Ultra Sound game

8102019 Ultra Sound game

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In New Food Engineering Research Trends ISBN 978-1-60021-897-2

Editor an $rwaeamp 10(-1() 2008 No+a Science ishersamp Inc

Chapter 3

ULTRASOUND IN FRUIT PROCESSING

Sueli Rodrigues 1

and Fabiano AN Fernandes 2

1$ni+ersidade Federa do earaamp eartaento de Tecnoogia dos ientosamp

as do iciamp Boco 8)8amp aia osta 12168amp 60))-760 Fortae3a 4 Eamp BR5I2$ni+ersidade Federa do earaamp eartaento de Engenharia iicaamp

as do iciamp Boco 709amp 60))-760 Fortae3a 4 Eamp BR5I

ABSTRACT

ower trasond has een sccess eoed in the cheica indstramp oer

and astic indstr or an ears and its se has een growing in the ood indstrower trasond can rodce cheicaamp echanica or hsica eects on the rocessesor rodcts where it is aied Taing ad+antage o one o the eects or their

coinationamp ower trasond has een sed in the ood indstr in dringampree3ingamp etraction rocesses and en3e inacti+ation The se o trasond inaient ids iswe nown to case a ner o hsica eects trenceamp artice aggoerationampicrostreaing and ioogica ce rtre as we as cheica eects ree radicaoration These eects arise ain ro the henoenon nown as ca+itation

lterein a rie re+iew o the se o trasond in the ood indstr is resented andthe ain aications are discssed corehensi+e discssion on the eects o

trasond in the tisse strctre o rits is resented aong with hotoicrograhs o eons sitted to trasond

detaied discssion is resented concerning the se o trasonic wa+es in dringampwhere an trasonic re-treatent can e sed rior to air-dring The ethods in+o+edin the trasonic re-treatent are resented aong with the rests otained or se+erarits sch as eonsamp ananasamp ineaesamp aaas and other =atheatica odes thatcan e sed to siate the rocess are resented gttii3ation o the dring rocess isaso discssed or trasonic re-treatent and trasond-assisted osotic dehdration

Keywords $trasondamp Fritamp ringamp gtsotic dehdrationamp Etraction

Sei Rodriges

hone ))-8)-((6696)6amp E-ai seicr

Faiano N Fernandes

hone ))-8)-((669611amp E-ai aianoetechengr

10



Sei Rodriges and Faiano N Fernandes

1 INTRODUCTION

The se o trasond within the ood indstr has een growing or an ears $ to

ew ears ago ost aications o trasond in the ood indstr were reated to

non- in+asi+e onitoring o the rocess or ood Aait In recent earsamp an

aications o trasonic energ ha+e een in+estigated concerning the se o trasond

to direct aect the rocess or rodct

irtaamp ower trasond is sccess eoed to cheica indstramp oer

indstramp astic wedingamp etc ower trasond can rodce cheicaamp echanica or

hsica eects on the rocesses or rodcts where it is aied =asonamp 1998

Taing ad+antage o one o the eects or their coinationamp ower trasond has

een sed to iro+e ceaning o sraceamp catase cheica reactionamp enhance dring

and itrationamp and acceerate the etraction o searation rocess thogh the

eneits ro the se o trasond in the ood indstr ha+e attracted ore and ore

attention in recent earsamp aication o trasond to direct iro+e rocesses and rodcts is ess oar in ood anactring than in other indstries

The sond ranges eoed in the ood indstr can e di+ided into high and

ow reAenc ltigh reAenc trasond in the =lt3 range has ow energ and is sed

ain in onitoring ood Aait ow reAenc trasond in the lt3 range has high

energ and can

e sed in ood rocessingamp and is oten caed ow reAenc ower trasond ltigh

intensit trasond ses ower in the range o 10-1000 CDc2

and can case

hsica disrtion o the ateria to which it is aied =asonamp 1998

Chen ow reAenc ower trasond is eoedamp the trasonic wa+es tra+e throgh

the soid edi casing a raid series o aternati+e coressions and eansionsamp in

a siiar wa to a songe when it is sAee3ed and reeased reeated songe eect

Fente- Banco et aamp 2006 In iAid edi the sonication cases ca+itation which

consists in the oration o es in the iAidamp which can eosi+e coase and

generate ocai3ed ressre Can et aamp 1992 Sia et aamp 1998 The rate o

ca+itation or aternate coressions and eansions deends on the trasond

reAenc Etree hsica henoena 1000 and )00=a at icro-scae tae

ace when the es coase

Ssicamp 1988 The stae ca+itating es interact with the acostic ied

generating strong icro-streaing and high shear a+itation stdies ha+e een restricted tothe areas o heat transortamp iAid tensie strengthamp and serheating and oiing henoena

eamp 1981 Rooneamp 1981

The aication o ower trasond in ood en3e inacti+ation has een eored in

recent ears and was reorted Ra+ianamp 5hang and Feng 200) as a too or inacti+ation o

toato ectinethestearase $trasonication in coination with other treatents is ore

eecti+e in enhancing the inacti+ation eicac gtrdoGe3amp San3amp lternHnde3amp and e3-

oren3o198 eored the eect o coining heat with ower trasond

therosonication and ond that the icroia inacti+ation o therosonication was greater

than the s o the inacti+ating eects o heat and trasond when acting indeendent e

Jennaroamp aa+eaamp Roanoamp and =asi 1999 aso sed therosonication as a eans

or eroidase inacti+ation The concet o coination treatent has een rther eored

introdcing ee+ated static ressre in an trasond treatent chaer in a rocess

caed anotherosonication =anotherosonication has een sed to deacti+ate

iogenase

$trasond in Frit rocessing 10)



e3 and Brgosamp 199)aamp eroidase e3 and Brgosamp 199)amp iase and rotease

ercetamp e3amp and Brgosamp 1997amp and toato or orange ectinethestearase dioeamp

2002 e3amp ercetamp SHnche3amp and Brgosamp 1998 ercetamp e3amp and Brgosamp 1999 ercetamp

SHnche3amp Brgosamp =ontanesamp and e3-Besaamp 2002amp a with an increased inacti+ation For

eaeamp e3 et a 1998 reorted that the D-+aes o toato ectinethestearase at

62)o were redced )(-odamp ro ) in in thera treatents to 08) in

anotherosonication The inacti+ation eect o trasond is attritae ain to theca+itation rooted the sonication

