UMP OpenCourseWare - Chapter 3: Food...

Chapter 3: Food Packaging

Expected outcome: a) Able to discuss the roles of food packaging b) Able to characterize of various materials of food packaging

farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]

Content

• Introduction

• Functions of food packaging

• Issues in food packaging

• Packaging materials

• MAP


Introduction

• The enclosing of food requires protection from tempering whether by physical, chemical or biological means

• Communicate nutritional information

Photo credit: R L Sheehan; Wikipedia; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Rlsheehanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Food_packages_(1).jpg

Function of food packaging

• Efficient delivery to the customer

• protecting the food physical, chemical and biological damages

Photo credit: Gisela Francisco; Wikipedia; CC BY 3.0

Photo credit: Wikipedysta:Julo; Wikimedia; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Gifrancishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_cartonhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedysta:Julohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pudliszki-wyroby.jpg

Function of food packaging

• Physical barrier to oxygen, moisture, volatile chemical compounds, and microorganisms

• providing convenience to the customer Microwavability, resealability, ease of use

• conveying product information product contents, nutritional values, preparation instruction

Photo credit: Sarah Lee; Dailymail; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2566893/Tabasco-British-40-proof-shot-cordiale-Italians-Can-guess-armys-nationality-ration-pack.html

Issues in food packaging

• Physical damage • Distribution environment handling, storage, transportation

• Shock, vibration and compression

• Shock – during handling drop height based on size, weight

• Vibration – during transportation

• Compression – warehousing and shipping

• Product fragility

Photo credit: Paul Sullivan; flicker; CC BY-ND 2.0

Photo credit: Goldmund100; Wikimedia; CC Attribution 3.0


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://www.flickr.com/photos/pfsullivan_1056/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/pfsullivan_1056/4629540612https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Goldmund100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Broken_egg_orange.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Creative_Commonshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/deed.en


• Food-package interaction • Chemical and physical interaction • Chemical – corrosion of the material • Physical – mass transport food and package

• Migration – volatile compounds package to food

• Scalping – volatile compounds food to package

• Packaging and waste disposal

Photo credit: Howcheng; Wikipedia; CC BY-SA 3.0 Photo credit: Susan Sutton; Adhesivesmag; PD farhanmsaid@ocw,

[email protected]

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Howchenghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_popcornhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.adhesivesmag.com/authors/2174-susan-suttonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.adhesivesmag.com/ext/resources/Issues/2014_Feb/roundtable-img2-slide.jpg


• Regulation packing, shipping, selling, advertising, grading, standardizing, marking • Weight – consumer is not misled/deceived by the printing or appearance

of the package

• Adulteration –prevent direct or indirect addition of foreign components

• Public safety – temper-resistance package

Photo credit: StickerYou; Stickeryou; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://d3ccuprjuqkp1j.cloudfront.net/ProductLandingPages/FeaturedImages/ProductLabels_8.jpghttp://d3ccuprjuqkp1j.cloudfront.net/ProductLandingPages/FeaturedImages/ProductLabels_8.jpg


Other considerations • Suitable packaging machinery • Economic consideration • Good packaging graphics

Photo credit: Selo; Selo; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.selo.com/petfood-equipment/packaging-machines-for-pet-food/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.selo.nl/wp-content/uploads/Rejecting-conveyor1.jpg

Packaging materials

•Basic material glass, metal, paper and plastic

•Each has both advantages and disadvantages

•Selection functional requirements, economics of specific applications

•To optimize performance and cost food packages use > 1 type of package material

Photo credit Mr Rea; reac-ism; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://reac.ism-online.org/author/reac/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://reac.ism-online.org/files/2014/05/Why-a-forum-on-food-packaging.jpghttp://reac.ism-online.org/files/2014/05/Why-a-forum-on-food-packaging.jpghttp://reac.ism-online.org/files/2014/05/Why-a-forum-on-food-packaging.jpg

Packaging materials

•Excellent barrier protecting from oxygen and moisture

•Excellent visibility and an image of cleanliness • Major constituents SiO2, Na2O and CaO •Properties of glass (eg strength, transparency,

moldability) can be modified composition of these constituents

Glass


Packaging materials

•Considerations in designing glass containers • Mechanical strength • Thermal strength • Optical properties

Photo credit Isaac Fletcher; vertassets; PD

Glass


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www.foodonline.com/author/isaac-fletcherhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net/image/88a322f7/88a322f7-ac3b-4e06-826c-57e0ec0b77a2/all_kinds_of_glass_bottles.jpg

Packaging materials

• Excellent protection of oxygen, moisture and light

• Most common - Steel and aluminum

•Aluminum foil and metalized films • Aluminum foil food-packaging application, such as

pouches • Metalized films – very thin layer of aluminum (vapor

deposited) on a plastic film

Metal


Packaging materials

• Odorless, tasteless, non-toxic

• Provides a very good barrier moisture, gases and light

• Retains the volatile flavors.

