UNCLASS;i V!u

UNLIMITED DISTRIBUTION

CRDV RAPPORT 4233/81 DREV REPOR-T 4233/81

DOSSIER: 3633H-039 -FILE: 36331-039SEPTEMBRE 1981 SEPTEMBER 1981

00

00

DETECTION RANGE PROBABILITIES OF

P:\SSI E INFRARED SYSTEMS FOR TIHE NWIRTIT ATI.ANTIC

A. Laflamme

OEC 2 3 1981 "

BUREAU - RECHERCHE ET DEVELOPPEMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCHMINISTERE DE LA DEFENSE NATIONALE NON CLASSIFIEf DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

CANADA DIFFUSION ILLIMITEE CANADA

81 12 23 110

CRDV R-4233/81 UNCLASSIFIED DREV-R-4233/81DOSSIER: 3633H-039 FILE: 3633H-039

DETECTION RANGE PROBABILITIES

OF PASSIVE INFRARED SYSTEMS

FOR THE NORTH ATLANTIC

by

A. Laflamme

CENTRE DE RECHERCHES POUR LA DEFENSE

DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT

VALCARTIER

Tel: (418) 844-4271

Qu6bec, Canada October/octobre 1981

NON CLASSIFIE

[.-.

UNCLASSIFIED

RESUME

En s'appuyant sur les probabilit6s d'extinction du rayonnement

infrarouge dans l'atmosph~re, on pr6sente les probabilit6s de distance

de d6tection de cibles par les syst~mes passifs de surveillance en

infrarouge. La zone g6ographique d'int6rSt est l'Atlantique nord.

On considbre les 2 principales fenStres atmosph6riques dans l'infra-

rouge, les bandes de, 3 1 5 et de 8 1 12 micrombtres. Les r'&ultats

permettent de pr6dire et de comparer rapidement la performance des

systbmes de d6tection. (NC)

ABSTRACT

Bad-,on probabilities of extinction of infrared radiation in•,the atmosphere, range probabilities for target detection by passive

invrared surveillance systems are presented. The geographic area

covered is the North Atlantic. The two major atmospheric infrared

windows, the 3 to S and the 8 to 12 micrometer bands, are considered. iiThe results allow to predict and compare readily the performance of

detection systems. (U),/

PC __ __ _

A UNCLASSIFIED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REiSIJE/ABSTRALCT .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .

1.0 INTRODUCTION..................................................1

2.0 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION ..................................... 1

3.0 LIMITATIONS .................................................. 4

4.0 DETECTION RANGE PROBABILITIES ................................. S5

50CONCLUSION ................................................... 7

60ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................. 8

7.'REFERENCES ................................................... 9

TABLE I

FIUE o7

UNCLASSIFIED1

1.0 INTRODUCTION jA previous report proposed a simple model for the extinction

of infrared radiation in the atmosphere (Ref. 1). This model was

used in Ref. 2 with the probability data of the pertinent meteoro-

logical variables as derived from measurements made by Ocean Weather

Ships to compute probabilities of infrared radiation extinctions in

the North Atlantic.

In this report, these extinction probabilities are used to

compute range probabilities for detection/tracking with passive systpms

in both major atmospheric iR windows, the 3.4 to 5.0 micrometer and

the 7.75 to 11.75 micrometer bands, hereafter called the 3 to 5 and

the 8 to 12 micrometer bands.

This work was performed at DREV between March and June 1981

under PCN 33H39 Electro-Optical Fire-Control Tracking Study.

2.0 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION

The signal voltage produced by a passive detection system can be

described (Ref. 3) as:

Vs f JC() T (X) T (X) R(X) dX [1]r X

where V is the the peak signal voltage in V,

A is the area of the entrance aperture of the optics in cm 2

r is the range to the target in cm,

J(X) is the spectral radiant intensity of the target in W sr pm

T a() is the spectral transmittance of the path (dimensionless),

iia

Lr_--

[+, r"

UNCLASSIFIED2

T o() is the spectral transmittance of the system (dimensionless),

R(M) is the spectral responsivity of the detectDr in V W'1 m-I

1 and X2 are the limits of the spectral interval of the sensor

in jim.

t To simplify [1], it is customary to convext the wavelength-dependent terms into their integrated values over the bandpass of the

sensor. Effecting this and dividing both sides of the equation by Vn,

the rms noise from the sensor system, one obtains:

Vs =[A Tn RI|JJT | IS -2n-I +

where S is the signal to noise ratio.