Ra+iaanamp 5hang and Feng 200) carried ot trasonic inacti+ation tests with

toato ectinethesterase at )0amp 61amp and 72o Thera on tests at )0amp 61amp and 72

o

were aso condcted to deineate ossie additi+e or snergistic eects In thera

inacti+ation testsamp the redction in ectinethestearase resida acti+it at )0o was

negigie whie D-+aes

at 61 and 72o were 2990 and 2)( in D-+aes +aried ro 20 to 206 in in

sonication tests t were redced to 0(in in the therosonication test at 72o oared to

the en3e inacti+ation test at 61oamp therosonication at the sae teeratre increased the

inacti+ation (9 to (7-odamp whie at 72o the increase was (648-odamp deending on

ca+itation intensit The athors reosted a strong snergistic eect in the therosonication

tests The increase in the inacti+ation was ore rononced at ow teeratres

Sonication can aso e sed to destro icroorganiss in oods =an athors

ha+e reorted that ca+itation cased sonication is resonsie or disersion o

cs o icroorganissamp odiication o the cear acti+itamp nctring o the ce

wa and increasing sensiti+it to heat ltowe+eramp the etha eect o trasond is not the

sae or a icroorganiss Jenera the trasond treatent is not ch eecti+e

on sa rond ces ingeramp 197) For eaeamp Jra-ositi+e acteriaamp sch as

Staphylococcus aureus and enterococci gtrdone3amp San3amp lternande3 and oe3-oren3oamp198 are Aite resistant to trasond aication Bacteria sores are e+en ore resistant

hed and Rsseamp 197) Bocher and echowichamp 1979 The coined eect o

trasonic wa+es and heat treatent aied sitaneos aears to e +er eecti+e

iccoiniamp Taiandieramp Ciheamp eas and Strehaianoamp 1997 and e+en ore eecti+e

coining heat and trasond nder ressre

Rasoamp ondon and Saa Treatamp 199 The sae coination o eects has een

deonstrated to ha+e a Aite eecti+e deacti+ating action on +arios en3es o interest in

ood technoog e3 et aamp 199 e3 and Brgosamp 199)a thogh the ossiiit o

deacti+ating en3es or destroing icroorganiss trasond wa+esamp aone or in

coination with other hsica treatentsamp has een wide sed or aorator aications

in icroioogamp inoog and en3oogamp the sae is not tre or indstria

aications

e Jennaroamp aa+eaamp Roano and =asi 1999 stdied the eect o sonication

on eroidase inacti+ation The coined eect o high ower trasond and teeratre

on the acti+it o eroidase te I ro horseradish ssended in water was stdied The

tests were erored at 80K sing ower trasonds ha+ing reAencies o 20amp 0amp and 60

lt3 $trasonic owers +aried in the range ro 0 to 120 C oined treatents were

carried ot sing a aorator scae ant oerating in continos and in atch

ode In continos eerientsamp 6 o ssension was circated in the ant ha+ing asanitation chaer o 20 In the other caseamp two sets o eerients were carried

ot sing a sanitation chaer o 100 treating 0 or 80 o ssensionsamp

resecti+e It was ond that the decia redction tie o eroidase at 80Kamp 80amp

redces ro 6) to 10 in ca

106




when trasonds are aied In articaramp 80 +aries with trasonic oweramp sonotrode

geoetr and +oe o ssensions sitted to the treatent

Free3ing is an eceent ethod or ong reser+ation o ood rodcts and has

gained widesread attention Jenera seaingamp ree3ing reser+ation ro+ides ood

rodcts with etter tasteamp tetre and ntritiona +ae than an other reser+ation ethods

In recent earsamp increased ownershi o doestic ree3ers and icrowa+e o+ens has oostedraid increases in saes o ro3en ood Feowsamp 2000 rrent chaenges ie on rodction

eicienc and high rodct Aait ltowe+eramp the drawac o the resence o arge ice

crstas within the ood which rests in redction in eating Aait inherent eists and has

staed the de+eoent

o ree3ing reser+ation =ore and ore research Bstaadamp 1999 =artinoamp gtteroamp San3amp and

5arit3amp 1998 Ngaoamp Baareamp Renodsamp and =awsonamp 1999 aniested that the Aait o

ro3en ood is cose reated to the si3e and ocation o ice crstas oredamp which in trn

arge deends on the rate o ree3ing and ina teeratre in ree3ing rocess The ree3ing

rate go+erns the oration o ice crstas within ro3en rodcts Raid ree3ing

rodces sa intracear ice crstasamp whie sow ree3ing ors arge ice crstas arge

ice crstas wod case daages to ood Aait incding aearanceamp sensor

roertiesamp teta attrites and ntritiona +ae Frtheroreamp the cear strctre o

ioogica originated oodsts wod e rtred with the rest o dri oss on thawing

Etensi+e research has een carried ot to redce the si3e o ice crstas on ro3en rodcts

This can e achie+ed +er high ree3ing rateamp oring sa and e+en ice crstas

throghot the oodsts For this roseamp ree3ing ethods caae o ensring ro3en

ood o the ai ina Aait ha+e een de+eoed ir ree3ingamp contact ree3ingamp

iersion ree3ingamp crogenic ree3ing and their coinations are the ost coon

ethods sed in ree3ing indstr to otain oti ree3ing rate or ood rodcts New ethods are eing roosed and de+eoed ain in aorator scaeamp eg the

high-ressre-assisted ree3ing aiche+samp norramp and iordamp 199) gtteroamp =artinoamp

5arit3amp Soasamp and San3amp 2000 San3amp aaciosamp oe3amp and gtrdone3amp 198)amp or

dehdroree3ing Sia33iamp Raggioamp Bignoneamp and =ascheroniamp 1998

ccording to i and Sn 2002 ower trasond has ro+ed to e se in controing

crstaisation rocess It as eecti+e roes in the initiation o ncei and sseAent crsta

growth $nder the inence o ower trasondamp ch ore raid and e+en

nceation occrs In ree3ingamp this wod ead to ine ice crstas and shortening the tie

etween the onset o crstaisation and the coete oration o iceamp ths redcing

daages to cear strctre This a e ost de to acostic ca+itationamp which

consists o the orationamp growth and +ioent coase o sa es or +oids in iAids

Siaamp Beneitoamp Sanche3amp and Rosseoamp 1998 The ca+itation es can act as ncei

or crsta growthamp andDor the ncei aread resent wod e ragented into saer

ones cased the strong orces originating ro the coase o ca+itation es

=asonamp 1998 Frtheroreamp other stdies

ia and Sastramp 1990 Sastramp Shenamp and Baisdeamp 1989 ha+e shown that trasond wod

eecti+e iro+e con+ecti+e heat transer coeicient Enhancing the heat

transer coeicient etween the ood rodcts eing ro3en and the rerigerating edi is

one o the ost se easres or raid reo+a sensie heat and atent heat o sion so as to intensi the ree3ing rocess ower trasond is roising to e aied in

ree3ing with its direct eects on heat transer and crstai3ation rocess

i and Sn 2002 stdied the eect o ower trasond on ree3ing rate o otatoes The

eect o ower trasond on ree3ing rate was inenced trasond oweramp

eosre tie and the ree3ing hase to which trasond was aied ltowe+eramp the trasond



ower

$trasond in Frit rocessing 107

and eosre tie shod e chosen with the consideration o thera eect o trasond In

this stdamp the ree3ing rate was iro+ed great when trasond 1)8) C was aied or

2 in Chen trasond was aied to the hase change eriod dring ree3ing rocessamp the

ree3ing rate was increased signiicant

The echanica and hsica eects o sond can e sed to enhance an

rocesses where ass transer taes ace Thsamp this echanis can e o great ree+ance

to dringamp dewatering and etraction rocesses $trasond aication a aso change the

+iscositamp srace tension and deor oros soid aterias Taretonamp 1992

2 EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND IN THE FRUIT TISSUE

The eect o trasond aication on the cear strctre can e stdied

ight icrosco anasis To show the eect o trasond o+er the cear strctreand the changes that occr with tie wi e shown and coared with the eects

