UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER - apps.dtic.milFig. 2 HBX-3 -Density-exposure time, 250 Kvcp, M film Fig. 3...

UNCLASSIFIED

AD NUMBER

AD236687

NEW LIMITATION CHANGE

TOApproved for public release, distributionunlimited

FROMDistribution authorized to U.S. Gov't.agencies and their contractors;Administrative/Operational Use; MAR 1960.Other requests shall be referred to NavalOrdnance Labs., Silver Spring, MD.

AUTHORITY

USNOL ltr, 29 Aug 1974

THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED

128172

NAVORD REPORT 6806

"FILE COPYa*" *A*t I wth€l•m eat

/ RADIOGRAPHY OF CAST HIGH EXPLOSIVES (U)

15 MARCH 1960

OF

/U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LAaORATORY

WHITE OAK/MARYLAND

'-

Naval Ordnance Lab., Wr~te Oak N~AVOiRLRADIO~rAHY OF CAST HIGH EXPLOSIVES. 6806

NAVORD Report 6806_i

RADIOGRAPHY OF CAST HIGH EXPLOSIVES (U)

Prepared by:

R. A. Youshaw, W. R. Maddy and E. L. Criscuolo

ABSTRACT: Data on the radiographic techniques forthe inspection of cast high explosives at 150, 250and 2000 Kvp are presented in tabular and graphicalform to assist the radiographer in the selection ofa suitable technique. Sensitivity limits for variousconditions of explosive encasement have also beende-ermined. Inert materials for use as penetrametershave been investigated and nylon was found to besatisfactory.

Published May 1960

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORYWhite Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland

i!

NAVORD Report 6806 15 March 1960

The purpose of this report is to present information onradiographic techniques for the inspection of cast highexplosives. It is intended as a practical guide for usewith radiographic specifications.

This work was performed by the Nondestructive Analysis Groupof the Physics Research Department of the Naval OrdnanceLaboratory and by the Research and Development Division ofthe Naval Weapons Station, Yorktown, Virginia, for ReU3aand QC of the Bureau of Ordnance (Bureau of Naval Weapons).That portion of the work accomplished by the Naval OrdnanceLaboratory was funded under Task NO 301-664/43004/01040.

Two other documents are also in preparation, (1) OD 15533,Reference Radiographs for the Inspection of Cast HighExplosives, and (2) A Method for Controlling the Quality ofRadiographic Inspection of High Explosives.

The work on this task is Unclassified.

JOHN A. QUENSE'Captain, USNActing Commander

By direction [

ii

- - - _ fi ~ -- -

... • 1M •

NAVORD Report 6806

ACKNOWLEDGIIENT

The authors wish to thank Mr. Baxter C. Carr, Jr.,Mr. Robert B. Smoot, and the members of the Researchand Development Division of the Naval Weapons Station,Yorktown, Virginia, for their cooperative efforts onthis task. Their skill and ability to produce therequired explosive samples made possible the successfulcompletion of this task assignment.

.- F-

ill

I'

NAVORD Report 6806

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS 1

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 2

TECHNIQUE AND SENSITIVITY CURVES 2

EQUILIBRIUM HALF VALUE LAYERS AND ABSORPTIONCOEFFICIENTS 3

RADIOGRAPHIC EFFECT OF STEEL CONTAINEPS 4

INERT PENETRAMETERS 5

SUMMARY 5

iv

* ~ *- W ~- ------------------ 2

S7 - - - -

NAVORD Report 6806

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Sketch - The cast explosive penetrameter

Fig. 2 HBX-3 - Density-exposure time, 250 Kvcp, M film

Fig. 3 HBX-3 - Technique curve for 250 Kvcp, M film

Fig. 4 HBX-3 - Sensitivity loop at 250 Kvcp, M film

Technique and Sensitivity Curves

Fig. 5 HBX-3 - 250 Kvcp, M film

Fig. 6 Comp B - 150 Kvp, M film

Fig. 7 Comp B - 250 Kvcp, M film

Fig. 8 Comp B - 2000 Kvp, M film

Fig. 9 Comp B - 150 Kvp, AA film

Fig. 10 Comp B - 250 Kvcp, AA film

Fig. 11 Comp B - 2000 Kvp, AA film, .120" Pb filter

Fig. 12 H-6 - 150 Kvp, M film

Fig. 13 H-6 - 250 Kvcp, M film

Fig. 14 H-6 - 2000 Kvp, M fVlm, .120" Pb filter

Fig. 15 H-6 - 150 Kvp, AA film

Fig. 16 H-6 - 250 Kvcp, AA film

Fig. 17 H-6 - 2000 Kvp, AA film .120" Pb filter

Technique Curves

Fig. 18 Comp B - 2 Mev, 200,m a, M film

Fig. 19 H-6 - 2 Mev, 200 /4a, M film

Fig. 20 Comp B - 2 Mev, 200 A"a. AA film

Fig. 21 H-6 - 2 Mev, 200 la a, AA film

V

v C

r

NAVORD Report 6806 'j

ILLUSTRATIONS continued

Techntque and Sensitivity Curves

Fig. 22 H-6 - 250 Kvcp, AA film, 1/8" steel front & back



Fig. 25 H-6 - 2000 Kvp, M film, 1/4" steel front & back

Fig. 26 H-6 - 2000 Kvp, M f-1m, 3/4" steel front & back

Fig. 27 Exposure factors to compensate for attenuation byvarious thickness steel walls - 250 Kvcp and 2000 Kvp