By definition, the Noise Equivalent Irradiance (NEI) is the

irradiance at the entrance aperture which produces a peak signal equal

to the rms noise, i.e. S = 1. Since the second bracketed term in [2]

is the irradiance from the target, then for S = 1,

VNEI = A T R [3]

and [2] can be written

TJ a

NE-I" -2 [4]

r-2

in which NEI is the noise equivalent irradiance of the system in W cm

J is the radiant intensity of the target in W sr ,

S is the required signal to noise ratio.

I.°.

UNCLASIFIED

3 -

The transmittance of the path from the target to the sensor has

the following form:

Ta -0 tr [S]

where at, the total extinction coefficient in km-, is the sum of 3

components:

t = a +a +a [6]

in which a is the extinction due to aerosols, in km"-

a is the extinction due to rain, in km-,

am is the extinction due to molecular absorption, in km-

Both aa and ar are relatively independent of A and their average

values can be used readily. On the other hand, am varies rapidly with

A and the use of a single average value would introduce appreciable

errors in the calculation of Ta for different path lengths. Laflamme

and Corriveau (Ref. 2) computed and average value for am at a fixed

range of 10 km (amlO) and multiplied it by a function of range (FR) as

a range correction factor. Thus

FR x [a]am •mlO

By-substituting [5], [6] and [7] in [4], we obtainj e-(a + a + FR x a )r

1=__ __ _ e a r m(810= 2 181So NEI x 100r

'1,

*: -" ..p .y. w. ' ... . - • .• o7 = - .. •. .. •.•- -- . * r .÷W.......•Y r

UNCLASSIFIED

in which the factor 100 has been introduced to express the range, r,

in km rather than in cm. The next equation is easily derived from [8]

K = loges.NEl O) a r FR x )r + 2 loger [9]SNIx 10lO =(a+a m

K is a single number which characterizes the engagement, namely

the target by its radiant intensity, J, the sensor by its noise equiva-

lent irradiance, NEI, and by the signal to noise ratio, S, required to

obtain a desired false alarm rate.

The extinction probabilities computed in Ref. 2 were used to

calculate the probabilities of detection ranges by solving [9] for

the range, r, with K as a pprameter. The results can thus be applied

to any passive system whose operatiu,.. zan be described by the above

equations.

3.0 LIMITATIONS

In this previous discussion, the noise has been taken as system

noise only and any extraneous noise signal generated by the background

(clutter) has been neglected. Supplementary processing performed by

the sensor system for the extraction of the target signal from clutter

could possibly be assimilated to an increase in the signal to noise

ratio, S, required and/or a delay in the target declaration. The detec-

tion ranges calculated in this report are then maximum ranges, as ob-

tained against a clutter-free background. The clutter-induced reduc-

tion in detection ranges cannot be evaluated properly at this time

because of the lack of statistical data on the clutter intensity and

spatial distributions. Furthermore, this reduction will depend on

the degree of sophistication of the sensor signal processing scheme.

is __ _ _ _ _ _

I UNCLASSIFIEDA further restriction is that the model used provides extinction

coefficients for horizontal paths near sea level. Since the extinction

usually decreases with altitude while the signature of the target may

become stronger due to an improved aspect angle, the calculated

detection ranges should be even better for slant paths. On the other

hand, the higher the target, the greater are the chances that the path

between sensor and target will go through clouds, which would shorten

ranges considerably. This last effect has not been evaluated, again

because suitable statistics on cloud frequency, type, ceiling, etc.

are not available presently.