rodced osotic dehdration other oar re-treatent

Li i$ros$oi$ Aamp(ysis

t the end the re-treatent a ce sae has to e care ct 000) a+erage side

The sae ces are ied with L sotion o araoradehde in 01= hoshate eramp

lt 72 and 1L gtaradehde or 2h at aient teeratre arno+isamp 196) The

ateria is then dehdrated in a graded ethano series ro 10L to 100L and eedded in

ltistoresin eedding it Mng

To reare the ainas the tisse ocs shod e sectioned at ) to 10 on a

icrotoe Sectioning the ocs at ) a rest in section too thin that a e diict

to see nder the icroscoe Sectioning the ocs at a thicness o+er 10 can rest in

serosition o ces

ltistocheica reaction can e carried ot with Toidine Be TB at lt 0 as

etachroatic stain to detect oanionic ectins ida 1977

The hotoicrograhs o the ce strctre shown herein are or eons sitted

to trasond and osotic dehdration and were taen sing an gts BO)1

ight icroscoe with digita iage catre sste and the ocs were sectioned at 8

E))e$ o) U(rsoampd iamp Fri Tisse

The icroscoic iage anasis o resh eon showed tica thin-waed ces

with nora orhoog and soe intercear saces igre 1 er ew ces had

ndated was

108




Figre 1 hotoicrograhs o eon ces eore rocessing raw rit =agniication o (80

t the end o the trasonic re-treatent itte change was oser+ed in the rit oistre

content when sitted to trasond in a distied water ath The rit incororated water

ater 20 intes sitted to trasond increasing 87L its water content =icroscoic

iage anasis showed two distinct regionsamp one region where the ces ecae oated as a

rest o water gain igre 2 and a second region where the ces ecae ch saer and

neede shaed igre 2B

Figre 2 hotoicrograhs o eon ces ater 20 intes o trasond re-treatent Region with

oated ces and B Region with icroscoic channes =agniication o (80

Figre 2B shows that icroscoic channes are ored the eongation and attening

o ces in soe regions o the sae These neede shaed ces were not oser+ed in the

resh rit and were oser+ed in a saes sitted to trasonic re-treatent Soe


researchers ha+e reorted that trasonic wa+es a create icroscoic channes Taretonamp

1992 Tareton and Caeanamp 1998 Fente-Bancoamp Saraiaamp costa-aricioamp Banco-

Bancoamp and Jaego-MHre3amp 2006amp t did not show an icroscoic iage

ter (0 intes o trasonic treatent the icroscoic channes ecae roader



igre (B and soe new saer icroscoic channes aeared The region with oated

ces was sti oser+ed igre ( The roadening o the icroscoic channes eain the

rther increase in the eecti+e water disi+it o the rit oser+ed dring air-

dring rocess and the increase in the eecti+e disi+it o igents and soe soids

oser+ed in etraction rocesses There is no indication o oss o strength o the ce

wa and dring nie ctting the ces at the order did not ai nder stress as

haens when the rit is sitted to osotic dehdration No ce readown was

oser+ed in the saes sittedto ow reAenc trasond

Figre ( hotoicrograhs o eon ces ater (0 intes o trasond re-treatent Region with oated ces and B Region with icroscoic channes =agniication o (80

The eecti+e disi+it in rits is deendent on tisse strctre and on the rit

orosit The ce was act as a sei-ereae erane inerring in a resistance to

dision o water and soids n increase in orosit increases the +oid sace or water todise and decreases resistance or dision The se o trasond increased the eecti+e

water disi+it o eonsamp ananas and saota dring the air-dring rocess redcing

the tie reAired or dringamp coniring the oser+ations o Fente-Banco et a 2006 that

the trasonic re-treatent aects the rit tisse aing easier or the water to dise

dring air-dring and showed that the icroscoic channes a contrite with the higher

eecti+e

water disi+it

gtther re-treatent sed in dring is the osotic dehdrationamp which resents a

coete dierent eect o+er the rit tisse ter (0 intes nder osotic

treatent se+era dierences are oser+ed in the ce strctre de to the high water

oss ring osotic dehdration the ce was ecoe distorted and saer throghot o

the saes In soe regions the Pnctions etween adPacent ces are sti resent

t with redced intercear saces igre whie in other regions disrtion o

the ces are oser+ed casing an increase o intercear saces which occr de to

the soii3ing o cheator- soe ectin o the idde aea igre B

rin3i+ai et aamp 2006 heator-soe ectin is the sstance that ost contrites to

ce adhesion and irness and according to the icroscoic iages the cheator-soe

ectin artia soii3e at the ear stages o

110Sei Rodriges and Faiano N Fernandes

osotic dehdration ring trasond aicationamp no increase o intercear saces was

oser+ed or has een reorted in the iteratre



Figre hotoicrograhs o eon ces ater (0 intes o osotic dehdration Region with

distorted ces and B Region with disrted ces =agniication o (80

ter 1 hor o osotic treatent ost intercear saces etween the ces disaear

and the ce was ecoe e+en ore distorted igre ) In soe regions o the saes

ce wa readown starts to aear igre )B athogh sti rare The ce wa

strength diinishesamp de to soii3ing o ectinamp coined with high osotic ressre

and ow o sgar oeces into the rit that contrite to the readown o ce

was ectin soii3ing dring osotic dehdration was shown rin3i+ai et a 2006

Figre ) hotoicrograhs o eon ces ater 1 hor o osotic dehdration Region with distortedces and B Region with ces in initia stage o ce readown =agniication o (80

greater change is oser+ed ater 2 hors o osotic treatent when ost ce was are

roen-down and the ew intact ces ha+e se+ere distorted was igre 6 Soii3ing o ectin can e +isa noted decreasing ce wa strength