aI

TABLES

Table I Explosive Materials

Table II Sensitivities for Different Thicknesses ofComp B and H-6

Table III Half Value Layers for Explosive Materials atDifferent Energies

Table IV Linear Absorption Coefficients for ExplosiveMaterials

Table V Radiographic Sensitivities for H-6 with Steel Wallsof Various Thicknesses

Table VI Sensitivity Comparison of Magnesium and ExplosivePenetrameters - 250 Kvcp, H-6

Table VII Sensitivity Comparison of Nylon and ExplosivePenetrameters

vi

ý-Aa - -a --- - - --- _ -~ . --- ~ -

F . NAVORD Report 6806

RADIOGRAPHY OF CAST HIGH EXPLOSIVES

INTRODUCTION

1. The performance requirements of explosive ordnance arebecoming more stringent. The evolution of missile warheadswith shaped charge characteristics has placed added emphasisupon the inspection of the explosive load. Although radiog-rapiiv has been used extensively for the nondestructive inspec-tion of explosive ordnance, very little technical data has beenpublished ?, the X-ray absorption characteristics of explosive"•.Aterip.ls.f/ The object of this investigation was to determine

-. absorption characteristics of the common cast explosives-c different X-ray energies and to determine the capabilitiesand limitations of X-ray inspection as applied to explosiveordnance.

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

2. The explosives used in this investigation are listedin Table I along with the .ensity and aluminum content of tnematerial. It can be seen that the material density increaseswith the increase in aluminum c~ontent. Since the absorption ofX-rays by material is a function of density (also atomic number)it is to be expected that these explosives will differ inabsorption characteristics. In order to obtain experimentaldata special castings were made from these explosives. Eachmaterial was vacuum cast in 1-1/2-inch thick slabs which wereindividually X-ray inspected to assure sound castings. Enoughslabs were made from each material so that approximately 17inches could be attained by stacking.

3. One slab of each type explosive was used as a penetra-meter. A number of flat-bottomed holes with the diameter twice

l_/ OP 1681 Handbook of Ordnance Radiograpny, Bureau of Ordnance,7 June 1946.

1

NAVORD Report 6806

the depth were drilled into these slabs. Figure 1 illustratesthe arrangement and dimensions of the holes. Sensitivity wascalculated in the usual manner, where the depth of the hole isexpressed as a percentage of the total thickness X-rayed.V/3i

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

4. Experience has shown that technique and sensitivitycurves present the maximum information concerning radiographictechnique for a particular material and X-ray energy. Suchcurves were obtained by exposing various thicknesses of theexplosive material (3/4" to 17") to X-ray energies of 150, 250and 2000 Kvp for varying periods of time so that film densitiesfrom 0.5 to 6.0 were obtained. The exposure time was thencorrelated with the film density for each thickness as shownin Figure 2. From this graph the technique curve was obtained,see Figure 3.

5. The penetrameter was included in each exposure andradiographic sensitivity was determined from the smallest holeperceptible. This information was plotted on a graph ofthickness versus exposure time and points of equal sensitivitywere connected to form the sensitivity loop shown in Figure 4.Since the technique curve and sensitivity loop have an identicalabscissa and ordinate, they are combined to form the techniqueand sensitivity curve, Figure 5.

T&CHNIQUE. AND SENSITIVITY CURVES

6. Technique curves were made for the materials listedin Table I at 150, 250 and 2000 Kvp and 2 million volts constantpotential. A comparison of the data revealed a similarity inthe X-ray absorption characteristics of Comp B and TNT, the twomaterials which do not contain aluminum. A similarity was alsonoted between H-6, HBX-1 and HBX-3, materials containing aluminum.Because of the similarities in absorption characteristics,Comp B and H-6 were selected as representative of each group.

7. The technique and sensitivity curves for Comp B andH-6 with fine and medium grained film at 150 Kvp, 250 Kvcpand 2000 Kvp are shown in Figures 6 through 17. Technique

_ MIL-STD-271A - Military Standards for Nondestructive TestingRequirements for Metals.

3_/ ASTM E7-141-59T.

