Ultrasonic Physics Review Notesspiexam.com/.../uploads/Ultrasonic-Physics-Review-Notes.pdfIntensity...

MATH REVIEW Symbols

Terms

Operations

Conversions

© Ultrasonic Education

MY NOTES PAGE # 1

MATH REVIEWReciprocals

Exponents

Scienti>ic Notation

Units


MY NOTES PAGE # 2

MATH REVIEWMetric System

Metric Conversions

Direct and Indirect Proportionality

Distance Equation


MY NOTES PAGE # 3

D = R X T

R =

T =

DT

DR

___

___

MATH REVIEWLogarithms

Decibels

X & Y Axis

Cosines


MY NOTES PAGE # 4

Wavelength

Sound Propagation

Frequency

Wavelength Equation


MY NOTES PAGE # 5

SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES

λ (mm) = _________c (mm/µs) ƒ (MHz)

Pulsed Ultrasound

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

Pulse Repetition Period (PRP)

Spatial Pulse Length (SPL)



MY NOTES PAGE # 6

PRP = 1 PRF_____

PRF = 1 PRP_____

SPL (mm) = # of Cycles x λ (mm)

SPL (mm) = # of Cycles x c (mm/µs) ƒ (MHz)

________

Pulse Duration (PD)

Duty Factor (DF)

Amplitude

Power


MY NOTES PAGE # 7


PD (µs) = # of Cycles x Period (µs)

PD (µs) = __________# of Cycles ƒ (MHz)

DF = PD (µs)PRP (µs)

DF = PD (µs) x PRF (kHz) 1,000

__________

_______

Power ∝ Amplitude2

Power ∝ Intensity

Intensity

Half Value Layer

Intensity/Decibel Relationship

Intensity Values


MY NOTES PAGE # 8


Intensity (watts / (cm2) = ____________Power (watts) Area (cm2)

Intensity ∝ Amplitude2

SPTPSPPASPTASATPSAPASATA

Attenuation

Absorption

Re>lection

Scatter


MY NOTES PAGE # 9


Attenuation (db) = x Pathlength (cm) _______ƒ (MHz) 2

Attenuation Coefficient (db/cm) = _______ƒ (MHz) 2

Rayleigh Scattering ∝ ƒ4

Half Value Layer (cm) = 3 AC (dB/cm)_________

Contrast Agents

Transmission

Impedance

Refraction


MY NOTES PAGE # 10


IRC = _________(Z2 - Z1)2 (Z2 + Z1)2

Sin ϴt Sin ϴi

C2 C1

= _____ ___Snellʼs Law =

Ultrasound Terminology


Echogenic -

Anechoic -

Hypoechoic -

Isoechoic -

Hyperechoic -

Accoustic Enhancement / Good Through Transmission -

Shadowing -

Homogeneous -

Heterogeneous -

MY NOTES PAGE # 11


Transducer Basics

Transducer Components

Bandwidth

Sensitivity


MY NOTES PAGE # 12

SECTION 2 -‐ ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS

Q-‐Factor

Damping

Frequency Determination

Sound Beam Structure & Formation


MY NOTES PAGE # 13


__________Q Factor = Operating ƒ Bandwidth

ƒo = c PZT (mm/µs) 2 x Thickness of PZT

__________________

Focal Depth

Beam Divergence

Sound Beam Focusing Techniques

Spatial Resolution – Lateral


MY NOTES PAGE # 14


Near Zone Length = _______________________(Transducer Diameter)2 x ƒ 6

Lateral Resolution (mm) = Beam Diameter (mm)

Spatial Resolution -‐ Slice Thickness

Spatial Resolution -‐ Axial

Transducer Types and Features


MY NOTES PAGE # 15


Axial Resolution (mm) = SPL (mm) 2

_________

Distance Equation

Imaging modes

Temporal Resolution

Imaging System Components -‐ Master Synchronizer


SECTION 3 -‐ PULSE ECHO INSTRUMENTATION

MY NOTES PAGE # 16

D = R X T

DT

DR

___R =

T = ___

Frame Rate ∝ Temporal Resolution

77,000Penetration Depth (cm) x Lines per Frame x Line Density_______________________________________________Frame Rate (Hz) =

Imaging System Components -‐ Pulser / Beam Former

Imaging System Components -‐ Pulse Echo Receiver

Imaging System Components -‐ Memory / Scan Converter

Pre Processing


MY NOTES PAGE # 17


Post Processing

Imaging System Components -‐ Display

Archiving & Storage

Imaging Artifacts -‐ Resolution



MY NOTES PAGE # 18

Axial Resolution -

Lateral Resolution -

Slice Thickness Resolution -Speckle -

Imaging Artifacts -‐ Propagation Speed

Imaging Artifacts -‐ Attenuation

Imaging Artifacts -‐ Doppler


MY NOTES PAGE # 19


Reverberation -Comet Tail -

Ring Down -Multipath -

Mirror Image -

Speed Error -

Shadowing -

Enhancement -

Side Lobes -

Grating Lobes -Refraction -

Range Ambiguity -

Focal Enhancement -

Aliasing -

Cross Talk -

Noise -Flash -

Clutter -

Hemodynamics

Doppler Shift

Doppler Instruments

Pulsed Wave


MY NOTES PAGE # 20

SECTION 4 -‐ DOPPLER INSTRUMENTATION & HEMODYNAMICS

DS = ________________2 x VR x ƒT x cos ϴ c

DS (kHz) = Reflected ƒ (MHz) - Incident ƒ (MHz)

Poiseuilleʼs Law VF = PR

___ or VF = (P1 - P2) π R4

8ηL___________

Continuous Wave

Doppler System Components

Spectral Analysis

Color Doppler


MY NOTES PAGE # 21


Packet Size

Autocorrelation

Doppler Artifacts

Power Doppler



MY NOTES PAGE # 22

Doppler Image Optimization


MY NOTES PAGE # 23


Purpose & Objectives

Testing Devices

Testing Parameters


SECTION 5 -‐ QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL

MY NOTES PAGE # 24

Patient Interaction

HIPAA

Emergencies

Universal Precautions


SECTION 6 -‐ PATIENT CARE, COMMUNICATION, & SAFETY

MY NOTES PAGE # 25

Bio-‐effect Concepts

ALARA Principle

Bio-‐effect Techniques

Bio-‐effect Mechanisms


MY NOTES PAGE # 26


Safety Standards


MY NOTES PAGE # 27


Ultrasonic Physics Review Notesspiexam.com/.../uploads/Ultrasonic-Physics-Review-Notes.pdfIntensity...

Documents

Transcript of Ultrasonic Physics Review Notesspiexam.com/.../uploads/Ultrasonic-Physics-Review-Notes.pdfIntensity...