Figre 6 hotoicrograhs o eon ces ater 2 hors o osotic dehdration showing ces in ad+anced

stage o ce readown =agniication o (80

The water disi+it in the air-dring rocess a aso increase with the se o

the osotic dehdration re-treatentamp or soe rits and +egetaeamp when carried ot or

ore than one hor This increase is eained the coase o ce wa

eranesamp which aes easier or water to disi+e within the +egetae In this case a

good agreeent was otained etween cear strctre changes and water disi+it

Rodriges and Fernandesamp

2007a Cater disi+it a decrease in the eginning o the osotic dehdration rocess

de to the incororation o sgaramp t increase when the osotic dehdration is carried ot or

ore than one hor de to the readown o ces which owers the resistance to

water dision $trasond aso indces changes on the ce strctreamp t dierent ro

osotic dehdrationamp no ce readown is oser+ed and the increase in disi+it is

attained the oration o icroscoic channes in the ce strctre which aso oer

ower resistance to dision o wateramp igents and soe soids

+ APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND IN DRING PROCESSES

Se+era rits and +egetaes are rodced in arge Aantitiesamp esecia in troica

contriesamp aiing ain eortation ananaamp ineaeamp orangeamp eonamp ango and se+era

others Soe ritsamp ie oranges and eonsamp are croed ain to rodce rit

Picesamp other are croed aiing direct constion or to e sed in oodsts caesamp Pasamp

ogrtamp and se+era others =ost rit are etree erishae and do not aow the se o

ree3ing or their conser+ation ring can e aied to redce ost-har+est oss o rits

and aso to rodce dehdrated rit sed in oodsts orationsamp ro+iding an etension

o she-ieamp ighter weight or transortation and ess sace or storage =an

+egetaes are sed in

112




dehdrated oodsts sacesamp ood itresamp sos and others and eneit ro dring to

etend their she-ie

ring is the ost coon ethod o ood reser+ation on+entiona air-dring is

a sitaneos heat and ass transer rocessamp accoanied hase change

Barantiamp =astrocoa and Se+erineamp 199 ring rits and +egetaes throgh air-dring

is done at id teeratres etween 0Q to 70Q to redce the degradation o the rit or

+egetae The rocess taes ro 8 to 2 hors deending on the +egetae that is eing

rocessedamp onits initia oistre contentamp on the desired ina oistre content and on the teeratre sed

in the rocess Teeratre is aintained direct heating o the air assing throgh

the saes aing the air-dring rocess heat intensi+eamp ths eensi+e

Air-Dryiamp

ir-dring corehends two eriods a heat transer-controed ass transer eriod or

constant rate eriod and a dision-controed ass transer eriod or aing rate eriod In

the heat transer-controed ass transer eriod the water reo+a rate is at its aiaamp t

in an +egetae this eriod is genera +er short coared to the dision-controed

ass transer eriod

ir-dring is genera odeed assing dision-controed ass transer with iAid

owing within the rit conoring to Fics second aw o dision The eAation sed to

ode the aing-rate eriod is a siiication o Fics second aw considering ong dring

ties err and Jreenamp 1999

dlt 2 = minus sdot sdot lt minus lt

1dt 991522

2 eA

ccording to the eAationamp redction o air-dring tie can e achie+ed redcing the

initia oistre content lt0 o the rit sent to dr or increasing the eecti+e water

disi+it re-treatents can e sed to redce the initia water content or to odi the

rit tisse strctre in a wa that the eecti+e water disi+it increases aoamp

5hangamp =Pdaramp amp and Snamp 2006 anamp 5haoamp 5hangamp henamp and =Pdaramp 200(

=adaaamp and oe3amp 2002

+1 U(rsoampd Pre-Treeamp

The orces in+o+ed the songe eect cased trasonic wa+es can e higher than

srace tension which aintains the oistre inside the caiaries o the rit creating

icroscoic channes which a ease oistre reo+a These icroscoic channes can e

sed water oeces as a reerentia athwa to dise towards the srace o the rit

or +egetae increasing its eecti+e water disi+it The trasonic wa+es aso redce thedision ondar aer and increase the con+ecti+e ass transer in the sae Taretonamp


$trasond in Frit rocessing 11(

Bancoamp and Jaego-MHre3amp 2006 In additionamp the ca+itations rodced trasond

()



are eneicia or the reo+a o oistre strong attached

The re-treatent techniAe is sie and in+o+es the iersion o the rit or

+egetae in water to which trasond is aied The treatent can e carried ot at aient

teeratre and no heating is reAiredamp redcing the roaiit o ood degradation =asonamp

1998

Prerioamp o) S(es

Frit or +egetae saes shod e ct to otain cesamp cinders or an other ind o

sices

To cacate water and sgar ossamp the oistre content o the sae has to e

deterined heating in a dring o+en at 10)o or 8hamp according to gt ethod

gtamp 1990 The initia soe soids content o the rit QBri can e deterined

reractoetr

U(rsoampd Pre-Treeamp

The saes shod e iersed in distied water and sitted to trasonic

wa+es dring a eriod o tie Recent stdies Fernandes and Rodrigesamp 2007

Rodriges and Fernandesamp 2007 showed that the aication o trasond shod e

carried ot or at east

10 intes ter 20 intes the changes on the eecti+e water disi+it ecoe sight and

ater (0 intes the changes are insigniicant

The rocess can e carried ot nder aient teeratreamp since higher teeratres do

not show to enhance the eect o trasond Siaamp Beneditoamp SHnche3amp and Rosseamp 1998The rocess can e carried ot acing the saes in an trasonic ath or acing

the saes in a +esse and sing an trasonic ti to indce trasonic wa+es inside the

+esse No echanica agitation is reAired The trasond reAenc shod e etween 2)

and 100

lt3 and intensit ao+e 000 CD2 Teeratre increase is sight not eceeding (Q dring

(0 intes rn Fernandes and Rodrigesamp 2007 Rodriges and Fernandesamp 2007

The water to rit ratio shod e aintained ow Cater to rit ratios ro (1 to 1

weight asis is reerred ecase the area o the reAired +esse or trasonic ath can e

sa ltigher water to rit ratios reAires arger +esses and ore ower

trasond to generate an trasonic intensit ao+e 000 CD2amp increasing ower

constion Fernandes and Rodriges 2007 showed that at this water to rit ratio

the increase in soe soids

content o the iAid edi was sight ess than 20 g soidsD or eonsamp ananas

and ineaes

To cacate water oss dring the trasonic re-treatent the oistre content o

the rit has to e deterined heating in a dring o+en at 10)o or 8hamp according to

gt ethod gtamp 1990 To cacate the sgar oss dring the rocess two

otions can e sed The soe soids content o the rit QBri can to e direct

deterined reractoetr gtr the sgar content o the iAid edi can e deterined

sing coorietric ethods or lt ethods and then the soe soids o the rit

can e cacated ass aance

11




SS = SS0 minus S

2

whereamp S= is the sgar content o the iAid ediamp SSFR is the soe soids content o the

ritamp and SSFR 0 is the initia soe soids content o the rit

Air-Dryiamp

t the end o the re-treatent the dehdrated saes are drainedamp otted with

asorent aer to reo+e the ecess sotion and transerred to an air-dreramp which can e a

orced circating air-dring o+enamp a ied-ed air-drer or a soar drer The air teeratre

shod e as high as ossie t not so high as to soi the +egetae Teeratres etween

0 to 60Q are sa aied in air-dring o rits and +egetaes

ei Red$ioamp0 er Loss ampd Sr Giamp Driamp e Pre-Treeamp

The erorance o dring re-treatents is coon e+aated the

araeters weight redction CRamp water oss C and sgar gain SJ Cater oss

is the ain araeter and indicates the aont o water reo+ed dring the re-treatent

in reation to the initia weight o the saes Sgar gain is an iortant araeter

that indicates the aont o soe soids that are incororated the sae dring the

re-treatent ltigh sgar gain +aes a ater the sweetness o the +egetaeamp aso

increasing the caories associated with the rodct Negati+e sgar gain indicates that the

re-treatent was ae to reo+e soe soids ro the +egetae Jenera the

erorance o the re-treatent wi

e satisactor when high water oss is associated with ow sgar gain

Ceightamp oistre content and soe soids content o the rit saes are sed

to cacate weight redction CRamp water oss C and soid gain SJamp according to

the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i

C6L = w i sdot Oi minus w 8 sdot O 8

sdot 100w i

(

[w sdot (1 minus O) minus wsdot (1 minus O )]

SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)

whereamp Oi is the initia rit oistre on wet asis g waterDgamp O is the ina rit oistre on

wet asis g waterDgamp Osi is the initia rit soe soid content g soidDgamp Os is the ina

rit soe soid content g soidDgamp wi is the initia rit ass gamp and w is the ina rit

ass g


The cacation o sgar gain ased on the initia weight o the saes a e

iseading when ana3ing the rocess ecase it genera rests in a sa +ae

to

10L in ost cases ast anasis o the sgar gain +ae a e interreted that a redced

aont o sgar was incororated the +egetaeamp whereas in soe cases the

aont o sgar in the sae does or e+en triesamp ha+ing a direct iact

in the sensor characteristics o the +egetae and on the caories associated to it To

roer e+aate the incororation o soe soids into the saeamp the sgar gain can ecacated ased on the initia soe soids content rather than on the initia weight o the

sae

[w sdot (1 minus Os ) minus w

i sdot (1 minus Osi )] SJL =

w i sdot (1 minus Osi )sdot 1006

t the end o the trasonic re-treatent itte change is oser+ed in the rit oistre

content and the eect o the trasonic re-treatent on dring is ain oser+ed dring the

air-dring stage where a signiicant increase in the eecti+e water disi+it is ond

ierent ro the se o osotic dehdration where an eressi+e water oss is

oser+edamp when the trasonic re-treatent is aied each rit disa a dierent eha+ioramp

gaining or osing water dring the re-treatent Bananas ha+e gained water dring

the treatent For trasond treatents asting 20 intesamp water gain was 111L

This +ae decreased to 72L when the rit was sitted to trasond or (0

intes tae 1

Fernandes and Rodrigesamp 2007 The sae eha+ior was oser+ed with saotas Achras

sapota which aso gained water dring the trasonic treatent =eonsamp aaasamp

ineaes and Peniao Genipa americana ost a sa aont o water dring the re-

treatent For trasond treatents asting 20 intes the water oss oser+ed in re-treated

eons was 1(L increasing to ))L when the rit was sitted to trasond or

(0 intes tae 1 Rodriges and Fernandesamp 2007 t the end o the trasonic

re- treatentamp itte change was oser+ed in the oistre content o ineaes which

ost etween 21 to (2L o its initia water tae 1

rit sitted to trasonic re-treatent ost soe soids to the iAid

ediand the aont o soe soids ost deended on the rit characteristics tae 1 The oss

o sgars occrs ecase o the dierent sgar concentration osotic ressre etween the

rit and the iAid ediamp which a+ors a ass transer o sgar ro the rit to the iAid

edi and a ass transer o water ro the iAid edi to the rit

The aont o sgars ost ro ananas ater (0 intes in trasonic ath was 21(L o



the redcing sgars The oss o gcose was 110L ater (0 intes in trasonic ath Figre

7 shows the sgar oss as a nction o the tie sent in trasonic ath In rits with high

initia soe soids contentamp a redction in water gain a e oser+ed ater 10 or

20 intes For ananas a redction in water gain was oser+ed ater 20 intes

nder trasond aication coared to the rests ond or water gain ater 10

intes

Fernandes and Rodrigesamp 2007 This henoenon is eained the higher sgar

oss ro the rit to the iAid edi ond ater 20 intesamp which diinishes thesoid concentration gradient etween the rit and the iAid edi and as a

conseAence ess water enters the rit to coensate or the osotic ressre gradient s

a conseAence o the water gain and the oss o soe soidsamp the oistre content o

the rit ater the trasonic ath increases igre 8

116


T(e 1 er (oss ampd sr iamp o) )ris sied o (rsoampd re-reeamp

gterating condition Sgar Jain Cater oss

Banana (Musa spp)

ter 10 intes o trasond treatent


ter (0 intes o trasond treatent

- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09

Melon (Curcumis melo )




- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(

Pineapple (Ananas comosus)




- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08

Sapota (Achras sapota )




- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(

Papaya (Carica papaya)




- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(

Meniao Genipa americana




- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1

=eons showed the highest oss o soe soids to the iAid edi The aont o

sgars transerred to the iAid edi dring the rocess was )2L ater (0 intes in

trasonic ath The aont o gcose ost was 2L ater (0 intes in trasonic ath

Rodriges and Fernandesamp 2007 The owest redction in soe soids content to the

iAid edi was oser+ed or saota Achras sapota which ost on (8L o its initia



sgar content The rest oser+ed or saota a e eained the high starch content o

this rit to (6L o the tota carohdrate content o the rit


Figre 7 Redcing sgars and gcose oss as a nction o tie in trasond ath or ananas Error ars

reresent the standard de+iation

Figre 8 =oistre content o the rit as a nction o tie in trasond ath or ananas Error ars


118




Stdies on osotic dehdration showed that eons gained to 18)L o sgar ater 180

intes in osotic sotion ))QBriamp 6)Qamp ineaes gained to 120L o sgar ater 180

intes in osotic sotion 70QBriamp (0Q and ananas gained to 220L o sgar ater

20 intes in osotic sotion 70QBriamp 60Q aroPoamp Rahanamp Bce and ereraamp 1996

Rastogiamp and Ragha+araoamp 1997 Fernandesamp Rodrigesamp Jasarettoamp and gti+eiraamp 2006 Tees

et aamp 2006 Rodrigesamp and Fernandesamp 2007a s sch the trasonic treatent is an

interesting rocess to rodce ow sgar dried ritsamp since dring trasond re-

treatent the rit osses sgar whereas nder osotic dehdration the incororation o sgar is +er high