2

NAVORD Report 6806

curves are snown in Figures 18 through 21 for two million voltsconstant potential. Although the technique curves for the twomaterials differ at each of the above energies the sensitivityvalues are almost identical. Radiographically, these materialsare characterized by a very wide 2% sensitivity loop whichencompasses a film density range of 05 to 6.0. Because 2%was obtained over such a wide range, the 1% loop was consideredmore informative. This loop extends through a density range ofapproximately 0.75 through 5.0, however, the finest sensitivi-ties were obtained with film densities between 3.0 and 4.0.

8. Table II presents the sensitivities which were obtainedfor different thicknesses of Comp B and H-6 at the various X-rayvoltages. Equivalent sensitivities were obtained for Com~p Band H-6 with both slow and medium speed film. The values forless than five inches of explosive indicates that sensitivitiesat least this fine can be obtained, however, the difficulty ofdrilling small flat-bottomed holes prevented the determinationof the lower limit of radiographic sensitivity for these smallthicknesses. That greater differences in sensitivity were notobtained between the fine and medium grained film is thoughtto be due to the comparatively large penetrameter increments.

EQUILIBRIUM HALF VALUE LAYERSAND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS

9. The equilibrium half value layer is defined as thethickness of absorber that will reduce the intensity of an X-raybeam to cne-half. It is often used to determine the exposuretime for some thicknesses of material. The number of halfvalue layers of material to be radiographed and the intensityof the X-ray source determines the X-ray intensity transmittedthrough the absorber and received by the film. The exposuretime can then be estimated from the dose response of the film.

10. From the technique cur':es the equilibrium half valuelayers for each of the X-ray voltages were determined and arepresented in Table III. A comparison of the half value layersreveals very little difference between the explosive materialsat 2000 Kvp (2 million volts half wave rectified) and 2 Mev(2 million volts constant potential). As expected, at 250 Kvcpand 150 Kvp there is an appreciable difference between thematerials containing aluminum and those containing no aluminum.

11. Because the differences are small between the halfvalue layers of the various types of explosives at high energies,a common radiographic technique should be suitable. However,

3

i.

NAVORD Report 6806

at lower energies the larger differences between the half valuelayers of the various explosives necessitates a separate tech-nique for each material.

12. The linear aborption coefficient for each materialcan be determined at the different X-ray voltages by utilizingthe half value layer data in the following equation

.693 (1)HVL

where A- = linear absorption coefficientHVL = half value layer

Table IV lists the linear absorption coefficients for each ofthe explosive materials at the different energies.

RADIOGRAPHIC EFFECT OF STEEL CONTAINERS

13. In ordnance application explosives are usually encasedin steel containers. The walls of these containers lengthenthe exposure time and affect the quality of the image. Todetermine the extent of these effects, technique and sensitivitycurves were made for H-6 at 250 Kvcp and 2000 Kvp with variousthicknesses of steel added to each side of the explosive.Figures 22, 23 and 24 show such curves at 250 Kvcp with 1/8",1/4" and 1/2" of steel added to each side of the explosive.Similar curves at 2000 Kvp with the addition of 1/4" and 3/4"of steel are shown in Figures 25 and 26. These curves werecompared to those made at the same energies but witbnut theaddition of steel, Figures 14 and 16. It was found that thegreatest effect was increased exposure time; there was littlechange in radiographic sensitivity. In determining radiog-raphic sensitivity only the thickness of explosive was con-sidered.

14. As shown in Figures 22 through 26, a 1% sensitivityloop was obtained for all of the conditions described. Table Vlists the sensitivities obtained with each thickness of explosivefor each set of conditions.

15. The increase in exposure time cannot readily bepredicted by utilizing the half value layer of the steel sinceit is the first rather than the equilibrium half value layerwhich applies to composites. It was possible however from areview of the experimental data to derive exposure factors tocompensate for the steel walls. For example, at 250 Kvcp the

4

NAVORD Report 6806

addition of 1/4" of steel increases the exposure time by afactor of four. The exposure factors for the addition of thevaricus thicknesses of steel to both sides of the explosivewere obtained by Comparing the technique curves for H-6 withand without steel absorbers, Figure 27.

INbRT PENETBAMETERS

16. Military specifications require that penietrametersbe made of a material radiographically similar to that beingexamined; this is usually done by fabricating the penetrameterfrom a material of approximately the same composition as theobject being examined. In the case of explosives this createsa safety hazard since small pieces of explosive materials areeasily broken or mislaid. Also, it is not desirable to handlesuch material in its "raw" state. For these reasons, penetra-meters for use with explosives should be made from a radiog-raphically similar but inert material. From a considerationof the atomic numbers and densities, magnesium and nylon werechosen for study; these materials are durable, easily machinedand are commercially available.

17. The sensitivities obtained with magnesium andexplosive penetrameters under identical conditions at 250 Kvcpare presented in Table VI. The sensitivities obtained withmagnesium are consistently lower than those obtained withexplosive penetrameters. This misleading differenc. in sensi-tivity makes magnesium undesirable as a substitute materialfor explosives.

