Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation Spectrometer Design and Optimization
Ultraviolet Radiation Final (2)
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Transcript of Ultraviolet Radiation Final (2)
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Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) covers a small part
of electromagnetic spectrum lying betweenthe violet end of the VI IB IVI IB I and XX--
II .
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The radiations introduced to the tissues
through 1.subcutaneous tissue, 2.hair
follicles, and 3.sebaceous glands.
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1. Sunburn (UVB)UVB) / Erythema ( Reddening of theskin)
2. Tanning of the skin / Pigmentation
3. Decrease in sensitivity of the skin (IncreasedEpidermal thickness)
4. Premature aging of the skin (UVA)UVA)
5. Skin cancer (UVB)UVB)6. Exposure to the eye causesphotokeratitis
(UVB)UVB)
7. Photosynthesis of vitamin D
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1. Reflection
2. Refraction
3. Absorption
4. Penetration
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1. UVA (Long UV) 400 315nm. {penetrates todermis, Responsible for development of slow natural
tan}
2. UVB (medium UV, erythemal UV)
315 280nm. {Produces new pigment formation,
sunburn, Vitamin D synthesis. Responsible for
inducing skin cancer}
3. UVC (short UV, germicidal UV)
280 100nm {Does not reach the surface of the
earth}
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1. High pressure mercury vaporlamp Air cooled.
2. High pressure mercury vapor
lamp Water cooled ( Kromayer
lamp).
3. Fluorescent lamps
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The therapeutic UVR are
produced by mercury vapourlamp which consists of aQUARTZ BURNERTUBEQUARTZ BURNERTUBEevacuated from air andcontaining traces of argonargon
gas and mercury undergas and mercury underreduced pressurereduced pressure.
An electrode is inserted ateach end of burner tube. The
current is applied to theelectrodes, the mercuryvapour and the passage ofelectrons through the vapourestablishes the UVR.
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The UV apparatus is grouped as follows:
1- Air-cooled lamps: Hanovia Alpine SunLamp, {High pressure vapour lamps}wavelength253nm (short wavelength) used in treatment of
GENERALISEDSKINCONDITIONSASACNEANDGENERALISEDSKINCONDITIONSASACNEANDSORIASIS.SORIASIS.
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Emit ultraviolet, infrared, and
visible light
UVR produced falls within UV-Brange
Mainly used to produce
erythema and accompanying
photochemical reactions
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The heat produced inside the Burner or Quartz
tube causes some of it to change to another
form of silica called TRIDYMITE.TRIDYMITE.
Tridymite is OPAQUEOPAQUE to UVR. So output of therays tends to FALL.
A variable resistancevariable resistance is included in the burnercircuit to increase the potential difference
across the burner & intensity of the current.
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The photochemical action of UVR shorter
than 250nm250nm in wavelength onatmospheric oxygen is to form OZONEOZONE.
Ozone is a toxic gas for inhalation &
partly prevented by good ventilation.
Levels of ozone can be detected by smell.
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Water-cooled lamps:
Kromayer lamp, wavelength at 366nmgive both UVA and UVBUVA and UVB, used fortreating localised lesions as pressurepressure
areasareas, ulcersulcers, and sinusessinuses in open areas.
It is a water cooled mercury vapor
lamp.
Eliminates the danger of an IRRburn.
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1. It must be kept dry.2. It should not be turned on & off more
frequently.
3. After 1000hrs of use the burner must be
renewed.
4. The burner of an air cooled lamp should be
cleaned regularly with absolute alcohol.
5. The burner should not be touched with
fingers.
6. After every 8hrs of use the distilled water
should be renewed.
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It used for GENERAL UV
IRRADIATION.
The spectrum contains a
large proportion of short UVRwhich are undesirable for the
general treatment.
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Theraktin lamp consists of a number of
fluorescent tubes each with a parabolic reflectorincorporated into a semicircular tunnel.
The wavelength between 290 and 350nm (UVA
long) used in treating affecting large areas.
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This provides an even irradiation to patients.
