) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) in the surface layers and brown (10 YR 5/3) to very pale brown (10 YR 7/4) in the subsoil. Mottling develops only in the lower paktt of the profile. Values of pH are normally strongly to medium acid (5 to 6); however, in sandy profiles the pH may be 7 to 8 in the surface layers or throughout the profile.

A sandy phase (Sp-s) of the San Pa Tong series is recognized and indicated on the soil maps. These sous are found on the low terraces and in the transition zone between the high and low terraces and are similar to the Kamphaeng Saen, leached phase soils (but tto not contain mica). Some soils occupy old levee-hke remnants. The San Pa Tong, sandy phase sous are composed of loamy sand throughout the profile. Color is dark gray (10 YR 4/1) to grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) in the surface (15 to 25 cm depth) and brown (10 YR 5/3) to pale % brown (10 YR 6/3) In the subsoil. Values of pH are normally strongly to slightly acid (5 to 6.5).

Lat Ya (Ly). ^at Ya soils occupy the high terraces and some colluvial footslopes of hüls and occur mainly in one relatively smaU area along the western border of the study area near Ban Bung Lorn. Occurrences of these soils were also found on the peneplain and were included with other soils in an Unnamed Complex due to the complexity of the parent rock. Lat Ya soils have a slightly undulating to undulating topography.

Most of these soils are overgrown with forests or scattered shrubs. Shifting cultivation is practiced on some soils and kapok plantations are occasionally found.

Lat Ya soils are Red-Yellow Podzolic sous with an A- Bt horizon sequence. Theee soils are predominantly coarse sandy loam throughout the profile; however, some profiles have sandy clay loam in the subsoil J Gravel is commonly present below a depth of 50 cm in those which are found on the peneplain.

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Matrix color la reddish brown (5 YR 4/4) to strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) in the surface (slightly darker in forested soils) and yellowish red (5 YR 4/6) to strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6 )in the subsoil. Values of pH are normally very strongly to strongly acid (4.5 to 5.5); however .values of 7 to 8 are found in the peneplain where Lat Ya soils are mixed with limestone.

Lop Buri (Lp) . Lop Buri soils are found on the lower parts of the peneplain located in the southeastern part of the study area, and are formed on alluvium derived from limestone. These soUs are somewhat lower and more hydromorphic than the Pak Chong and Takli soils. They have a flat to slightly undula- ting topography.

Most of the Lop Buri soils are overgrown with bamboo and shrubs. Sosne corn grown in the higher area«, and rice is sometimes grown in the lower araas.

Lop Buri soils are Black Grumosols with an indistinct A-Cg OT Ag-Cg horizon sequence. These soils are generally composed of heavy clay of the montmorillonitic type. Lop Buri soils are very sticky and plastic and tend to swell when wet. When dry, they become hard and crack deeply. Self mulching characteristics at the surface and the presence of slickensldes at varying depths in the sou are characteristic of this series. Matrix color is black (10 YR 2/1) to dark gray (10 YR 4/1 )in the surface layer {20 to 40 cm in depth) and gray (10 YR 5/l) or grayish brown (10 YR 5/2) in the subsoU. Indistinct mottling occurs throughout the profUe. Fine to coarse colluvial fragments and limestone fragments (below 80 cm in depth) are commonly found in many profUes. Values of pH are neutral to mUdly alkaline (7 to 8).

Takli (Tk) . Takli soUs are found on the peneplain in the southeastern part of the study area and also occupy a small por- tion of a low terrace in the western part of the study area north of Ban Don Khwang. Some of these soils are found as residual remnants and form isolated "islands" surrounded by old river deposits. Takli soils have an undulating topography.

These soils are somewhat poorly drained and most of them are covered with sparse low shrubs and bamboo forests. Corn is grown on some of the higher areas and rice is grown on some of the lower areas.

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Takli soils are primarily Rendzina soils with an A-C or A-(B)-C horizon sequence, but a few are Brown Forest soils. Takli soils are composed of clay. Matrix color is very dark gray to gray (10 YR 3/l to 10 YR 5/l) in the surface layer (approximately 30 cm in depth). A whitish,soft limestone occurs at varying depths in the subsoil. In some soils hard limestone is encountered below a depth of 40 to 50 cm. Takli soils have a high base saturation and are very sticky when wet; sek-mulching characteristics are present at the surface. Values of pH are neutral to mildly alkaline (7 to 8).

Pak Chong (Pc) . Pak Chong soUs are found in the pene- pWin and on some colluvial slopes adjacent to the limestone and predominantly andesite hills which are located south and southeast of Nakhon Sawan. Pak Chong soils are Red Brown Earths that intergrade with Brown Forest soils. These soils' have a common horizon sequence of Al (Ap)-A3-Bt. or A-Bt;the Al (Ap) horizon seldom exceeds 20 cm in depth. Consistence is hard in the topaoil and firm in the subsoil when dry, and sticky and plastic when wet.

AU Pak Chong soils within the study area were sub- divided into two phases, a colluvial phase and a shallow dark phase. The modal Pak Chong soils, surveyed in the Lop Buri study area (app. B) do not occur here. Occurrences of these two phase are indicated on the soil maps and the important characteristics of each phaae are described below:

- Pak Chong,colluvial phase (Pc-col) soils are formed on colluviated residuum from the limestone hills and o-:cupy only a small area along the southern edge of the study area. They have an undulating to rolling topography.

These soils are moderately well to well drained and are generally not cultivated. They a.-e usually overgrown with small shrubs. Corn is grown on the few soils which are cultiva- ted.

Pak Chong, colluvial phase soils are composed of clay loam in the surface and clay in the subsoil. Matrix color is dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4) to reddish brown (5 YR 4/4) in the surface layers and red (2.5 YR 4/6) to yellowish red (5 YR 4/6) in the subsoil. Light olive brown mottling is occasionally found in the subsoil at depths below 40 cm. Colluvial fragments composed of limestone and other basic materials occur throughout these soils and increase in size with depth. Values of pH are neutral to mildly alkaline (7 to 8) in the surface and slightly acid (6 to 6.5) in the sfabsoil.

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- Pak Chong, «hallow dark phase (Pc-Bd) soils «re found on the peneplain «outheest of N«khon S«w«n. They h«ve a «lightly undulating to undulating topography.

The«« soils are well to moderately well drained and are mainly ueed for dryland cultivation; corn and caetor bean« are the main crop«. Bamboo and «mall «hrub« are «cattered throughout the uncultivated area«.