18. The sensitivities obtained with nylon and explosivepenetrameters under identical conditions with Comp B and H-6at 250 Kvcp and 2000 Kvp are presented in Table VII. Althoughthe sensitivities differed under some conditions, the differenceis not large and does not lead to false indications of satis-factory sensitivity. For these reasons nylon is a satisfactorysubstitute penetrameter material. It is recommended that nylonpenetrameters be used for production inspection of explosives.

SUMMARY

19. This study of the X-ray absorption characteristicsof cast explosives revealed a similarity between the explosiveswhich contain aluminum and also a similarity between thosewhich do not contain aluminum. Comp B and H-6 were found tobe representative of these two groups. It was determined thatthe explosives which contain aluminum have a greater absorptionfor X-rays than those which do not contain aluminum.

5

NAVORD Report 6806

20. Sensitivities better than 2% were obtained with allthicknesses of explosive materials at each of the X-ray energiesconsidered. Sensitivities of 1/2% were obtained in the thick-ness range of 8 to 17 inches at 2000 Kvp with the finestsensitivities being obtained at film densities between 3.0 and4.0.

21. The addition of steel walls to the explosive materialsdegrades the radiographic sensitivity. However, sensitivitiesfiner than 1% were still obtained at 2000 Kvp for all thicknessesof explosive between 3-1/2" and 17" with 3/4' of steel added toeach side of the explosive. Exposure factors were derivedfrom the experimental data which enabled a correction in theexposure time to compensate for the attenuation by steel wallsof varied thickness.

22. Nylon was found to be suitable as a penetrametermaterial for cast explosives. Although the sensitivitiesobtained with nylon penetrameters are not in complete agreementwith those obtained with explosive penetrameters, the differenceis small and not misleading.

6

• 6

-A-- .-.--- ..

NAVORD Report 6806

TABLE I

Explosive MaterialsExplosives Material Aluminum Content

Density (percent)

TNT 1.65 0

Comp B 1.72 0

HBX-i 1.76 17

H-6 1.80 21

HBX-3 1.89 35

TABLE II

Sensitivities for Different Thicknesses of Comp Band H-6

Thickness of Sensitivity Obtained atExplosive 350 Kvp 250 Kvc- 2000 Kvp

(inches) (percent) (percent) (percent)

2.3 0.85 o.85 1.7

3.8 1.05 1.05 1.05

5.3 0.75 0.75 0.75

8.3 0.72 0.48

11.3 0.53 0.35

74-03 o.42

17.3 0.35

NOTE: Equivalent sensitivities were obtained for Comp B and H-6with both slow and medium speed film.

7

I.-.4-

NAVORD Report 6806

TABLE III

Half Value Layers for Explosive Materialsat Different Energies (inches)

Material X-ray Voltage150 Kvp 250 Kvcp 2000 Kvp 2 Mev

TNT 1.45 I.60 3.0 3.2

Comp B 1.40 1.55 2.9 3.0

HBX-I 1.2 1.45 2.95 3.0H-6 1.15 1.5 2.95 2.95

HBX-3 1.1 1.4 2.9 2.95

TABLE IV I LLinear Absorption Coefficients for Explosive Materials

cm-1

X-ray Vo.lageMaterial 515 Kvp 25U Avcp 2eU00KVp 2e

TNT .188 .171 .091 .085

Comp B .195 .176 .094 .091

HBX-1 .228 .188 .0925 .091

H-6 .237 .182 .0925 .0925

HBX-3 .248 .195 .094 .0925

8

NAVORD Report 6806

TABLE V

Radiographic Sensitivities for H-6 withSteel Walls of Various Thicknesses

Thickness of Thickness of Steel Added to Each SideExplosive off(inohes) 1/8" 1/4" 1/2" 3/4"

% Sensitivity obtained at 250 Kvcp

2.3 0.85 1.7 1.7 1.7

3.8 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

5.3 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

8.3 0.48 0.72 0.72 0.72

11.3 0.35 -- 0.88 ....

% Sensitivity obtained at 2000 Kvp

2.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 -- 1.7

3.8 1.05 1.05 1.05 -- 1.05

5.3 0.75 0.75 0.75 -- 0.75

8.3 0.72 0.72 0.72 -- 0.72

11.3 0.53 -- 0.88 ..--

9

44-

NAVORD Report 6806

TABLE VI

Sensitivity Comparison of Magnesium andExplosive Penetrameters--250 Kvcp - H-6

Thickness of Explosive Penetrameter Magnesium Penetra-Explosive Sensitivity meter Sensitivity

(inches) (percent) (percent)

2.3 1.28* 1.19

3.8 1.23 1.05

5.3 1.22 1.05

8.3 1.12 0.97

*All of the sensitivities listed above are the averageobtained from several films