The sgar oss showed to e reated to the orosit o the saes =eons ha+ehigh

orosit and showed the highest sgar oss to the iAid ediamp whie rit with

ower orosit showed ower oss o sgar gtther interesting inding is that rits with high

starch content sch as saotas and ananas showed to incororate water dring the

trasonic re- treatent whie rits with ow starch content showed to ose water to the

iAid edi

E))e$ie er Di))siiy Driamp Air-Dryiamp

The eect o the trasonic re-treatent on dring is ain oser+ed dring the air-

dring stage where a signiicant increase in eecti+e water disi+it is oser+ed

Eerienta data is reAired to estiate the eecti+e dision coeicient o the

air- dring rocess The eecti+e water disi+it can e adPsted sing EAation

with a araeter estiation rocedre ased on the inii3ation o the error s o

sAaresamp where the atheatica ode is so+ed nerica integration sing the Rnge-

tta ethodEecti+e water disi+it was aected trasond aication in soe ritsamp t no

eect was oser+ed or ineae tae 2 s a conseAence o the higher eecti+e water

disi+it the rit sitted trasond re-treatent wi dr aster dring the air-dring

stage i coared to the resh rit with no re-treatent igre 9 These

rests corroorates with the oser+ations o Fente-Banco et a 2006 and Fernandesamp

JaWo and Rodriges 2007 that the trasonic re-treatent aects the rit tisse

aing easier or water to dise dring air-dringamp ost roa de to the

oration o icroscoic channes in the rit




Figre 9 e+eoent o the oistre content dring air-dring as a nction o rocessing tie or resh ananas no re-treatent and or ananas sitted to (0 intes o trasond re-treatent

T(e 2 E))e$ie wer di))siiy o) )ris sied o (rsoampd re-reeamp

gterating condition Eecti+e isi+it

2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097

Melon (Curcumis melo L)Fresh rit




)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit

ter 10 intes o trasond treatentter 20 intes o trasond treatent


7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996

Jenipapo (Genipa americana )

Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099


Jreater changes on eecti+e water disi+it dring the air-dring rocess was ond or

eons re-treated or (0 intes nder trasonic wa+es 697 10-9

2s

-1 The oser+ed

eecti+e water disi+it was (9L higher than the disi+it o the resh rit )00 10-9



2s

-1 and ()9L higher than the disi+it o oso-dehdrated eons )1( 10

-9

2s

-1

This higher eecti+e water disi+it oser+ed or eons a e reated to the rit tisse

strctre and the high oistre content o the rit which a aciitate the oration

o icro-channes

Bananas aso showed to e inenced the trasonic treatent and the eecti+e water

disi+it dring the air-dring rocess was ond to e higher when the ananas where re-

treated or 20 intes nder trasonic wa+es 17 10-9

2s

-1 re-treating the

ananassing osotic dehdration rested in a water disi+it o 1(7 10

-9

2s

-1 Both

disi+ities were higher than the disi+it otained or the resh rit 128 10-9

2s

-1 dring air-dring Fernandesamp Rodrigesamp Jasarettoamp and gti+eiraamp 2006 The

oser+ed eecti+e water disi+it ater aication o trasond was 18L higher

than the

disi+it o the resh rit and 7(L higher than the disi+it o oso-dehdrated ananas

This enhanceent oser+ed in the eecti+e water disi+it or ananas was ower than or

eons and a e reated to the higher densit and the ower oistre content o ananas

which a rest in ewer icro-channes or in icro-channes on near the srace o the

rit This theor sti has to e checed icrohotograh anasis

The trasond re-treatent aected sight the eecti+e water disi+it o

ineaes dring the air-dring rocess tae 2 These dierences show that the eect o

trasond a e deendent on the strctre o the rit ce tisse Frther stdies with ight

icrosco wi e carried ot with these rits to e+aate the eect o trasond in the ce

strctre and wh soe rit are ore aected than others regarding water ossamp sgar gain

and eecti+e water disi+it

There sti no henoenoogica atheatica ode to descrie the changes in eecti+e

water disi+it as a nction o the tie sent in trasond and on an eirica

correation can e ond For ananas the eecti+e water disi+it can e correated EA7

= (769 minus 0008) sdot t + 0007( sdot t 2

minus 000020) sdot t $( )sdot 10

minus8

7

whereamp is the eecti+e water disi+it 2Ds and t$ is the tie sent nder trasonic re-

treatent in

Pro$essiamp Tie 3Pre-Treeamp 4 Air-Dryiamp5

The ain oPecti+e o a re-treatent is to redce the tota rocessing tieamp secia the

air-dring tie Tae ( shows that when trasonic re-treatent was sed the tota

rocessing tie air-dring V trasond was ower than when the resh rit was air-dried

withot an re-treatentamp showing that the trasond re-treatent is eicient in redcing

the tota dring tieamp ecet or ineaes where no eect was oser+ed

Chen trasond was aied to ananas dring 20 intes the tota rocessing tie

redced 86 intes a 10(L redction or ananas dehdrated to a ina oistre content

$ $




o 00) g waterDg dr soids Fernandes and Rodrigesamp 2007 For eons the redction in

tota rocessing tie was e+en higher and when trasond is aied or (0 intesamp the tota

rocessing tie to dehdrate eons to a ina oistre content o 0) gwaterDgdr soids wi

e redced 200 intes a 26L redction These redctions are considerae and ae to

redce the rocess cost The se o trasond with ineaesamp howe+eramp showed an increase

in tota rocessing tie and thereore this re-treatent is not sitae or this rit

T(e + To( ro$essiamp ie 3re-reeamp 4 ir-dryiamp5 o $iee oisre $oampeamp

o) 667 o) wer er r o) dry so(ids )or ampamps ampd e(oamps ampd 127 o) wer er

r o) dry so(ids )or iampe(es

Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in

Bananas ndash inal moisture content $ o ampater $ o ry solis

No re-treatent air-dring on10 intes o trasond distied water

20 intes o trasond distied water

(0 intes o trasond distied water

8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761

Melons ndash inal moisture content $ o ampater $ o ry solis

No re-treatent air-dring on




81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8

Pineapples ndash inal moisture content $ o ampater $ o ry solis


10 intes o trasond distied water20 intes o trasond distied water


7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp

The dring rocess o rits and +egetaes considered herein corehends the

re- treatent rocess oowed air-dring Tota rocessing tie can e otii3ed to

redce the dring rocess to a iniamp which can redce costs and increase

the o+era rodcti+it To otii3e the rocess consisting o trasonic treatent and

air-dringamp the trasonic treatent shod e carried ot whie the increase in water

disi+it it ro+oes eading to a continos redction o tota rocessing tie igre 10

122




Figre 10 Istrati+e schee o the de+eoent o water disi+it o the rit and tota rocessing tie asa nction o tie sitted to trasond The arrow indicates the oti eriod that the ananas shod

e sitted to trasonic ath rior to air-dring to inii3e the tota rocessing tie

The otii3ation can e carried ot sing the ethod o e+energ-=arAardt or

eAi+aent otii3ation ethodamp setting the oPecti+e nction to inii3e the

tota rocessing tie It is iortant to +aidate the atheatica odes sed in the

otii3ation rocedre sing the F-test as a criterion to +aidate the odes The e+e o

conidence o the ode is estaished coaring the isted F-+aes and the cacated F-

+aes or each oerating condition e+es o conidence ao+e 90L are desired ter

+aidationamp the ode can e sed to otii3e the tota rocessing tie to dr the rit

trasond oowed air-dring

Tae shows the est oerating conditions that shod e sed in the rocessing

o ananas and eons when sitted to the trasonic re-treatent sing distied water as

the iAid edi

T(e 9 Oi( ro$essiamp ies 3re-reeamp 4 ir-dryiamp5

)or ampamp ampd e(oamp ro$essiamp

Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8

+2 U(rsoampd-Assised Osoi$ Deydrioamp

gtsotic dehdration is the ost reorted re-treatent sed rior to air-dring

The techniAe consists in iersing the rit in hertonic sotion to artia reo+e

water ro the rit The dri+ing orce or water reo+a is the dierence in osotic

ressre etween the rit and the sotion where the coe cear strctre o the rit

acts as a


sei-ereae erane Raotamp aontamp Riosamp and Jiertamp 1989 Torreggianiamp 199(



Fitoamp 199 Raot-Cacamp 199 rohararamp rasadamp and asamp 1997 Rastogi and Ragha+araoamp