Pak Chong, «hallow dark pha«e «oil« are composed cf clay. Matrix color is very dark gray (5 YR 3/1) to dark grayish brown (5 YR 3/2) in the «urface layer and dark reddieh brown (5 YR 3/4) or reddieh brown (5 YR 5/4 or 5/3) in the «ubaoil. These soils generally contain limestone fragments at depths below 50 to 70 cm. Values of pH are neutral to mildly alkaline (7 to 8). y

Nakhon Sawan (Ns). Nakhon Sawan soils occupy areas adjacent to the mica schist and limestone hüls «utrth of Nakhon Sawan. Theee «oils are compoeed of colluviated residuum derived primarily from mica schist but also from limestone,shale and quartzite. They have an undulating to rolling topography. Nakhon Sawan soils also occur in association with Tha YanK soils. 6

These soils are well drained and are mainly over- grown with low «hrub« and bamboo. Some dryland crops, mamly corn, are grown on the more moderately drained soils.

« ,K . ^akhon Sawan aoa* *« Reddish-Brown Lateritic sous *hat intergrade to Red Brown Earths. The common hori- zon sequence i« A-Bt. The «oil« are compoeed of loam in the surface (15 to 20 cm depth) and clay loam in the subsoil; some profües are composed of clay loam throughout. Colluvial gravel is usually found in the deeper «ub«oil below approximately 60 cm. The color of the «urface layer i« dark reddieh brown (2.5 YR 3/4) to darkbrfown (5 YR 3/2). Matrix color ir. the «ub«oil i« dark red (2.5 YR 3/6) or yellowiah red (5 YR 4/6) Values of pH vary locally from medium acid to neutral (5.5 to • 1 •

' L* (Li) • Li «oil« are found on colluviated reeiduum derived from «hale, phyUite, and andeeit« and occur only in one «mall area «unrounding Khao Samuk (hill)«a«t of Lat Yao. They have an undulating to rolling topography.

LI «oil« ar« well drained. Vegetatile garden« and * fruit orchard« abound on the«« «oil«. i

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A D* v _. 8üUS are Reddi8l>-Brown Lateritic sous with an A-Bt horizon seaucmce. Theee BOüS are composed of clay loam in the aurtace layer (30 to 40 cm depth) and clay in the subeoil Qolluvial fragments and lateritic concretions are found throughout the profile, but are more concntrated in the subsoil at depths below 70 cm. The deeper subsoil is often resistant to auger penetration. Matrix color is yellowish red (5 YR 4/6) m the surface layer and red (10 R 4/6) in the subsoU. The pH is commonly slightly acid (6.5).

Th> Yan^ (Ty) . Tha Yang soUs are shallow sous on stony colluvium and residuum from acidic rocks *nd occupy low hüls and knolls (with a slope of le.s than 15 percent) in the southeastern part of the study area. They usually have a rolling topography. ""»B

Most of these soils are uncultivated because of their shallow depth and stony character. Dryland crops (corn and castor beans) are grown only where deep,^ soils are found. Small shrubs and bamboo are the dominant vegetation on the uncultivated soils.

Tha Yang soils are predominantly Red-Yellow Podzolic soUs. (occasionally. Lithosols ar« included in this series) with an A-Bt or A-C horizon sequence. These sous are com- posed of gravelly sandy loam at the surface and gravelly sandy clay loam in the subsoil;numerous rock fragments are found at less than 50 cm in depth. These sous are usually covered wUh thin layers of gravelly sou material to depths between 20

acid u TV 7^1of pH l8 lI8uaUy very eiTon*lyio -^»«»y acid (4.5 to 5.5)5however,values of 7 to 8 in the subsoU are occasionally found in tho.e soUs whifch are mixed with limestone.

OTHER MAPPING UNITS

Association«

Kamphaeng Saen and Ph«t BurilKa/lPh} . This associa- tion covers an area of mainly composed of Kamphaeng Saen soUs with scattexed patches of Phet Buri soUs under rice. The topography is slightly undulating; the Phet Buri soils are

situated in the relalively low parts of the area. Kamphaeng Saen sous are under uplandcrops and shtfUbs.

26

LTnpang and San Pa Tong (Lp/Sp). This aasociation . consists of higher "islands'• of San Pa Tong soils surrounded by lower Lampang sous. The topography is flat to slightly undu- lating. . San Pa Tong soils are overgrown with forests and scattered shrubs. The Lampang soils are us-»d for growing nee.

Tha Yang and Nakhon Sawan (Ty/Ns). This association is found on the footslopes of the mica schist and limestone hüls south of Nakhon Sawan and consists mainly of Tha Yang soUs. The topography is undulating. These areas are of little agri- cultural value as most soils are shallow and stony,although some dryland crops are grown on Nakhon Sawan sous.

Complex soils

Unnamed complex |Uc) . This unit consists of Tha Yang, Lat Ya, Takli, Pak Chong, shallow dark phase, Nakhon Sawan, and a topographically high variant of Lampang sous occurring in a complex patters of areas which are too small to be mapped individually. These soils are found on the peneplain southeast of Nakhon Sawan and have an undulating topography with distinct micrer«Hef features. These soUs have a complex intergrated pattern of rock types. Dryland crops (mainly corn) are grown on the dryer soils with higher elevations and rice is grown on the hjidtomorphic sous. Small shrubs and grasses are pre- dominant ii) other areas.

Alluvial complex (Ac). This unit (unnamed) is composed mainly u£ Tha Muang, Sapphaya, Chainat, Rat Buri, Phimai,and Yang Pong soils occurring in association with eahh other in areas which are too small to be mapped separately. This complex is almost exclusively found in the alluvial plains between the Mae Nam Nan and Mae Nam Ping and west of the Mae Nam Chao Phraya. The river levees and abandoned stream channels in these areas create a strong microrelief. Alluvial complex soils are usually not cultivated; however, in some areas rice and vegetatbles are grown. Marsh vegetation and a few spiall shrubs are dominant.

Slope complex (Sc) . This unit consists of a complex of unnamed soils on steep slopes of the hüls. They are predominantly shallow,stony. Red-Yellow Podzolic soils, Reddish-Brown Lateritic sous,Red-Brown Earths, Brown Forest soils and Lithosols. Forests of various typss are predominant throughout/ this unit. *

27

*

Subdivisions have been made according to the parent material as follows:

Sc-M eoils are found on craggy hills of hard limestone with many rock outcrops. These soil« are assciated with Pak Chong soils.

Sc-an soils are formed on rounded hills of andesite and rhyolite porphyry with few rock outcrops. They are mainly associated with Pak Chong soils.

Sc-ms soils are formed on low rounded hills of mica schist and associated rocks with few rock outcrops. They are associated with Nakhon Sawan soils.

sc-ai soils are formed on acid igneous rocks, mainly granodiorite, granite, or diorite. They form rounded hills with few rock outcrops and are associated mainly with Tha YangsoUa.

« Sc-ms-li (bi) soils are found on rounded hills of

complex rocks, mainly mica schist with limestone, and some basic intrusions. There are few rock outcrops. These soils are associated with Pak Chong and Nakhon Sawan soUs.