TABLE VII

Sensitivity Comparison of Nylon andExplosive Penetrameters

Thickness of Comp B H-6Explosive Explosive Nylon Explosive Nylon

(inches) (percent) (percent) (percent) (percent)

250 Kvcp

2.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.73.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.15.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.88.3 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.7

2000 Kvp

2.3 1.7 1.7 0.9 0.93.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.15.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.88.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.711.3 0.5 0.5 o.4 0.414.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.417.3 0.4 o.4 0.4 0.5

10

NAVORD REPORT 6806

0 0

0.4800Q 0.240

0.600" o 0.200

0.0400DIAMETER 0 0.120

100

FIG. I THE CAST EXPLOSIVE PENETRAMETER

Lr

-.- P

NAVORD REPORT 6806

0

ZI ,Th 310

--------. .. ... .......... .. . . . . . . .

11000 -1 7

CLx

10 0

00w) 0

w w

Ir00

Cfo

10 zw

LLI;fIN~ 7F T ±li

10,000.NAVORD REPORT 680 6

1,000 _ _ _

x 100_ _ __

10

C., SCRENS STNDR _DVEOMET_

0n -- 2_ _ 1 1 1 3 1

THICKNES OF EPO IV _H X (NHS

FIG 3_ TECHIQU CUVEFO__X-

NAVORO REPORT 6806

SENSITIVITY ~N PERCENTII

009

,-.0001 -

2 2

^1o .. 5 -2- v ,

I~1,5 -

10_ __ __ _ _

I0 11 0 H 1 3 1

FIG 4/ESTVT LO O B-

10,000 NAVORD REPORT 6806

_r7*

0- to _7 _

IL o -1L- z -1.~ 0

10-

* 250 KVCP, 10 MA, 5FT, M FILM,

....... Pb SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

THICKNESS OF HBX-3 (INCHES)

FIG. 5 COMBINED TECHNIQUE a SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR HBX-3

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000

T: Al

150 KVP, 10 MA,4FT, M FILM, t T

[ ~Pb SCREENS, STAN'DARD DEVELOPMENT --

IL loo --

10

2 45

THICKNESS OFCM (NHS

FI.6TCNQE ESTVT UREFRCM

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000

,000~~ -. - ------

I I I - - -

77.Z7.FF

0 100

-------------------- -------------------------------

250OKVCP, IOMA,5FT, MFILM,

Pb SCREENS,STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

THICKNESS OF COMP 8 (INCHES)

FIG.7 TECHNIQUE & SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR COMP B

NAVORO REPORT 6806

1pZ 11

T .z~ -------

~ -7

I-l

f-;o

(U) _

----.--.-----..-.-. - - - 7-- 7-- .- - . . . . . _ _ _

-1-

... .. .. ... .. .. .. FT, M FILM, Pb SCREENS, Z2

__-.-INO FILTER, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT Z

17 F I-F*F-----.-~ - I-i-- I~ f --.--.-

O 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 !8 20THICKNESS OF COMP B(INCHES)

FIG. 8 TECHNIQUE AND SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR COMP B

NAVORO REPORT 68061,000 _.

H-11--H

150 KVP, 10OMA, 4FT, AA FILM, I___

Pb SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

_ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ .

r:2: X17.6

-- ---- -

____ = =z____

U) V

04

0 1_HCNS OFCM INHS

FIG 9 EHIU N ESTIIYCREFRCM

NAVORD REPORT 68061,000 -

- _ I i _ _/-----/ -

,o F --- ,-,100;

, _ _ _ _ I . . ...

7I0/1

*'> • -*--- --

2250 ___/__, .FA.

15-I__ ... ... _ _

o i v T I

o .. . .. . . ._.. . . . . . . .

-**P- SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT --

Lzi--• ___ ___ _. ___ ,_

a i___- __ __ * * .1 *, i ..... ....

0.1 _ .< ,,-z .. . .. .0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - - 12 13 14

THICKNESS OF COMP B (INCHES)

FIG. 10 TECHNIQUE AND SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR COMP B-'A - '- i . . . --

NAVORD REPORT 6806

11 0 -.- ----.. . .------------ 7---.I

A-100 /11 1 1 'iif" li4itf1j I I I I Vol91 I I

LAAA

110

- . - .~------ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

~~~~~ --- - . . . .000 KVP, 5 MA

--l12 FT, AA F1 LM,Pb SCREENS,

~~~ -.-- 0120"Pb FILTERSTANDARD DEVELOPMENT

I. ~ . . ......

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28THICKNESS OF COMP 8(INCHES)

FIG. 11 TECHNIQUE AND SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR COMP B

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000 _- -- - r_____

150 KVP, 10OMA,4 FT, M FILM,

Pb SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT ....