• Foil is fragile protection from torn or punctured.

Photo credit Toronto; Toronto; PD

Metal- aluminum


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD

Packaging materials

• Made of wood fibers cellulose, hemicellulose, and polimeric residues

• Good mechanical strength protect physical damage

• Poor gas-barrier properties and mechanical strength

• Often coated with aluminum or plastic for better performance

Paper and paperboard

Photo credit Toronto; Toronto; PD farhanmsaid@ocw, [email protected]

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=947fd187c3b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=03ec433112b02410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD

Packaging materials

• Polymers/long chain macromolecules molded, extruded and cast films, sheet and containers

• Broad range of gas-barrier properties permeability

• Permeability plastic material, permeate gas, temperature, and RH

• Versatility of packaging many different foods

Plastic

Photo credit print-packaging; print-packaging; PD


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esquilohttp://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/http://print-packagingblog.com/hp-imposes-ban-on-use-of-non-biodegradable-material-for-food-packaging/

Packaging materials

• Polyethylene (PE) • Most frequently used in food packaging low cost, easy process

and good mechanical properties

• HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE

• HDPE (0.94 – 0.97 g/cm3 , 135oC) • greater tensile strength, hardness and better chemical resistance

• blow-molded bottles, food containers, bags

• LDPE (0.91 - 0.93 g/cm3 , 110oC) • Soft, flexible and stretchable

• Films for fresh produce and baked goods

• Good clarity and sealability

• LLDPE, density same as LDPE • Has clarity and heat sealability of LDPE and strength and toughness of HDPE

Plastic Types


Packaging materials

• Polypropylene (PP) • melting point (165oC) • density (0.9 kg/m3) but higher tensile strength, stiffness

and hardness than PE

• hot filling, retorting, good heat seal strength, excellent clarity

• Polystyrene (PS) • Excellent clarity, hard, low impact strength

• gas barrier, melting point (88oC)

• Cups, dishware, closures, windows in paperboard boxes

display products

Plastic Types


Packaging materials

• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) • Mostly in injection blow-molded bottles

carbonated soft drinks, water, edible oil, juices • Stronger, clearer and better gas barrier than HDPE, more

expensive • films that have high strength, high melting point

(267oC), high scuff resistance, good clarity, good printing characteristic, excellent dimensional stability

• food trays used in microwave/oven

Plastic Types


Advantages and disadvantages of food packaging materials

Materials Advantages Disadvantages

Glass Excellent barrier oxygen & moisture

Chemically inert

Transparent

Easily breakable

Relatively heavier

Metal Excellent barrier oxygen, moisture,

light

Good mechanical strength & durability

Good thermal stability

Susceptible to corrosion

Metal cans generally more

difficult to open and reseal

Paper Relatively inexpensive

Excellent printability

Lightweight

Poor gas and moisture

barrier

Greatly reduced

mechanical strength when

wet

Plastic More versatile

Can be formed easily into many shapes

Lightweight

More susceptible to

migration and flavor-

scalping problems


MAP

• Relatively new preservation technology

• Normal composition of air; 20.9% O2, 78% N2, 0.9% Ar, 0.03% CO2

• MAP – normal composition of air is changed within a package, but the change is not constant due to product respiration and permeation of gas

• Normally involve the reduction of oxygen content and increase in level of carbon dioxide in the package headspace

• Always enhancement of refrigeration as preservation technology


MAP

•Methods of atmosphere modification • Passive modification

• Used in fresh respiring fruits and vegetables

• Film with a correct gas permeability

• Atmosphere within the packaged product is modified; consumption of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide through respiration of product and the permeation of gases

• Depletion of oxygen to near ‘0’ leads to anaerobic respiration or fermentation results in spoilage

Photo credit: Packaging Machinery; record; PD


http://www.record.it/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.record.it/packaging-solutions-for-flexible-packaging/modified-atmosphere-packaging-en-gb/

MAP

•Active modification • Used in meat industry to extend shelf life, keeping quality • Film of low O2 permeability, air is removed under vacuum,

package is heat sealed • Headspace O2 is reduced < 1%, CO2 produced from tissue

and microbiological respiration, may increase to 10 to 20%

• Extend the shelf life of meat by inhibiting the growth of meat-spoilage microbes, particularly Pseudomonas and Alternaria species

• Other method oxygen absorbent

Photo credit: Packaging Machinery; record; PD

http://www.record.it/http://www.record.it/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbitolhttp://www.record.it/packaging-solutions-for-flexible-packaging/modified-atmosphere-packaging-en-gb/

UMP OpenCourseWare - Chapter 3: Food...

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