Kamphaeng Saen Complex (JTS-C). This unit is composed mainly of Kamphaeng Saen, leahhed phase, Nakhon Fathom. Phet Buri, Phimai, and Yang Pong soils. It is a

complex of soils of old river levees and abandoned channels in the semirecent terraces. They occur in east-west strips, beginning south of Lat Yao and passing north of Khao Luang hill range to the alluvial plains of the Mae Nam Ping. Only the lower members of this unit are sub/ect to flooding. Dryland crops are growr nn these soils outside the depressions; rice is grown on thsse soils in some depressions whereas others are abandoned to marshy vegetation.

28

I

LITERATURE CITED

1. ^•ndleton. R#L^ ThaiUnd, American Geographical Society Handbook, DueU, Sloan, and Pearce Co., New York (1962).

2. Brown, G.F, et al, "Geological Reconnai.eanC„ nf tK, Mn»ml Depoaits of Thaüand. >. U.S. Geographic Survey Bulletin No 894, Waehingion, D.C. (1951).

3- T™**0t F°TOmi & T^>nd. Handbook R44. Royal Fore.try uTeVT" Mini8try 0f ^riculture, Bangkok, Thailand

4. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18, Soil Survey Manual (Aggggt 1951).

29

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•

;: Urban area

.-■*■.

i

Stream and creek

1

■

• *

Bon Mop Koo

.p-el Lp-Cl

•

I

' Bon "Thun Sam Ko ( •••

Lp-cl Bon Ko Paa'

-Np-

Bon N

■

■ LEGEND O

Soil fritB and phaw i . —

......

• - * ». ,

• • . -• » . • .. .

■

■

■ * - -

■

Cn

Rb

■

- Pm ■ ■ .

• Yp

ChOfetOt Mrios

Rat Bun MHM

Phinrwi Mfi«

Yang Pong ttriBt

Tyfq<rf 9Mw»yfp ft Wm wllwMnf

■

[ Sb SoraBufi ttriM

r

i

Sp San Ps Tong »orio«

Sp-t : San Pa Tong Mria« t

Sp-coi: San Pa Tang MTIM <

Ly LOt Yd MT IM

Rttiduuin 8 coHuvtattd rtBidui

Tokli »orios Tk

P Li Ü Mf tO«

OTHER UNITS

n Po long MHM

n Po Tong MrtM sandy phot«

n Pa Tong Mne« cdluviol phaM

t Ya ttriM

tluviottd rt>iduum

u.

MriM

i n

!

-

INDEX MAP ■

— •

*.**

KINGDOM OF THAILAND yO

J

0«

« VarM

*•,-#

- -I^M

mm

ft t>&_iL>«i tan ■ ■

•

.

INDEX MAP

■

m

J

•;

. KINGDOM OF THAILAND

WINISTRY OF NATIOKAL OEVEUOPMENT

DfPARTWENT OF LAND DEVELOPMENT

SOIL MAP OF THE MERS

NAKHON SAWAN STUDY AREA, APP.A

ShMt I of 3 ehtttt

SURVEY DRAWN TRACED CHECKED

v

SOJL'SUVEY 0»VI8K»I, BANOKOK 1966 SSR-52 -1 Topography «ffltr AMS i*r'm L 708

r i -mrwT. HMHa

>

1

15*50

• €fm

t

2>

LEGEI^

SOIL SERIES AND PHASE

Recsnt Rivtr Alluvium

Tm TN Mu ^ sei

So Sopphoyo strias

Cn Chamat series

i

Rb Rat Buri itrit«

Rb-co : Rot Bur

Pm Phimoi series

Yp Yong PongtfriM

To Tho Toho Mrio«

Ttrroct / illuvium art 8lo\

[ Sb SoctaLh.

. '.'-.m-f

*

\b

TKW»

LEGEND

SOIL SERIES AND PHASES

Rtctnt Rivtr Alluvium

Tm Tha Muang ••ritt

So

Cn

Sopphnyn series

Chamot striM

^ W

Rb Hat Buri teries

5Ö--

,

Rh-ca : Rot Buri «triM,colcortous phase

Pm Phimoi

Vp

B90-

Tc

Yang Pong «f rios

Tha Toko ssriti

Ttrroct Alluvium ond Slopt Colluvlum

Sb Soro Buri Mrioc

I

4S

■+• 16*40

Sb S

Np N

Pb P

Kfl K

K

K

Kr K

Ub U

Lp L

L

Sp ^ S

l

I

Rttiduum

S

s

or

T Th

Pc-td P(

Nt N(

Ty T

OTHER UNI

Soil Compltx

Uc Ur

Ac Al

Sc SU

SC

•wTkcyl

Rb

■^-^

M

-•^ Yp

Rb

8b

Np

Pb

Sara Buri •«ft*«

Nakhon Pafhom Mritt

Ph«t Buri ttritt

Kt Komphaang Saan tarttt

Kt-I : Kamphoang Sotn cariM, taachad phaat

K«-mo Komphoeng Sotn ttHft, mottM phat«

Kr

Ub

Lp

Krok Phro ttritt

Ubon series

Lam pang fenes

Lp-Cl : Lompoig series, clcyev subsoil phase

San Pa Tang Mritt

Sp-s : San Pa long series, sandy phase

I Sp-col : Son Pa long «trie« ,coliuvial phase

Rttiduum and Colluvlofgd Rttiduum

Sp

Tk

Pc-$d

Ni

Tokli t«ri«t

Pak Cheng shallow dark phatt

Nakhon Sawan ttritt 4 Ty Tha Yang ttritt

OTHER UNITS

Soil Complfxtt

Ö

45-

Uc

Ac

Sc

Unnamtd compitx

Alluvial com

Slope compitx

Sc -I : Limtttont IS 40-

- 15 40

J

Ös

r

\

39

#

CONVENTIONAL S

Urban

Roods

I Road undtr construction

Track and footpath

ON AL SYMBOLS

Lake

Streom and creek

\ Ampho« boundary

c? Soil boundary

G

1\ INDEX MAP

I mMm

m

^ ^a.

Rb

u« Dong Pro Non(|

Sc Slope complex

Sc-li Limestone

Sc-ms-li(bi?) Mica schist some limestone

and basic rocks inclusions

Sc-ms Mica schist

Associations

Ty/Ns Tha Yang and Nakhon Sawan series

Ks/Pbl Komphoeng Seen and Phet Buri ser i es

INDEX MAP

HL

Klfl&BbM OF THAILAND

1540-

1^ 35--

•n

.

(k

BonB«

35

CONVENTIONAL S)

m Urban

^ Roads

'*„ Road under construction

Track and footpath

Railroad (elevated)

Urban road and military sfreet

^

BanBoneMofe

WAL SYMBOLS

\

o

Lake

Stream and creek

Amphoe boundary

Soil boundary

f

Scale I 50,000

'S

05

^

■

*;

%

- *

INDEX MAP

I

&7, /■■ /, '

■y/ /■ s A,///////, ■//.

m

1 SKtiita MU<i

4000 ««Iwi

«000 ».«.