ITT

I t I__ I I1__

~~--- - -- - ---- :2 -: r-

I]=,

NAVORD REPORT 6806.0,000-

'-4 -X/

1,000----------------------------------------.Yo 'i-

0 ___oo __

0

10 ___ 2517P O A5T IM

I 7--l

:M"__ ;ivjl --j -- -1'I T 1 -111 -

THICKNESS OF H-6 (INCHES)

FIG. 13 TECHNIQUE AND SENSITIVITY CURVE FOR H-6

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000 -- -- ,.

K~-A2 Z 7-.

-- -.........

u1000 rr

U 00

IxI

2000 OKVP 15 MA,9 FT,

1M FILM, Pb SCREENS, -

i--:---'----120OPb FILTER, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT-

7 -T 1-~

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20THICKNESS OF H- 6 (INCHES)


NAVORD REPORT 6806

1000

z0 t4_

cr-hi

0

I1 J

Pb SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT.,.

..E. L - ;,

01234 5 6 .7THICKNESS OF H-6 (INCHES)


NAVORD REPORT 68061,000.~.'-*.-

10

LIi

cO

0 I 2 V I 4A 5 6 7 8 1 10 I 2 3A11 ICKN1 ES OF I- (ICHS

FIG.16 TCHNQUE ND ENSIIVIY CUVE OR H6 '

fs[

-7-I

f~ le

UJ,

100

7 -V-

Rx~ET + _11 If d"

2 000 K VP I15 M A, 12 FT,

AA FILM, Pb SCREENS,

0.2'Pb FILTER, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

THICKNESS OF H-6(INCHES)


NAVORD REPORT 6806

1000

Liit

0

10 0 2 4 6 1 0 214 161 1 18 20 22 24 26 2

FIG.~~~ 18 TEHNQU CURE FOR COMPB

0014a 7FTMENTM FIM, b SCEEN) STNDAD DEELO

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000. _ --- -- . ---- ~---

7 7.

1,000+H I II Iii u I N H I II I I 1

1111,ii 11 Jil il

7L=0f

w

0~

T -I-"-. ,

FIG 9 TECHNIQUEo SCUREESTNADDVELORMH-6

-- ------ --i"T

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000 - . --

7 - T- I

1,0 z11 1 1/11 11 1

0 a:

LiiZul

77TTI -HA I ~ I LC i L

w1 0 2L46A 10 12 14 1 0 2 2 6 2

FIG.20 20, TEHIQECUV FOR CAFIMP,

11F-I T,

fl.--

NAVORO REPORT 680610,000 _

I _ -. - - -DESITY

Lb _ _7

w,00

I irl I : _1 7_ _ __ _

Pb SCREEN STN.DDEEOMN

T__ _ _

-_A

NJAVORD REPORT 6806

U)~~ --.- - -- -----------

.. . ... . .

w

10- - - . *- -------- - - - - - - - - -- -

0 il I 2 3 4 5 if89 1 II 2 13 4

-- -- -

NAVCRD REPORT 680610,000 -3~~~

f

ý:A

V ---- _

77 71 71

w

1/ INHSOTELADDT _BT _H ROTADRC

Pb SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

10 p I 2I-0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to 11 12 13 14

THICKNESS OF H-60NCHES)


NAVORD REPORT 680610,000 ~. T '

... ... . -- --

w

x

1/2INCESOF STEEL ADDED TO BGTH THE FRONT AND BACK

-- Pb SCREENS, STANDARD DEVELOPMENT

L I - - i I I 1p1 1

THICKNESS OF H-6(INCHES)


NAVORD REPORT 6806

:Z: -7-

- ~ -Eý 7==.....--.--

-r-

IAIf

Io i ___ _

0t 2/ 4 6l 8 tI 12 14 16 0 22 2 6 2THCKES OF 1-(ICHS

FIG. 25HE TEHNQEFN STENSITIVIDTY CURVTE FRORT AND-6

NAVORD REPORT 680610,000 - -.

I0 H~7 i III I I

LLLL ~ ~ ~ - ----LL - ------ --- L

=Z ---

1.1 I.'LW5T IMII I I I I I I

FIG. 26~ TECHIQU AND SESITVIYEUREEORH-

_ __ _ ___ _ _O .2 O " b F LT E R S T N D A D D E E LO M E N

NAVORD REPORT 6806

-250 KVCP

I 7--

... ... ....... . . . . . .-- -

* ~T F - ----

-- .--.-.-.--.- .-.-- K-- -

. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 : V1 :P ! -

2o1. -

0 1/2

TOA HCNESO T-L(NHS

FI.2 XPSR ATOST OPEST O

............................................................................... LLS-IAT.--,.--I 250..- KVC AND200 K

NAVORD Report 6806

DISTRIBUTIONCopies

Chief, Bureau of Naval Weapons, Washington, D. C.Library (Ad-3) 1RMMP-33 E. KatcherRUUO-3 G. Edwards 1FQ-1 W. Koontz 1RMMA-24 S. Goldberg 1

Chief, Bureau of Ships, Washington, D. C.Code 637 F. Martin 1Code 1500 J. F. Condon 1Code 343 M. B. Rosenbaum 1