It allows treatment of the whole body in 2
halves.
2 IRR elements are included in order to keep
the patient warm during treatment.
All of the lamps should be positioned at least
18 from the patient
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UVA Dermis level.
UVB Deep Epidermis
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The UVR physiological effectsmay be divided into 2 groups;
1. Local Effects which produced
locally in the area.
2. General Results from awidespread Irradiation.
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1. Dilation of capillaries H-substance
2. Dilation of arterioles Axon reflex
3. Exudation of fluids into the tissues
Increased permeability of the capillary walls.
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Sometimes immediate tanning occurs as aresult of effects of PREPRE--EXISTINGEXISTINGmelaninmelanin. This may occur within minutesof exposure.
Sun / Carbon arc Brown color
Mercury Vapor lamp Grayish
The pigmentation REDUCESREDUCES the
penetration of UVB.
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UVR provokes an increased
reproduction of KERATINOCYTES.
This leads to thickening of epidermiswhich acts does acts a PROTECTION
AGAINSTTHE RAYS.
So longer doses are required to
repeat an ERYT
HEMAL reaction.
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Destructive effects ofultraviolet radiation include
the destruction of viruses,bacteria, and other small
organisms on the skin surface
such as FUNGI commonly foundin wounds. (effect of UVB).
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1. Vitamin D Production
In the presence of UVB, converts 77--DehydrocholestrolDehydrocholestrolinto VitaminVitamin DDthrough chemical reaction.chemical reaction.
Vitamin D is required to assist in theabsorption ofabsorption ofcalcium and phosphorouscalcium and phosphorous from the intestine to blood
stream.
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General UVA Irradiation
Stimulation of reticuloreticulo -- endothelial systemendothelial system
Ingest bacteria & produce ANTIBODIESANTIBODIES against
BACTERIA TOXINSBACTERIA TOXINS.
So the resistance of the body to infection is
increased & this being known as
ESOPHYLACTIC EFFECT.
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Its being claimed that because ofGeneral UV Irradiation has a
GENERALTONICEFFECT,GENERALTONICEFFECT,
APPETIT
IE S
LEEPBEING I
MPROVEDAPPET
IT
IE S
LEEPBEING I
MPROVED
NERVOUSNESS IRRITABILITYNERVOUSNESS IRRITABILITY
DECREASEDDECREASED
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The principle therapeutic uses of UVR are of SKIN
DISEASES1. PSORIASIS:PSORIASIS:--
It is a skin condition which presents localized THICKPINK /THICKPINK /REDREDplaques, sharply demarcated & covered with SILVERYSILVERY
SCALES.SCALES.
In this state the aim of UVR irradiation is to decrease thedecrease theDNA synthesis in the cells of the skin to improve the skinDNA synthesis in the cells of the skin to improve the skinconditioncondition
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Acne is also a skin condition which presents PUSTULES,PUSTULES,
PAPULESPAPULES formed by blocking of sebaceous pores hairblocking of sebaceous pores hairfollicles affecting mainly the face, chest back.follicles affecting mainly the face, chest back.
The more severe & long lasting forms cause disfiguringdisfiguring
serious distress.serious distress.
Using UVR is aiming to produce desquamation to opendesquamation to open theblocked pores and hair follicles.
E2 dose is given to the face, chest and neck.
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It is an INFLAMMATORYRESPONSEINFLAMMATORYRESPONSEinthe skin associated with OEDEMA.
The patient suffers marked ITCHINGITCHINGwith REDNESS, SCALING, VESCILESREDNESS, SCALING, VESCILES &exudation of serum on the skin.
A mild UVR treatment will help. (Sub(Sub
acute Chronic stage)acute Chronic stage)
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Infected wounds such as
1.1. ULCERSULCERS
2.2. PRESSURESORESPRESSURESORES
3.3. SURGICAL INCISIONSSURGICAL INCISIONSare often treated with HIGH
DO
SES of UVR.
