Ultraviolet protection finishes

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Ultraviolet protection finishes

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Transcript of Ultraviolet protection finishes

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Ultraviolet protection finishes

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Longterm exposure to UV light can result in

Acceleration of skin ageing, Photodermatosis (acne), Phototoxic reactions to drugs, Erythema (skin reddening), sunburn, increased risk of melanoma (skin cancer), Eye damage (opacification of the cornea) DNA damage.

Introduction

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Solar radiation striking the earth’s surface is composed of light waves with

wavelengths ranging from the infrared to the UV

Introduction

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Although the intensity of UV radiation is much less than

visible or infrared radiation, the energy per photon is significantly higher.

The very high energy of the UV-C photons is mostly absorbed by

ozone in the higher regions of the atmosphere decreasing their relative intensity on the earth surface to

almost zero.

But the energies of UV-A and UV-B photons that reach the earth surface exceed the

carbon–carbon single bond energy of 335 kJ mol–1, which is why UV radiation can be used to initiate chemical

reactions.

Introduction

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The actual damage to human skin from UVradiation is

a function of the wavelength of the incident radiation, with the most damage done by radiation less than 300 nm.

If this erythemal effect is multiplied by the intensity of the incident solar light, as a function of

wavelength, The wavelengths of maximum danger to skin are 305–310

nm.

Therefore, to be useful in protecting the wearer from solar UV radiation,

textiles must demonstrate effectiveness in the 300–320 nm range.

Introduction

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The SPF is the ratio of the potential erythemal effect (skin reddening),

to the actual erythemal effect transmitted through the fabric by the radiation and can be calculated from spectroscopic measurements.

The larger the SPF, the more protective the fabric is to UV radiation

In Europe and Australia, the SPF is referred to as the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF).

The SPF is also used with so-called ‘sun blocking’ skin creams,

giving a relative measure of how much longer a person can be exposed to sunlight before skin damage occurs

Solar Protecting Factor (SPF)

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Typically, a fabric with an SPF of > 40 is considered to provide

excellent protection against UV radiation (according to AS/NZS 4399: Sun protective clothing –

Evaluation and classification, Standards Australia, Sydney).

It is possible to realise about 80 % of the theoretical maximum of SPF 200.

Industrial fabrics designed for awnings, canopies, tents and blinds may also benefit from a UV-protective treatment.

Solar Protecting Factor (SPF)

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Since the most probable time for long-term solar exposure is in the summer, the most likely candidates for UV protective finishes are ◦ lightweight woven and knitted fabrics intended for

producing shirts, blouses, T-shirts, swimwear, beachwear, sportswear, and the like.

Solar Protecting Factor (SPF)

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When radiation strikes a fibre surface, it can be reflected, absorbed, transmitted

through the fibre or pass between fibres

Mechanism of UV protection

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The relative amounts of radiation reflected, absorbed or transmitted depend on many factors, including the

1) fibre type, 2) the fibre surface smoothness, 3) the fabric cover factor (the fraction of the4) surface area of the fabric covered by yarns) and 5) the presence or absence of fibre delustrants, 6) dyes and UV absorbers.

The effect of fibre type on the SPF of undyed fabrics of similar construction is demonstrated

Mechanism of UV protection

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Cotton and silk fibres offer little protection to UV radiation since the radiation

can pass through without being markedly absorbed. Wool and polyester, on the other hand, have

significant higher SPFs since these fibres will absorb UV radiation.

Nylon falls in between these extremes. One factor influencing nylon and polyester absorbance is

the presence of the delustrant TiO2, a material that strongly absorbs UV radiation

Mechanism of UV protection

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If the fibres absorb all of the incident radiation,

then the only source of transmitted rays is from the spacing between the yarns.

By definition, the theoretical maximum SPF is the reciprocal of 1 minus the cover factor.

Using a SPF value of 50 as the goal,

a fabric with a cover factor of 0.98

And composed of fibres that absorb all of the non-reflected UV radiation

will provide its wearer with excellent protection against solar UV radiation.

Mechanism of UV protection

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Of course, tight micro-fibre fabrics provide a better UV protection than fabrics made from

normal sized fibres with the same specific weight and type of construction.

Many dyes absorb UV radiation as well as visible light. A cotton fabric dyed

to a deep shade can achieve SPF values of 50 or higher just from the presence of the dye

Mechanism of UV protection

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Since fashion and comfort often dictate the use of

lightly coloured fabrics for summer apparel,

the need arose for UV absorbing materials that could be applied to fibres to provide the

desired SPF values in light shades.

Dyestuff and auxiliary manufacturers have responded by developing

a variety of materials suitable for use as UV protection finishes.

Mechanism of UV protection

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Chemistry of UV protection finishes

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Chemistry of UV protection finishes

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The requirements for a material to be effective as a UV protection finish include

efficient absorption of UV radiation at 300–320 nm, quick transformation of the high UV energy into the

vibration energy in the absorber molecules

and then into heat energy in the surroundings without photo

degradation.

Further requirements are convenient application to textile fibres and lack of added colour for the treated fibre.

Chemistry of UV protection finishes

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Chemistry of UV protection finishes

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The reversible chemical reaction, induced by UV absorption

of hydroxy-phenyl structures of UV absorbers,

Chemistry of UV protection finishes

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By careful choice of substituents, molecules can be formed that have

the required absorbance of UV radiation, lack of added colour and the necessary affinity to fibres and fastness.

In most cases, the UV absorber is applied with the dyes during the dyeing process.

Several possible application methods are described by

Haerri and Haenzi.

Chemistry of UV protection finishes

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Evaluation of UV protection finishes

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Several organisations around the world have developed or have proposed performance standards for UV protection fabrics. These organisations and their standards are summarised in Table

Evaluation of UV protection finishes

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Although there are multiple standards for UV protective fabrics,

there are significant differences between the various organizations.

The particular standard for the intended market area should be consulted during

fabric development.

Before the development of instrumental methods, SPF values of fabrics were determined by

irradiating human subjects and measuring the critical amount of radiation necessary to cause skin reddening at

a particular wavelength with And without wearing the fabrics.

Fortunately, several methods are now available that do not result in a sunburned participant. These methods all determine

the transmittance of UV radiation through fabrics and calculate the SPF value using standard charts for the solar spectrum and the erythemal effect.

UV Standard 801 considers in addition the effects of usage of the finished textiles that normally reduce the UV protection

Evaluation of UV protection finishes

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UV absorbers have the same need for wash fastness and light fastness as dyestuffs.

Laundering trials should be carried out with all new formulations to confirm that the claimed UV protection is actually active during the life of the garment.

One concern is specific to the use of UV absorbers in combination with optical brightening agents (OBA).

These brightening agents function by absorbing UV radiation and re-emitting visible light.

If a UV absorber is also present in the fibre, the brightening effect from the OBA can be greatly diminished or even absent.

Proper choice of an appropriate OBA can minimise this problem. In most other cases combination with other finishes does not reduce the UV protection.

A two-step application is necessary if the pH values of the UV protection finish bath and that of the other finishes are very different.

The UV protection finish should be applied first. Problems may arise from limited bath uptake after a repellent finish or after calendering

Troubleshooting for UV protection finishes andcombinability