Superintendent, U. S. Naval Weapons Lant, Washington, D.C.Code IN962 V. Chappelear 1Code 720 W. E. McKenzie and H. P. Weinberg 1Code 744 R. Z. Knaub 1Code 726.4 J. L. Reidy 1

Commanding Officer, U S. Naval Propellant Plant,Indian Head, Maryland

Dr. Tsao 1Dr. A. Bacher 1Mr. J. Nanigan 1

Director, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.Martin Jansson, Technical Information Office

Director, U. S. Naval Engineering Experimental Station,Annapolis, Maryland

Code 760 1Code 762 1

Commanding General, Air Research and Development Command,Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

WCLTLSA Attn: Messrs. Dugger, McKelvey, Rowand 1WCRTR4 1MDQFS S. M. Joseph 1MOQBQMM H. Koenigsberg 1

Commanding Officer, Springfield Armory,Springfield, Massachusetts

Earl Abbe, Research & Development Branch 1Robert Korytoski 1

2I

NAVORD Report 6806

DISTRIBUTION continuedCopies

Office, Chief of Ordnance, Washington, D. C.ORDIS 1ORDIT 1ORDTB R. Alden Webster 1

Commanding Officer, Army Chemical Center,Baltimore 1, Maryland

Paul Edmiston, Quality Assurance Tech. Agency 1T. M. Vining, Statistical Engr. Office 1

Commanding Officer, CML, Chemical Materiel Command,200 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore 1, Maryland 1

Commanding Officer, Fort Belvoir, VirginiaEngineering and Research Laboratory 1W. H. Baer, Metallurgy Section 1

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,China Lake, California

Code 5572 M, J. Curtis ICode 4537 Dr. I. J. BujesCode 45335 1Code 4052 1

Commanding General, Ordnance Ammunition Center,Joliet, Illinois

ORDLT-I-A J. E. Spencer, Inspection Division 1ORDLY-I-G C. W. Van Ordstrand 1ORDLY-I-C A. W. Strasburg 1

Commanding Officer, Detroit Arsenal, Center Line,Michigan

P. L. Goud, Laboratories Division 1R. A. Pulk, Chief, Physical Science Lab 1

Commanding Officer, Redstone Arsenal,Huntsville, Alabama

Chief, Materials Laboratory 1E. R. Tant, R. D. L. Blgd. 809 1J. Hendrix, OML-RDD 1

Commanding Officer, Ravenna Arsenal, Ravenna, OhioC. R. Branfield 1

Commanding Officer, Watertown Arsenal,Watertown, Massachusetts

ORDBE-LM 1

NAVORD Report 6806


Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal,Dover, New Jersey

ORDBB-T 1ORDBB-K R. A. Murphy, Inspection Division 1ORDBB-IE L. S. Barnett 1ORDBB-DE J. B. Small 1SFAL D. J. Molella 1

Commanding Officer, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MarylandA, H. Ford, Physical Test Laboratory 1S. I. Uzzo, Chief, X-ray and Met. Labs 1

Commanding Officer, Watervliet Arsenal, Watervliet, N.Y.C. A. Penrose, Research and Development Div. 1

Comm mder, Boston Naval Shipyard, Boston, MassachusettsCode 375 J F. McKenna, Materials Laboratory 1Code 370 Julius C. Ritter 1

Commander, New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn 1, N.Y.Code 980 1Code 982 S. Goldspiel 1Code 354 John L. Cahill 1

Commander, Philadelphia Naval Shipyard,Philadelphia 12, Pennsylvania

J. E. McCambridge 1Capt. R. H. Lambert 1

Commanding Officer, Frankford Arsenal.Philadelphia 27, Pennsylvania

ORDBA-MIS J. A. Darby, Ammo Group 1Pitman-Dunn Laboratories, Attn: Messrs. LeVino,

Lawrence, Roffman) 3Fred J. Weigand, Bldg. 235 1W. W. Inglis, Industrial Engineering Division 13

Commanding Officer, Naval Air Materiel Center,Philadelphia 12, Pennsylvania

Joseph Viglione 1

Director, Northeast Procurement District,Court Square, Boston, Massachusetts

Norman Glaskin, Quality Control Divis.'on 1

NAVORD Report 6806


Commanding Officer, Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot,Philadelphia 45, Pennsylvania

L. Boor, Instrument Engineering Office 1

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Weapons Station,Yorktown, Virginia

Research and Development DivisionB. C. Carr, Jr. 1R. Smoot

Commander, Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, VirginiaCode 380 J. F. Toerbert 1

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Proving Ground,Dahlgren, Virgin.a

H. E. McConnell 1

Commander, Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth,New Hampshire

Code 375 T. L. Sheehan, Materials Test Lab. 1Code 251 M. Anderson, Scientific and Test Branch 1