The aim of UVR irradiation is to destroy the surfacebacteria, remove the (SLOUGH) infected materialremove the (SLOUGH) infected material
&promote repair.promote repair.
E3 doseE3 dose is sufficient, the dose is may be given dailyand is not being applied to normal skin.
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It is a condition in which destruction of
MELANOCYTESMELANOCYTES in local areas causes WHITEPATCHESto appear on the skin.
Both UVA & UVB stimulate melanocyte activity.
UVA seems to provoke a DARKER LONGERLA
ST
INGTA
NNING.
UVB provokes more THICKENNING.more THICKENNING.
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The aim of UVR is to stimulatethe GROWTH ofGRANULATIONGROWTH ofGRANULATION
TISSUE SPEEDUPREPAIRTISSUE SPEEDUPREPAIR.
UVA stimulates GROWTH.
Example for non infected wounds
are Venous / Arterial ulcers.Venous / Arterial ulcers.
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It is used to produce a strongcounter irritation effect over
the site of DEEP SEATED PAIN.
E4 doseE4 dose is given to cause
discomfort and producing maskmaskof pain .of pain .
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5. Upper respiratoryUpper respiratorycondition managementcondition management Common Cold.
6. Counter Irritant Effect.
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1. Pulmonary TuberculosisPulmonary Tuberculosis
2. Severe cardiac disturbancesSevere cardiac disturbances
3. Systemic Lupus ErythematosisSystemic Lupus Erythematosis
4. Severe DiabetesSevere Diabetes
5. Dermatolo ical ConditionsDermatolo ical Conditions
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6. Known Photosensitivity.Known Photosensitivity.
7. Photosensitizing medication.Photosensitizing medication.
8. Deep xDeep x Ray therapy.Ray therapy.
9. Acute Febrile illnessAcute Febrile illness
10. Recent skin grafts.
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PorphyriasPorphyrias
PellagraPellagra
SarcoidosisSarcoidosis
Xeroderma pigmentosumXeroderma pigmentosum
Acute psoriasisAcute psoriasis
Renal and hepaticRenal and hepatic
insufficienciesinsufficiencies
HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism
Generalized dermatitisGeneralized dermatitis
AdvancedAdvanced
arteriosclerosisarteriosclerosis
Acute eczemaAcute eczema
Herpes simplexHerpes simplex
Hypersensitivity toHypersensitivity to
sunlightsunlight
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1. ShockShock
2. EyesEyes - UVR may produce conjunctivitis,iritis or cataract.
3. Over DosageOver Dosage UVR burn can occur.
Mainly E4 reaction
4. OzoneOzone Important to ensure adequate
Ventilation in the area.
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1. Eyes protection.
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Sunscreen doesnt offerSunscreen doesnt offer100%100%protection.protection.
SPF(Sun Protection Factor) 30+SPF(Sun Protection Factor) 30+
sunscreensunscreen blocks 96% ofUV;SPF15+blocks 96% ofUV;SPF15+blocks out 93%.blocks out 93%.
In addition to sunscreen,In addition to sunscreen, wear a hat,wear a hat,sunglasses, more clothing, and seeksunglasses, more clothing, and seekshade.shade.
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Most cotton andMost cotton andcotton/polyestercotton/polyesterfabrics protectfabrics protectagainstagainst 95% of95% ofUV,UV, but are lessbut are less
effective if wet,effective if wet,faded, or aged.faded, or aged.
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It is used to assess the individual patients(ERYTHEMAL)(ERYTHEMAL) reaction to uvr irradiation.
The basis for any calculation of any UVRdosage is the MED (MINIMALERYTHEMALMED (MINIMALERYTHEMALDOSE)DOSE)
This MED refers to the response ofthe response oferythemaerythema for the dose to be given
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1. The area chosen for the test is of
importance.2. Because the patient is to inspect atBecause the patient is to inspect at
regular intervals a convenient, visible site isregular intervals a convenient, visible site is
essential.essential.3. It should be clear of skin disease.It should be clear of skin disease.