1997 Rastogi and NiranPanamp 1998 Siaamp Beneditoamp SHnche3amp and Roseoamp 1998 Rastogiamp

Eshtisghiamp and norramp 1999 or3o and Je3amp 200

$trasond can e sed to enhance water reo+a dring osotic dehdrationamp eneiting

ro the icroscoic channes created the aication o trasond which a

ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es

The rearation o rit or +egetae saes shod e done sing the sae rocedre as

descried earier or trasond re-treatent Section (1

Osoi$ So(ioamp

The osotic sotion shod e reared iing ood grade scrose with

distied water to gi+e the desired sgar concentration gtther sgars sch as annitoamp

rctoseamp gcose and others can aso e sed in sstittion to scrose

=ost stdies and indstria rocesses se osotic sotions ranging ro (0 to 70QBri

s the sgar concentration increases the osotic ressre gradient etween the rit and the

osotic sotion increases o+e )0QBri the dissotion o sgar in the osotic

sotion ecoes diict and ast dissotion is on achie+ed throgh heating and

+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion

Ternar osotic sotions consisting o a sgar and sat genera sodi choride

or otassi choride can aso e sed and in this case the sat content shod not eceed )Lo the tota sotion weight otherwise the dried rit ecoes sat

U(rsoampd-Assised Osoi$ Deydrioamp

The saes shod e iersed in an osotic sotion and sitted to trasonic

wa+es dring a eriod o tie The rocess can e carried ot nder aient teeratre or

at higher teeratresamp since higher teeratres a enhance the ass transer o water and

soe soids etween the rit or +egetae and the osotic sotion

The rocess can e carried ot acing the saes in an trasonic ath or acing the

saes in a +esse sing an trasonic ti to indce the trasonic wa+es inside the +esse No

echanica agitation is reAired The trasond reAenc shod e etween 2) and

100 lt3 and intensit ao+e 000 CD2

=ost reorts on osotic dehdration eo an osotic sotion to rit ratio ro 1 to

201 weight asis In trasond-assisted osotic dehdration the osotic sotion to rit

weight ratio shod reain as ow as ossieamp otherwise the reAired trasond

ower increases to ott an trasond intensit etween 000 and )000 CD2

ter reo+a ro the sotionamp the dehdrated saes ro each gro shod e

drained and otted with asorent aer to reo+e the ecess sotion To cacate water

12


oss dring the trasonic-assisted osotic dehdration the oistre content o the rit has to





70QBri and (0Q

The water oss oser+ed when sing trasond-assisted osotic dehdration was sight

ower at ()QBriamp t was )0L ower when a 70QBri osotic sotion was sed The ower

water oss oser+ed at 70QBri was inenced the higher incororation o sgar

the rit which has decreased signiicant the concentration gradient etween the

osotic sotion and the rit

ccording to Fito 199 and Shi and Fito 199 when the osotic dehdration is

carried ot nder +ac the gas that occies the ores o rits and +egetaes is reo+ed the aication o ow ressre This redction in ressre cases the eansion and

escae o the gas occded in the ores Chen ressre is restoredamp the ores can e occied

the osotic sotion increasing the soe soids content o the sae The ca+itations

ro+oed the aication o trasond a aso case the eansion and escae o the gas

occded in the ores which ater on are occied with the osotic sotion In additionamp the

icro-channes ored dring trasond aication a aso aciitate the ass transer o

soe soids into the sae

Stdies on trasond-assisted osotic dehdration o aes +ar Joden carried ot

Siaamp Beneditoamp SHnche3 and Rosse 1998 showed that sgar gain was not deendent on

teeratre whie water oss was The high orosit o aes a+ored the incororation o

sgars when trasond was aied and ater (0 intes the sgar gain was 1)L tae 6amp

which was ch higher than the sgar gain oser+ed or osotic dehdration withot

aication o trasond 88L at 0Q and 128L at 60Q The se o trasond ecae an

ad+antage or water oss on ater 1 hor o aication when the water oss oser+ed

or trasond-assisted osotic dehdration was 87L higher than the water oss

oser+ed or traditiona osotic dehdration tae 6

T(e Sr iamp ampd wer (oss )or (es sied o osoi$ deydrioamp ampd

(rsoampd-ssised osoi$ deydrioamp siamp amp osoi$ so(ioamp o) 6ltBri= 3Si(0Beampedio0 Sgtamp$e8 ampd Rosse((0 15

gterating condition Sgar Jain L Cater oss L

+ltrasoun-assiste osmotic ehyration

10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126


ode(iamp o) e ss Tramps)er Peampoeamp

Three atheatica odes or osotic dehdration re-treatent are resented in

the iteratre and can e sed to ode trasond-assisted osotic dehdration Ficianamp

eegs and =ass transer ode

The Fician ode Fito and hiratamp 1997 asses that the ain ass transer



echanis dring osotic dehdration is disiona in natre and sae deoration and

shrinage dring dring can e considered negigie The disiona water and sote

coeicients are considered eecti+e araetersamp as a rest o a the transort

henoena that cod tae ace dring the rocess The ode asses that the disi+it

coeicients are eecti+e araetersamp constant and nioramp and aso asses an isotroic

eha+ior o the soid with regard to water and sote dision s sch the ass transorts

can e descried

Fics aw in an nstead state ass aanceThe Fician ode can e so+ed anatica assing that the sae +oe reains

constant throghot the rocess and that the initia soe soids content o the saes is

aso negigie For a araeeiedic shae sae

lt minus lt8 infin 1 ⎡2 (

2sdot

sdot t ⎤ e = sdot sum sdot eminus (2 sdot + 1) sdot

w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥

minus 8 infin 1 ⎡2 (

2sdot

sdot t ⎤ e = sdot sum sdot e

minus (2 sdot + 1) sdot s

90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥

whereamp is the soe soids concentration gD( 0 is the initia soe

soids concentration gD( e is the eAiiri soe soids concentration gD

(

S

is the eecti+e disi+it o the soids 2Ds

Cis the eecti+e water disi+it

2Ds lt is the

oistre content o the saeamp lt0 is the initia oistre content lte is the eAiiri

oistre content is the height o the sae and t is the tie s

eegs ode 1988 is sed to descrie the osotic dehdration cr+es in soe

ished aers 3oe and =rramp 200 E-oaramp 3oeamp and =rramp 200( ar et aamp

2002 eegs eAation resents a satisactor itting or water oss This two araeter

ode descries ost o the ished cr+es which aroach eAiiri astotica

aoamp oe3-=aoamp rgai3amp and Cetiamp 199(

= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10

whereamp = is the water or soids aont at instant t g =0 is the initia water or soids