I »..I.C.I r- i.t

%

\t>

X

MIN

DEPA

SO

NAKH

SURVEY. DRAWN TRACED CHECKEll

SOIL SURVEY

- i

mm wm^ ■

INDEX MAP

m W' /^•<,

r /

'//. m

J

KHTfcPbM OF THAILAND

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF LAND DEVELOPMENT

^OIL MAP OF THE MERS

NAKHON SAWAN STUDY AREA.APRA Sheet IE of 3 sheets

SURVEY JjJk rifri^r^T- O^AWN ^ ü*<ri-i^'ij^'t*- "•" TRACED_ ^ fxr^f^±- .J&lr'&ifif- CKECKED»^^ i^^^ili

SOIL SURVEY dtviSION,BANGKOK 19 65 I SSR 52-2

Topography after A M S series L 708 "N

mm^mmmm^m^tmmmm

*m±.

.*-

mmm

.

I

m*'**dfiC£frSzgi, Ü ^^ • %<v

kA ^Ai

M«^Mkatt9l|^«(l)

20 PJ

1 T 25

^

n

Bop To^, KMU)

5S

c

[ [ c

Te

c

c

LEGEND Recent Rivtr Alluvium

Tm

Cn

Rb

Pm

Yp

Cs

To

Tho Muang stritt

Conincf t«rl««

Rot Burl «oriot

Phtmoi toriot

Yang Pong oorio«

Chün» Soong «oriot

Tho Take series

- B5

k -i1 **

Ttrroce -Alluvium and Stop« Colluvium

Soro Bun tenet

Nokhon Pfetbom ttrite

Monofoni oortot

^.'.■StnChhRotd)

Mokjß)

Sb

Np

Mn

1 - 1-

Borapho» mrtm

4

rr

j-

,■ i

ii'i

fe^L

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0

-■

-.«" t

iss?

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gp

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4.,<,.-f^

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ü "* * '■ ■- 4' 7' t«» WMIf M0MlfWN(M(£)

Yp

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i Ct

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"'■■■*-' T

-

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—

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itJL^4

Cs •

_ ___ _ „T* .. ^.i'^u, 'äK .lit-.

c IMSI

Mn

Ban Takti«KM(l)< Mn

I^BonTtaMiaKhoKZ)

Mn

Mn

Ban Soi Lomfhon« Nu »(2)

Bon No«n Tbk Slan

Bon No«, Soil) ^ >

1 Mn

. Mn

Mn

Mr

Bon SoiLomphon« Klan

^U^BonNptnTok Si on

BonWongYol Nuo

Bon Wor«Yd Toi

Mn / P

Mn

Bon tok Khao Mn

..-*. ,—— -~y r~-\^

/tot

Mi^

MtnfHu

C8

! " V Choo Phanom Re

Mn

C. / /

---—V ■ \ CB •'■ ^t*. •iv- 1H ;

• J v *i.;>f? '-jp I- . ,\ ; C I \ ! *. ■ I i x '

••• \ '! r *^ / 1 * if \ / KJ

^B . r-^^ y /§*»**.,

Mn Mn

Tof lKkm\ i^l- xp.

^ ,,^

•x-0 A

(2)

f X7 Mn

IBonNMnlUSIon

j

Mn

Sk Sakon stritt

Sp-col Son PoTong stritt, cotluviol phase

Rfiduum and Coltuviofd Rwlduum

Lb

Tk , i-..

Lop Bun stritt

Tokli »tritt

—

^«01

T»

Pak Chong eoMuvioi phast

Tha Yang stries

OTHER UMTS

Soil Complex«

Uc

Ac

HE

Unnomtd compitx

Alluviol compitx

Slop« eompltx

Sc-nn : Andtsitt

o *

} .

■ 'Ar

•-

\r' * ■ t* * Vw'k'i ' - • - -..4 '■■■;' ^

1^40

■

■

1 *** -

M ■ «

■ ' \ /' -

■ *. y

■ ■,

■

;>; :/■'

.■

Ma» ■ LV

i,

*W. -ft'

C/ ■

:■

. .

t9

'■'■.''

* ■

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS

1 ■'•/- -A-

. -^ ' I* .. ■

■■'7:. '■.' ■ -

. Ai

.■.-■, i

■ s^ . • ■*■' I | - .

..- ■*>*<-'" i. -■ ■ ■< ".T'^J--*^-^:^

XT

CS /

Cs

ton Wortf Ro<2

eon Wanq fMir

Ct

ScnHuo

■"^

Bo

Bo

Ian Hua Pttlong

Bo

Cs

C» n,;* ' Cs

*c-*di Bo Lb

Ui

BonKh^nDtT

Cs

C»

To

Bo

'

To c »d.

Lb

To

ttfLumthA N» r-

Cs TO

/ Bo

(

./

./

p BonPHu Not

.v.BanPHuChoiHWMll

•" Pc-sd

Lb

Pc-id

fi-

reoLs

- ^

'c-odf

To

Bo ^

3k

••ft»lH*ll«»*lMU) Lb Bo

\

Q Lok* -i vJ *" ^ <

• ■

.'■■' 5 V4 ■

.' > -■ ■ .1. -

■■*? .•

Strtom and cr»«h

¥<•;.•'" '■

S^J * SOH tB#|t.| ^ ^ .

» v.--;-- \ --^ . %

mkMä4 ■ I ''

i HUQ Phluong

.BonTliqSumOl

t.riiiö ^cmröna/ '

Bon |*anfl Khononf, >

Ban Rang Kohairr

fv" '

- •*-

■

t

(H

f. rlErt ' »*-

•-• Ä^-. . | 3*

6" , «• * .... ' ",

.-

^

'(■

■^

. ■ ■'' .

■

*.

.*^ ■«8K-

v. ;

, — / ■

/ • ••

; ■*■ I

\9» • - -

' t" i

- ■ - *

/

• ■

■

3,1 .' V

1 ^ ''

< ■ .

.... ^r -.

.'

f

»i

... ■ - '.. - I

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS

Urban

Road

■

■'i

'.•••*

N**' Read under construe«» ,■■.'•"

„''' Track and footpath

Railroad (tltv^ed)

r

'V .4. "

3» -.■'•-^'r^" Urban rood and militari ttrttt

■

-.- V

Lok»

\

Q

Stream and cr*ek

*%

■ Q

Ampho« boundary

Soil boundary

'■■■'Jl r

.

I

Scale I 50.000

V

"> |

*•-•

i ^ ■. - 1^, ■♦

Jdf «,

>.:-;.

'i'.::.

„_.•■ ^ •», f.