4.0 DETECTION RANGE PROBABILITIES

The extinction probabilities presented in Ref. 2 were based

on the measurements of meteorological parameters collected by Ocean

Weather Ships. Table I lists the locations of the ships and the

period of observation covered. Each location is identified by a

letter and all are in the North Atlantic, except for N and P whichare in the Pacific. The extinction probabilities were used with

equation (9] to compute detection range probabilities with K as

a parameter, so that any engagement between a given sensor and a

given target can be studied with the curves presented.J

The detection range probabilities have been computed for both

the 3 to S and the 8 to 12 micrometer bands and each figure presents

2 sets of curves, each set applicable to one band in a corresponding

location ane season.j

UNCIASSIFIED

TABLE I

Weather Ship Locations

OWS Ident Period of Record Position Limits

A 1964 - 1971 61.0-63.0 N, 31.0-35.0 W

B 1965 - 1972 55.5-57.5 N, 49.5-52.5 W

C 1965 - 1972 51.5-53.5 N, 34.0-37.0 W

D 1965 - 1972 43.0-45.0 N, 40.0-42.0 W

H 1970-present 35.0-37.0 N, 47.0-49.0 W

I 1964 - 1971 59.0-61.0 N, 18.0-21.0 W

J 1964 - 1971 52.3-54.3 N, 17.8-20.8 W

K 1964 - 1971 44.0-46.0 N, 15.0-17.0 W

M 1964 - 1971 65.0-67.0 N, 0.0 - 4.0 E

N 1965 - 1972 28.5-31.5 N, 138.0-142.0 W

P 1965 1971 48.5-51.5 N, 142.6-147.6 W

Figures 1 to 44 show the detection range probabilities for each

of the 11 locations and each season. Figures 45 to 55 refer to the

same locations but present yearly averages.

A

The locations have also been grouped in 4 regions:

- locations A, B, C, and M, North of the Gulf Stream;

- locations D, H, J and K, in thL Gulf Stream;

- all locations above, or the North Atlantic;

- locations N and P, Pacific.

S• "'' • '•" .. ... . . .... I.... - -' • . . ..- ' r W •

UNCLASSIFIED7

Figures 56 to 71 show the detection range probabilities averaged

for each region, season by season, while figures 72 to 75 present

regional yearly averages.

Each figure is properly identified and should be relatively

easy to use. As an example, for a surveillance system having a NEI of

10 W cm working against a target with a radiant intensity,

J, of 3 x 32W sr- and requiring a signal to noise ratio, S. of 7,the value of K would be

1 2K -log ~ 3= 09.06

The detection range probabilitiy for a given location (or region)

and season can then be read directly for K =9 on the appropriate

figure.

5.0 CONCLUSION

By using IR radiation probabilities derived from meteorological

measurements made by weather ships in the North Atlantic, detection

range probabilities have been computed which are applicable to most

passive IR systems in both the 3 to S and the 8 to 12 micrometer bands.

Although the accuracy of the results is limited by some factors

such as the adequacy of the extinction model, the presence of intervening

clouds, and the effect of background clutter, the curves presented

readily supply reasonable estimates of the expected performance of

I IR surveillance systems and would be even more precise as a toolto establish the relative merits of various systems.j

UNCLASSIFIED8

6.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank Mr. R. Corriveau for his enlighteningcomments during the preparation of this report.

ii

I

4-

t!

F

j "_-__ _-_-

VINTn

UNCLASSIFIED9

7.0 REFERENCES

1. Corriveau, R. and Laflamme, t,., "A Simple Atmospheric ExtinctionModel for Infrared Radiation" (U), to be published.

2. Laflamme, A. and Corriveau, R., "Probabilities of Extinction ofInfrared Radiation for the Northern Atlantic" (U), DREV R-4216/81,UNCLASSIFIED

3. Hudson, Richard D. Jr., "Infrared System Engineering", John Wiley& Sons, Inc, New York, 1969.

:4,

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FIGURE- 40

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FIGURE = 41

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UNCLASSIFIED51

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FIGURE - 42

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FIGURE - 45

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FIGURE - 48

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FIGURE - 49

UNCLASSIFIED59

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FIGURE - 52

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PROP. A.OC. NSPRING Su/il ER FALL tIJ'NTXR

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FIGURE -54

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FIGURE - 59

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