4. The FLEXOR SURFACE of the FOREARM is theThe FLEXOR SURFACE of the FOREARM is the
most usual site.(Other sites aremost usual site.(Other sites are Abdomen,Abdomen,
Medial aspect of arm / thigh)Medial aspect of arm / thigh)
5. The selected site should be cleaned with
soap & water to remove surface grease.
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7. Three to Five holes of at least 2cm & 1cm
apart are cut in a piece oflint/paper/cardboard is taken for irradiation of
UVR along with a slide cover to pull up to
reveal one opening at a time.
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8. This cutting is fixed to the forearm with adhesive
plaster.9. The cuttings are of different sizes & shapes in-
order to make IDENTIFICATIONOFTHEERYTHEMAIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEERYTHEMAEASIEREASIERfor the patient.
10. Allow the lamp to warm up according to themanufacturer instructions.
11. Place the lamp PERPENDICULAR to the area being
tested (Forearm) & a DISTANCE of 60 to 90cms from
the site.
12. Expose the 1st opening for 30sec, then expose the
2nd opening for another 30sec & go on till the last
opening
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13. So the 1st opening would receive the longest
exposure time & the last opening would receive theleast amount of exposure time.
14. Switch off the lamp
15. Instruct the patient to MONITOR the forearm
every 2hrs & note which opening or shape appeared
pink / red first&
when it faded / disappeared.
16. The patient is also given a card similar to the
opening to make a note.
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It is a slight reddening
(erythema) of the skinwhich takes from 6 8hrs
to develop&
which is stilljust visible at 24hrs.
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Degreeof
Erythema
Latent
periodIn HRS
Appearancecolor
Durationof
Erythema
SkinOedema
Skindiscomfort
Desquamation of
skin
Relationto
E1Dose
E1 6-8 Mildly pink
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The skin response to UVR depends on;
1. The quantity of UVR energy applied to unit area of
the skin.(Depends on);
a) The output of lamp Make, Type, Aging
b) Distance between the lamp & the skin Inverse
square law
c) Angle at which radiations fall on the skin cosine
lawd) Time for which radiations are applied
2. The sensitivity of the skin
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E1/MED is the basic of UV calculation
which is determined for each individualpatient by performing a skin test.
From this point all other doses of UVR
can be calculated.
E2 = 2 x E1
E3 = 5 x E1
E4 = 10 x E1
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EXAMPLE:
If the E1 dose of the patient is 25sec, calculate
the E3 dose?
E1 dose = 25sec
E3 dose = 5 x E1
E3 dose = 5 x 25 = 125sec
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The dose at different distances from the lamp
to skin can be calculated by formula;
NEWDOSE = OLD DOSE X NEW DISTANCE
OLD DISTANCE
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An exposure to UVR should not be repeated until the
erythema caused by a previous dose has faded.
Thickening of the epidermis
Necessary to increase the exposure in order to repeat theerythemal reaction at each successive dose
Doses are progressed as follows:
To repeat an E1 25% of the preceding dose is added
To repeat an E2 50% of the preceding dose is added
To repeat an E3 75% of the preceding dose is added
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Examples of progression of dosage
If E1 is 30sec, find the second progression (P2E1)?
E1= 30sec
P1(Day one progression)E1 = E1 + 25% of E1 =
30 +30/4 = 30 + 7.5 =37.5sec
P2(Day two progression)E1 = P1E1 + 25% of
P1E1 = 37.5 +37.5/4 = 46.9sec
P2E1 = 47sec
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1. An E1/MED Given to the total body area
(Whole body)
2. An E2 - May not be given to up to 20% of
total body area
3. An E3 May not be given to up to 250cm of
normal skin
4. An E4 May only be given to an area up to
25cm of normal skin.
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A number of drugs & some foods in a few
patients are known to sensitize patients to theeffects of UVR.
Commonly seen sensitizing groups are;1. psoralens - Sensitizer
2. Sulphonamides - Antibiotic
3. Phenothiazine Tranquilizer4. Barbiturates
5. Gold therapy