H: ■' % ". S

■

«

•■rM^l •', '•

-

J

i 4 [ . • *'"

,

■

INDEX MAP

- 0

J^

INDEX MAP s/

\9 ~ *

\

I i

I I I

/

/ ■0 '

_ Qz*

KMIMOM OF TNAtLAND

Of fMTKMIAt KVCLOMKNT

Of LAND OCVtLOPMENT

tofL MAP OF THE MERS

*A«^|| ^MMN rrUDY AREA, i 3C «T 3 tNttt

JJ -

.... IT

•'glffMA4.i'_'7_Vji>Ti

«Mi — -i

WHPÖIM^'

n 92-3

L 708 I

!

■^

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^MiVi '•>-, ,-' I ■ ■■-

»Jl .

rt: >*

I i ,* .>■

«> EXPLANÄT(

ColluvJot«* mkhNim "row HMmtem

itmmmmmmmm mm vs'M

^NATORY LEGEND FOR THE SOILS OF MERS NAKHC

ttrial Land form Top«Dgraphy Genetic soil horizon Textural profile

ailuvttii River levtt* Flat to slightly undulating , slight slop« to thp bosm A - C or eg Sandy loam,loom,or silt loom If pr

M

M

k

h

Blui«

surfa

Moitl

distir

*

alluvium

illuvium

lluvlum

Hivtr I«V«M and MvM-baain

front Ition

Ftot to slightly undulating,

»light slope to Ih« bosin Apg — Cg Loam to silt loam

Cloy loam to silly clay

Clay

Clay

Clay

Clay

Hiv«r icves • bosm transition

Rlvar basin

flat to «lightly undulating

Flot to Wighti, »ndulating

Apg - Cg

Apg - Cg

Apg — Cg Ituvium Lomf port of rfvor basin Flat

lluvlum

iluvium

Ooprosttons or U>C**womp»

Rivor bostn

Flat

Flat

Ag - Cg

Apg - Cg

olluvlum valioyt of crooks, toot slopos

of prodominontly limottano hllli Flat tc slightly undulating Ag - Cg Loam or clay

oHwvium Lawor port of sonWrocont torrac» Flot to slightly undulating Apg - Btg Cloy i

alluvium LoMOr part of somimcont ttrrnr.« Flat to slightly u idulatinj Apg - Btg Clay loom over clay loam to cloy

Fin« sandy loam to clay loam alluvium Somiroeont rivor lovoos Flot to slightly unduloting Apg - Btg

alluvium OW and fenirscont nvtr levee? Flat to »lightly undulating A - Bt or Btg Fint sandy loom to clay loam II P

alluvium Somirooont torrac« Flat to slightly undulating Ag - Btg (f) Loamy sand to sandy loom over clay loom •» day

alluvium Somirooont torraeo Flat to slightly undulating Ag - Btg ( ?) Sand to loamy aand throughout

altuvhim Somi^coot torrac« Flat to slightly wtdulottng A« - Btg if) Clay loam ovor cloy Mottl

idistir

alluviwffi Soml rtooot torraeo . psflopkiin* transition

Flql tt shghti, undkitoting Ag - Bg or Cg Cloy Moitl strot

* Low ttrroo», partly collu- idlffwnta

viatad. Pat to «ligMy undulating Ag - B

aomy sand to sandy Mat ovor sandy loam to sandy cloy loam

Mott distil

ond »mm Low ttrroe« , torn» osUywi«! top«»

Slightly undotattng » undulatln« A-Bt orAg-Bta.WtoritO pan Sandy loam to day loom Mottl rieo

• and slop« Low -ttrroe« and -diluvial Slopos

Flff ID »lightlf jndulotlng AI-At-Bt(«ooli) orAp-ai Loo« •and u sandy loam ovot «andy loam la sandy day loam If «r*

i an« ntiduum Higt tor root, somo r.oduwwl

sliipot Sightly undulating to undulating A - Bt •andy loom

1 cotkNtum P«n« plain» , ...--.

A -Cg or A« - CgUndbtmct) Cloy Inditt

rom MMdVNd Ponoplaln« Unduioljn« A - C a» A-(B)-C Cloy

Clay loom ovor cloy If pn from IbiMttMIt CelliMol »lo»o« Undulating to rolling AI(Jp)-A3-Btor A-Bt

fr««n ImMMrw Pono pWnt Slightly undulating to MHtoMto« Al(Ap) -AS -Bt or A — Bt Clay

»ctrtit Colluvial tk^os ■

Undulating '• rolling A — 81 Loom ovor etoy loom

■ fr«Mi itmuam fe r0M{M . A — Bt Cloy loom ovor clay _J

3> IAKHON SAWAN STUDY AREA

oo m

Diogoostic characteristics

Gley

If pfts«nt# only m sub toil

Colors below A horlxon

lay

Mottled throughout

Mottled tnroughout

Oorh groytsh brown or brown

to ytllowlsh brown

Palt brown or very pale

PH

I Surface

5 5 — 6 5

5 9 — 6-5

Other characteristic«

Mottled throughout

Mottled throughout

Bluish reduction below the

surface lt.yer

I Mottled througho«t, very

distinct strong red

_ iburroce 5 — s ' Brown to yellowith bruwn L . .

1 {Subsoil 6 5 - 7

Sroyish brown to yellowish bro«a

Qroy to otive gray

Bluish to gray

P'nhish gray to gray

- 6 5

Contains mice throughout the profile , mico otanfl Moe Nom Ping.

Surface 5 5 - 6 5

Sub»»i«_ 6 5-/

5 - 6 5

i to

Mottled throughout

Mottled throughout

Oorh grayish brown to olive brown

4 5- 5 5

- 8

Mottled throughout

Mottled throughout

Dork brown or yellowish brewn

Very da'k girtyis'i brown o? yenawish brown.

Brown to yellowish brown

am

ouf

If present,only in subsoil

Mottled throughout

Contains mico throughout the profile

Mica seldom found in this soil

Rb- ca : calcareous phase, pH 6 — 6 5 S flogments on the surface.