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval MagazinePort Chicago, Concord, California

F. C. Hund, Quality Evaluation Laboratory 1

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory,Corona, California

Code 65 J. J. Pierce 1Code 5531 R. M. Lambert, Evaluation Section 1

Commanding Officer, Naval Air Station,Corpus Christi, Texas 1

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Ammunition Depot,Crane, Indiana 1

Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Ammunition Depot,Shoemaker, Arkansas 1

Armed Services Technical Information AgencyArlington Hall, Arlington, Virginia 10

0-

_P i .- ri _P.1 k. C) .1400.r

0 oitoC)+> I00 M) C () V) -P ý0 0 041) H 4).4 1 40)0 o000.d)0 H ) 4 a)i~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ H I 3HM) ICAH PrHi toH W) 0 1

I ~ 5 Up~4-' SC 0 0 p.(O. 4 0~~, I )00

H H I * H

4-4~~ 0C- Cs0H-4 C 4t)U)a U ) : 4 PV)0 H) V) COCD 4 0)'( : )

OM -1 c;Q 44 HC)Oý. t C0 a c Oý~$ 4 A Ulu w) -P cH4 d C H

0co 0

H M p l 30dI 4) 04ý0C) 9 r-pC03 0H L 3 0 to 54 i go 4-4aC)H 10 j 14E HO 0 cCa 0C)a..P

P.b co (D 40 m4 .+ca 0 -tot: 0.p a 0 go C rl5+~-O

-pl- E4 Ags-P E0d~ 0.c P.4.)- * 543 0.1 d,3 I: - -b d 4- .- It 0) 0)

m -r)1)O ~co 0 -P 4) 0 t . 1 50U2.A~ '3(1 C 4d c P rCOD a0 r-i ci~ ~ - c 0) 4>) 4)0Go"41 ýI

C3 0 1H . 0- 0-P 4.10 .cS 05 0r 1"-lr- H C) 0 41)0

( c o '0 -4OH .r :H ,C) .q)4')0 o- ( C. fH -4-)

Vý C6 Pd/0)41-0 1 . 05 0(134 0) -i:1.0 H OP40 'H +3-p A *- "~~ 01) +oo 43

8 0 00ý U))' 000 m HO 0 HU to4)

14 *0o' 0~L QC H) 0

(C *0C'H):: .11U C3 (1H..-4C ) C03.

10 I .0 PI, 3P 1-404 C)( P2 I) C) &02.1)1)024)1

(n C) 00.0 -rI a) 0p.O C.9 nCd4H.q )tIT 93 frCtj .0c X-'HHgct 0 a1

totC 0 W 4- to- 0 0 0 +>0 0)HC.)4 0 0 0 O04) 0H.1~ 0)

I3 H H 0 H to0) *13rI H~H H ) coCI -:3- d10.d 0 5 P.'V 5-P 4ý 0

* * *H H HH c ; H H H *- *~ m HH H

v .O.U 43C H ) toOI 4.oH1.0 0 -0ca Ho W 0 W .0 0 0 0 W

Ca) 4-4 0 ~ ' CO4- 43- r-4:31C) 4 'HA C3 4)t o c 5H0 $4 020cs

1l - )..in r0) H C l AoC/ 0-ib H > m 0)H-.JO Q)' ) 4ccfw t.4' CHC -0 k

P. 'c +Ir0- to2(4- &I H cs ,UC CIO 04. co H4-000 0 0ý C)CC)i 0-HM00 0H

H'0 ( 0-) ) H ) .1)pc OP 0 4 coIn4 -4 4-C6 C .2 PH Q* 4ý ILI w & cH PH t

H -13 P4-CS 0 0-p A A o p t.0-400p( 04-g

0 010 03c0 0-p 0P). 0C 0-p 01).Q .00: 4'C 00 .0-g 0 AdH( A ý

.0 OH4 A H 4 0-PH 3. 0 U %O $H 0-P .10 g1 Q E- ' i 0 -44 D4)4 M4c . -d-U .

00 0 E-1OH. I 40 tkHri 004

4-~~ .1 1 d+04

H 0 .00a 0 r) -,4 0 H ý -1--

_" Ca 00 00 0~f' mooPý01344)' 0C0 01) 43 04' 0 co" 42)

*0 (D 9 CY) 0 4)14 0 I ~ * 0C $30 =9 3*I ~ ..- (-I01 '0' "o -H 0'40 H 4-Pc3o5po~p

H c *0a' .1t 02 (C HV ) . I3 +3-1 d 0 0 14.

p 0 A - -0 -7 0-~*,- 0 H k-.- oAV .

UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER - apps.dtic.milFig. 2 HBX-3 -Density-exposure time, 250 Kvcp, M film Fig. 3...

Documents

Transcript of UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER - apps.dtic.milFig. 2 HBX-3 -Density-exposure time, 250 Kvcp, M film Fig. 3...