Some praties show red mottles"7»» the subso

depth

Flooded nearly IhtoughoJTfhi^M^^irKr« grovels^ore found in the surface layer

in certomeases Cs soils ore •hüÜor~t7 MiT differentiated by fopogrophy , tue lower part

Ye Be wish brown to brown

Grayish brown to brown

Mottled throughout Brown to light yellowish brown

•toy to light brownish gray Mottled throughout, very

dletinct »trowg red mottle«

Mottled throughout,distinct »frone p< wotHw

Surface 5-89

Subsoil 5^ 5—7

Surface 5—55

Subsoil 6 5-7

5 - 6 ■ 5~ increase with detflh

3 - 6 5

increoee with depth

Surface 5 — 5 5 Subsoil 6 5-7

•»och fragments of limeetofie, quortzlte and. I

ore found in some area

»' Mottled throughout,very

* |<<i»flwttoei»twctetnwg red mo

Grayish brown to gKiy

4 9 - 5 5

4 5 - 5 6

iver m

Mottled throi-jhoot only in rlre land

If present,only in Subsoil

Gr«y.»h brown to light brownish gray

Dark grayish brown to brawn

Surface 6-7

Subboil 4-9— t 8

4-5 - 5 8

Comparable to «b soil, but-fcund in higher p

o»»ociot«d with termite hills

Cimesoih with eaorMr ««.tuft to» eallTlooür)»- j^Ji"^ fc»"»)ore also admitted. Np-o aad p

Comparable with Ks soil . but used for rice

*»-l:tooched Pfwstiloomysond^moa^artisurfed

K>-mo aiotme i*"»*tj»a»n to clay bam .dark surfoae

Mostly contains OHM ot ftOMrf«««. Tht profiios loom testure throughout ore olsoodmltted in to

Indistinct mottling throughout

Reddish yellow to brown

*llowiel> nd to strong brown

4 5- 6

Surtoco ?•; — 6

Sobsoll 5 - 5 5

Sroy to grayish blown

4-9 - 9 -5

Jom^oroble to Sp-s ond Ks-l,bul wt« for ri.,,

SüfüÄ^J.* S^**^ »<»'«tt^n"h,gher^si jtne^drwno^e and oftfn gmnulnr struetur«^«_t>t

Surtoce layer oamparable to Lb .and sub surface c<

Lp-cc Concretionary phwelgmund wöteT

bfc^ -Ttf'flttilÄ0'' P^o-.hbovy ci^ from

Pon of hard loleriie oewre at less than 90

»ometlmes latente •mmmä ot ftp M^faee

7 - •

' If present only in subsoil

•ray to d<rk gray

Wed to yellowith red

Dork reddish from or reddloh fcrowtt.

Dork m« f0 yeHowlel» rod ■'M~' ' -' - | ... ....

nod

7 - e

S»-»: Sandy phote, toony eatd.com^raMo to Ke-'t]

9>-flDl: collutrtol phase, to«my eon« «If« owftiodj

Residuum in areas mised «(* limottono ^high pH

of mining ««to-ftowstone are admitted

Seltmulchinf wfaco

Surface 7 - 8

Subeoil S - 6 5

7 — •

< 9

Shallow layer of marly kmettone benea» the dork

L mesteoe fragments throughout

bmoetone fra«Mnts below 90-70 ML

4 pH

5 5 — 65

5 5 - 6-5

5 - ¥ "S~

6 5 - 7

5 - 6 5

l 5 5'- 6~T I 6 5 - /

Other chorocteristics

Contoins mice fhrtuflhouf the pr?fi.« , mjco most abundant along Ma« Nam Ping.

Dominant landuse I or

Vegetation

Contain* mica throughout th« profit«

Mo»tly urban, torn« g»rd«nt, orchards A drylord

Rio«

5 - 6 5

Mica >«ldom found in ihit toil

Rb-ca : calcareous Phase, pH~6^T5"rSo^Tliw*li^' flagmenfs on the surfoc«.

Som« profile* show red mott:«* in me subtoil at wirytng

depth.

Rice and *oms dryland copt. corn, jul«

Mo*tly rice^fM bamboo for«*t

4 5- 5 5

7~~r

Flooded neorty Ihroughoul fh. yMr,ln som« profit« totoHt«

grovels arg fbund in the *urfoc« layer

In eertainoo*«» Ct Mils are Am||0r to Mn «»i but fhty <r« d^ffe-tntiQM by fopogrpph^, tM lowar port beino Cs «oils

Mapstiy, and same <1c«

Mostly «Mfty some lotus

growing on Hü upper port*

5 - 8 9

5^ 5 - 7

5-55

Roch frogmeofs of limoston«', quortzitt and. I at« ritt grov«(*

art found in *omt orto

Comporoblt to Rb soil, but-teund in hightr potition and

associottd with ftrmilt hills

Rice

Rice

Some »ito wifh caorttr to„ürt ^ $0<| ((oom)ond j^ .

«_.5 - 2 y|faH|bw^lwo)o>» also admitttd. Np-a aad phast.pH sutwo«

5 - 6 5 T ■ Comporoblt with Ks vil , but uttd for rice

K. -1: toachtd phase ,ioomy «ond^ica/kirti MHbeVMMlbewi M^MU

Ks-mo motttodphpttiloam to cloy loom ^ort. surfooe-ith town subtoil

5 - 6 5 cireose m'A dtpth

5 - fT 5~ r«a«e «itr depth

• S - J, 5 6 5 - r

Rice

Rice

Rice

» 5 - 9 5

19- 55

6 - 7

4-9- 5 S_

•5 - 5 5

S- 6

5-5 -6~

5 - 5-5

Mo*«» contain:; micu of the «urfoct.Tht profilts with »ontf* loom ttifurt fhrooghout or« ol«o odmltttd tn to thi* ttrits

Con^orobtt to Sp-* and ^-l.but ttt for rlct. no m.ea « tht

Dryland crop*, com, sugor, jute

and some shrubs

Riet

Comporoblt Jo C* *o1lt but »itMtod in hightr po*itton and a«

oentLOfOwoat and ofttn BBÜE »)»!jg!Hf^J^_^f_fv^fl|i

Surfoce loytr oomportMe to Lb .«md sgb »urlbct comporab» to C*

Lp-cc CA.'*rttiooorr phD»t .ground wottr lotoritt btitüÖcüT

^%Jsi£lSlU££L P"0-»"*0^ <** *** 20-90 «m. »try PO« Of horrl lA»a.u. _. . _- ~

Riet

Mostly net .samt ground nuf*

Rice and «omt bamboo,*hrub*

Ron of hord tottritt oc«.r, at „„ thon 80 cm^^

somtfimts lattrHt «Mta* a« «t turliit

5 5

- e

7-8

6- 6 9

$»-•; ftndy phoie.ioomr •ond^omporobi« to Nt-l butnamltM

Sf-ot«: cottwtot phof,!—1» ««Ml »it^ mottled twbtoi

Orylond crops,com,ond bean»

bamboo 6 gra»*

Residuum in orto* mtotd «Mk ltoit*tan« thigh pH «alut* btcoust of mining «sMfeümtston« art admitted

SolfmuieMnf surface

Shrub«,»om« rtc« and dryland cro»t

SfcriAe .barren o id «on« dryland crop«

Viifl.ng «UlNvOtion,<hrub* -ma *om« kapok

— 8

Shollo« loytr 0f marly MmtatOM btito» th« dork btovy ctoy «rtoa

LimtstaMt fragments throughout

Bom»oo,«l»rult «nd some corn

Motfly co'n.somt shrub* and bomboo

Shrubs and corn

'9- f.

• 9

lJm««lon« frogmenti bttow 90-70 c«.

^^i

Con», castor b«Ms, bomboo

and shrub*

Bamboo • Arufe«,

jgPggg m**m ■ fmlt ereh»<« 1

S«mir«c»nl nw alluvium

S«<nir«c«nt riv«r alluvium *

S«mtfM«nl H«*r alljvt^n

Stmir«c«nt ri*»r aHuvium

S«mir,c«nl rl««r alluvium

S*mir«e«nt river otluvium

S«lTlii«C«flt riv«r olluvkim Qr OQlxylum

canuvium

Ttrrac« sedfmenl-« and ilop< •oUuvium «-

Ttrroc« Mdlmcnt« and ««du 17)

LimtitDM aNuvium and coOuvtum

CoiljviaMd rMidHUn from Mfnatton

Coiluviotad fxnduvm fro« ilmostor

C<*uviat»d roädwim from

Coi»uyi<n»d r.iiduum fr««

Co4lwv«atad i««du«Mi from

vorioMi ggg (nwio^ndosHo.ttc)

Stny Mtluvtum oM

1 ^^w aeidic fgCfcg

Composition

«»»»•I of T» .Li ,Tk , »>e - «4. N» on

C*mptti of Titi,S«,Cn , Rfc.Pm. Yp MrfM, uiuoll/ oloog ih»

seita, •iMlto« on« ttony, «Ml «td - Ytir frlli.fl»Bii«fl a«« IwWW Forott wllj #

of Kt-I.Ns.Pfc.P», «K Yp

Composition

Mainly Kt , »««r p» «»«i,

Mofltly L». fMKM« uiond«

ItaMf Ty 1 Nt Ml *ipfti n

I

r* -.3A*

^1 •—■

w Lowtr port of Mtmincont Mrroc« Flat to jitghtly unduloNng

Flat to »ligMiy uMutafin«

Flat to tltghtly undulating

Apg - Btg

Apg - Btg

A - Bt or Btg

cloy

Fm« «ondy loom to cloy loom

Fm« «ondy loom to cloy loom

Loomy »and to «ondy loom

ovtr cloy loom to day

Sand to loomy aand throughouf

Cloy loom ov«r clay

Clay

Loamy »and to »ondy team ovtr

«tidy loam to »ondy cloy bom

Sandy loam to day loom

Lomy tond to »ondy loam ovtr

sandy loom lo sandy day loam

Sandy loam

^»

njviiMt

nuvium

Ktivium

luvium

S»n>'r.c»nl ri«tr MvM«

Old ood Amraconf riv«r itvM»

Sominoont torroct

Somirtoonl lorrae«

S«nli«e«nt ttrroc«

M,

If pr»

Mc

Mi

Mottltd

dittmct

Mottltd

»Irong

Mottlti

dittinst

Mottltd

riet lo

If prtst

Flat to «lightly unduMtim

Flat to »lightly undulating

Flat fa «lightly undulating

A« - Btg (^)

Ag - Btg ( ?)

A« - Btg (^)

11 i.<(um Stmirtc« >t torroc« -

pentploifT.i Ironjition Flat to tlightly »«(Motiivj Ag - Bg or Cg

m«nti

Ola ><KTX

and slop«

and rniduum

Low torrMO, partly collu Roi to «lighCy undulating Ag - B

Low forrae« , •em* ooHiwIal

•iop*t

Low terrace and COllu«iol

sloptt

Slighfly undutoNng » undutating A - Bt or Ag - Btg ,Mf «rlto pon

Flat to shghflj jndulatlng Al-A2-Bt (wooli ) orAp- dl

High t»rroeo,«unt cotkA«!

• lopo« Slightly undulahng to undulating A - 6t

col luvium Ptnoploint Flat 10 «lightly undulating A -C« or Ag - Cii(lndbtinct) Cloy

Clay

Clay loom ovtr clay

Ctay

Indlttinc

If pr«M

m HmMlMW

»m lim«sloM

Ptnoplain« Undulollng

unduiotmg to rolling

A - C of A-(B)-C

AI(Ap)-A3-Btor A-6t Colluvtcri «opt«

Mit ftMston« Par« plain* Slightly unduloting to unMeffng AI(Ap) -A3 -of or A - Bt

f'om

sefiitt Coiiuvioi ttopt* Unduloting to roiling A - et Loam ovtr cloy loom

from

tjiti.ttc) Calluvial tl«9*j Unduloting to rolling A - et Clay loom ovtr clay

Gravtlly »ondy loam ovtr

grovatly »ondy clay loom

• id rt.Muam

lew hill» and knallt Roiling A - Bt or A - C

On ROrtnt motenal Physiographic position

1* N» and Lp ( Mgti varignf ) to

CoUuviottd rvslduum of

various kind« «f rockt.

Recent ri*«f alluvium

Ptnapioint

Alluvial p4o*n«

NMt and OMuntoin«

Old rivtr tovatt

Oietir (Hong tht nvtr or at junction of rivtr»

P«d - vtitow Pftdionc soilt.Rtddith^ Bro.r. uotermc toil« Olvene

•ONI« Yp stnt» Sanurteant rivtr oUiwium

)ositton and situation

Pb spat« undtr He«

1

. ■ - —

Ftat

t v -1 J

•

Bil dtpMv mar« than 50 cm . t^T •« »Mitow and stony 1 •• ■>;

^

Mottltd throughout

Mottitd tttrojghout

If prt»tn1,*nly in «gb Mil

Mottlod throughout

Mottltd throughout

Mottltd throughout, «try

distinct tfroAg rtd rnottltt

Mottltd throuohoui.ditlinct

Mottltd throughout .««ry

dittinot It dutinci thong rod mo

M«tll«d throughout only In

riet lond

If prtMot.onty In füb soll

Indistinct mottling throughout

If prtttnl only in tubtoil

Vtry dork groyifh bro«rh Or

ytllowith brown

Brown to ytllowith brown

Ytltownh brown to b">»n

Oroyith brown to brown

Brown to light yollowlsh brown

#ray to light brownlth g^

Grayish brown to g^oy

Grtijrish Brown to light

brownlth gray

Subsoil 6 9 - r

9 -69 lncrtOS# with

S - 6 9 mertatt with dtpth

Surfoet 9 - 9 9 Subtoil • ' 1 ^

4 9-99

4 9 - 9 9

Surtoct 6 - 7

Subtal 4'9 - 9 9

4 9 - 9 8

Dork groytth brown tn brown

Btddish ytllow to brown

*llowith «d to strong brown

4 9-9

49- 6

Sjrfoct 9 ? - 6

Subsoil "i - 5 9

Gray to grayish brown

dray to 'lor* gray

Rtd to ytllowish rtd

Dark rtddtsh brown or

rtddish brown

Dork rtd to ytllowith -td

Rtd

I Ytlli

4 9 - 9 9

■wi ^i" urn i INRI urn wi^^^mmmmm subsoil (sandy loom)art also odmitttd Np-a acid pho

Comporablt with Ks «oil , but usod for net

Kt-P kochtd phastlioomy tond,mioo,dof« surfoatwtth

Kn mo mottttd phost.loom to Cloy loom j&y* kirfoot wi

Mostly contains mica at tht surfoct Tht profiits • loam ttsturt throughout at also admitttd in to thi

Comporablt to Sp-s and Ks-i,but utt for rlct , n pro flit

Comporablt to Cs soils but situeltd m nigntr paatio ciattd with ttrmltt mounds,shghtty light ttsturt in bttttr dromajt mti OJttw |WWMtif ilmttw^t i» t»* •*

Surface laytr comparabtt to Lb .and sub surtoct compa

Lp-ec Concrttranary phott .ground woltr tottritt M

•La^ rSlPlXi^ft0" PHOW.f>»o*y cwy topm 20-9|

Pan of hard lottrit« occurs at lots than 90 cm somtllmts tottritt tipotod al thr turfoct

Sp-t Sandy phast.ioomy tand.comporobit to Ks-i b

Sp-aoi colluviol phoss,loamy »and with mottltd i

Rtsiduum in artas mistd with hmtinn« thigh pH »ol

of mixing wrtfc hnttstont art admitted

Stlfmulchlng surfact

Shallow laytr of marly kmtttont btntafi th« dark h«

Surfoct 7 -

Subtoil 6 -

8

6 9

7 — 8

89- f.

8 9

Ytllowish rtd to strong brown 4- 8 — 3 5

UmtsteiM "rogmtnts throughout

umtslont frogmtnts b»iow 90-70 cs

Shallow toils, oftsn only wtak profilt dtvtiopn

Topography

UBiuutm

Oistinct micro - rtlitf

Rotlmg to sltay

FUt to sUghtly undulating

Topography

Rat to Hightty undMioling

Flat m shghiiy usidulatlng

Undulating

SubdiviBion according to dominant rocks

Sc II Hard i««ts tont .craggy

NMs.many rock out crept

Scan and monadnocirs reck »wt_ c/opt

'round NtaTs ifs.ft« w • AH

c mt mostly n#ca schist, samt quortzito.rotndhibt. 'f* tWfJL d*t erg»» _

Sb-oi Add ignoous lockup- mino#*y dioritt org^wodio- nfctl^iaupdNll^roc« nwi .;

Sc ms-Mt» scHM SOMt

•WW t*ww

m—m ■

1

7V>'I 6 ^ - / 9 - 6 9

5 - 6 S mcrioat »it* depth

hoc» ^ - "^ 5 hoil 6 9 - 7

4 9 9 9

yyw'i«waf wmiw am uumiiTW ifp-B fled MQsi.fcM Vibtol p

Comporabl» wit» K« «Wl , but uNd for Hct

4 5^5

3C« 6 7

Itai 4 r 9 5

M-llwehtd P»»ott,toomyio«d^ooIdof«i«ucte<»^th brown tubioil K»- mo motlM phoM.toom to cloy loam /lor* «urfon«,H> b««n sotwoi

Mottty eeotom» mico of th« turfoc« Tho profilot with londy toam ttMuro^fhroyflhoui or, ol»o odmltttd into thi» stnes

C^ofobl» » Sp-. ond Kt-I.bul goo tor rlc« , no mtco M Ih.

ComporoW» to Ct *o)ii buttittMttd in hiah«r^o,tHy» o«d oüT-" SJSr JÜSUSTIllI? •!«|",<»».»l'9'»»y "«•»• tOMgr» .n surfoc«

. Ml»«' dromojo orrf_^?jri5ular Ati^yrj jn_fM_ji^i^b8t^^

Sorfoc« loyor oomporabi« fo lb ^nd v,t turfoc« comporabi» to Ct

Lp-ee Conorotionory NMtlfwwid «etor toiorit» Mtm Wtm

* Jttmf Pbo»>.h«wy cloy fwm 2O-90 «it v«ry

■^r

«.c«

Drylond cropi, corn, »ugor, jut»

ond tom« ifcrub«

Rie«

Riet

4 9 - n 5

)c» 7 -

jtl 6 -

7 —

8

6 9

Po« of hord lof.r.,, oc^,, of „„ fhBn 80 WK^m

Mm»Hw»t lot»r<H •»Wijif IRi"iu>röc« Sp-t Sandy Ph«M .loo% Wid^S^ibii to TcJ-rbaf'n^üii Sp -ort coiiu*ioi phosft.iMfi.y «and «IHi mottltd Mbtoit

RMlduwm in oroo« mil»« «tin iwwiTont ^igh^M »oiUiTb«^

of mulng imrtmmtMg* or« odmlttod

Mostly r\tm ,»omo ground nut»

Drylond crop»,com.ond b»on»;

bamboo A gra»»

Rtc« and »om» bombao .»hrub»

Shrub»,»omt rlc» and *-ylond

I cop» o» 7~ '—i

Shrubs ^orrv- ond sorn« dryland crop» J

Shifting culltvotion, shrub» and »om« kopok

S«lfmulching »urfoc»

Shollo», layer of marly limmton« btnw» th» dork h«o»y cloy »urftxi

Limoston» fnigmont» throughout

Bamtoo.shrub» ond »om» corn

Mo»tly corn, »am« »hrub» end bamboo.

Shrubs and corn

8 • 9 - T

6 9

4 5- 3 5

Um»»ton« fragments btio» 50-70 cm. Corn , co»for boons, bamboo

ond shrubs

Bamboo A tftrub», »om» corn

Shollo« »oil», ofton only «oak (rofito dovoiopmont

Vigttobtogirdon» Afruit orchvd»

Shrub» ond bamboo, »am« oom and castor boon»

according to dominant rocks

»»», round NMI Sc -m» nrntty mica «cttint ocif» ,t,. Mm« <juorfi(t»lro>md h4s ?Pi 1 »fw '«A outjerpf»

totien

Corn,rl«*,»hrub» ond gra»s

SB« Add igo^jus aekjfe- minon«, d ior n« oryanodio

Sc-Mo-lUH): Mwtty miea »cM MM« iim^itof» and Ä*eroc*« inekiti»« layni, TW».»»*ro»1i»ui crop* —•■

»Nr»h««#»tBtioft «n« »tvub». rie« and »«tataM«»

Oiptsrocorp l»r«»t,bamboo and »hrub»

Dryland crop», r.c. and mor«h

»«ytpttan

Vtgttotlon

Shrub«,«eatttivd rie« ^id«

HI««, dtpKiucaril fo'»»f ond

»hrub»

Mostly »kful)»,«om. dryfcsnd Wlpt

|

1

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