aont g 1 and 2 are the eegs araeters and t is the tie s

The =ass transer ode taes into accont the ass transer etween the rit or

+egetae and the iAid edi distied water or osotic sotion The ass aance or

the sae rit or +egetae incdes the ass transer o water ro the sae to

the


osotic sotion and the ass transer o sgar andDor sat ro the osotic sotion to the

sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR

whereamp FR is the sae sericia area 2amp FR

Sis the soe soids concentration o the

rit gD(amp FR

Cis the water concentration o the rit gD

(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids

concentration o the osotic sotion gD(amp gtS

Cis the water concentration o the osotic

S 2 Csotion gD(amp is the ass transer coeicient o soe soids 1D samp is the

ass transer coeicient o water 1D2samp =FR

Sis the ass o soe soid o the rit gamp

=FR C is the ass o water o the rit gamp and FR is the +oe o the rit (ring the dehdration rocess the sae a shrin and this henoenon has to e

considered the atheatica ode to increase the accrac o the ass transer

coeicients In the odeamp the shrinage eect is set to e roortiona to the water

ass change in the saeamp according to eAation 6 The sae sericia area is

assed to decrease at a roortiona rate oowing the decrease in +oe o the sae

dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt

whereamp lang is the shrinage actoramp and rangC

is the densit o water gD(

The ass aance or the iAid edi incdes the gain o water that is reo+ed ro

the sae and the oss o sgar to the sae s the ateria aances are ased on ass



aancesamp the aont o water ea+ing the sae is eAa to the aont o water entering the

iAid edi The oosite occrs with the ass aance o sgaramp where the

aont o soids entering the sae is eAa to the aont o soids ea+ing the iAid

edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS

is the ass o soe soid o the osotic sotion gamp =gtSC

is the ass

o water o the osotic sotion gamp and gtS is the +oe o the osotic sotion (

128


To estiate the ass transer coeicients o the trasond-assisted osotic dehdration

eerienta data shod e gathered and sed with a araeter estiation rocedre ased

on the inii3ation o the error s o sAares The ode is so+ed nerica integration

sing the Rnge-tta ethod or siiar integration techniAe

The ass transer coeicients otained or the eerients carried ot with ineaes

are resented in tae 7 Ecet or the treatent carried ot with distied water as the iAid

ediamp the =ass transer ode reresents +er we the data oints as shown in igre 11

and throgh the regression errors The F-+aes cacated or a eerients were ao+e the

isted F-+aes coniring the +aidit o this ode within a 9)L e+e o conidence

T(e ss ramps)er $oe))i$ieamps )or e (rsoampd-ssisedosoi$ deydrioamp o) iampe(es

iAid edi =ass Transer

oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(

isted F-test 18) or 9)L e+e o conidence



Figre 11 Norai3ed water and sgar content or ineaes sitted to trasond re-treatent at (0Q

The ass transer coeicient o water or ineaes resented an aost

inear reationshi with the concentration o scrose in the iAid edi going ro

12 h-1

-2

when distied water was sed to 800 h-1

-2

when an osotic sotion o

70QBri was


eoedamp which was eected ased on the arger osotic ressre gradient etween

the rit and the osotic sotion The ass transer coeicient o scrose did not

show signiicant change when distied water and an osotic sotion o ()QBri was

eoedamp t increased 2) od when an osotic sotion o 70QBri was sed

Pro$ess Oii8ioamp

The dring rocess o rits and +egetaes corehends the trasonic-assisted osotic

dehdration rocess oowed air-dring Tota rocessing tie can e otii3ed in order to redce the dring rocess to a iniamp which can redce costs and increase the o+era

rodcti+it To otii3e the rocessamp the osotic dehdration shod e sed whie

the water oss rate o the sae is higher than the rate that wod e otained the air-

dring rocess Chen the water oss rate in the trasond-assisted osotic dehdration

ecoes ower than the rate that wod e otained in the air-dring rocessamp then the

sae shod

e transerred ro the osotic dehdration to the air-dring eAientamp where the sae

shod sta ti dring is coeted igre 12 The otii3ation can e carried ot ased on

the estiated araeters or the trasond-assisted osotic dehdration rocess and the air-

dring rocess



Figre 12 Istrati+e schee o the water reo+a rate in trasond-assisted osotic dehdration and air-

dring and the oti tie to change ro osotic dehdration to air-dring

Tae 8 shows the tota rocessing tie to achie+e a ina oistre content o 12) g o

waterDg o dr soids or ineaes sitted to trasond-assisted osotic dehdration In

this case the se o trasond-assisted osotic dehdration redced the tota dring tie In

this caseamp the high water oss oser+ed dring the re-treatent and the high ass o

dr soids redces the oistre content o the rit in dr soids asis and the ina

oistre content is ore raid achie+ed The owest tota dring tie or ineaes was

oser+ed1(0


when the re-treatent was carried ot dring 20 intes sing an osotic sotion o

70QBriamp condition which redced the tota dring tie in 21 intes and the air-dring tie

in 1 intes The rests or the trasond-assisted osotic dehdration showed that

the tota dring tie tend to increase with increasing sgar gain the rit

T(e To( ro$essiamp ie 3re-reeamp 4 ir-dryiamp5 )or iampe(es o $iee )iamp( oisre $oampeamp o) 127 wer dry so(ids

Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


10 intes o trasond ()QBri


(0 intes o trasond ()QBri

10 intes o trasond 70QBri


(0 intes o trasond 70QBri

7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

Tae 9 shows the tota rocessing tie to reo+e 80L o the initia water contento

ineaes redcing the oistre content o the rit 067 g o waterDg o resh rit The



se o trasond-assisted osotic dehdration showed not to e a +iae rocess to reo+e

arge Aantities o water ro the rit s resented in tae 9amp the trasond-

assisted osotic dehdration was not ae to redce the air-dring tie at an o the

conditions that were stdied thogh this re-treatent resents high water ossamp the

incororation o sgars into the rit increases the soid content o the rit ltigh ass o

dr soids redces the oistre content o the rit and the oistre content gradient Fics

aw s schamp i the oPecti+e o the dring rocess is to redce the initia water content in

80L as an eae it wi ha+e to reo+e oistre strong attached to the sgar incororated into the rit increasing the tie reAired or dring The rests or the

trasond-assisted osotic dehdration showed that the tota dring tie increased

with increasing sgar gain the rit

T(e To( ro$essiamp ie 3re-reeamp 4 ir-dryiamp5 )or iampe(es o reoe

6 o) e iampii( wer $oampeamp o) e )ri

Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in No re-treatent air-dring on







7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67

$trasond in Frit rocessing 1(1

CONCLUSIONS

The se o trasond in the ood indstr is increasing as we as the se o trasond in

rit rocessing $trasonic rocesses are sti nder de+eoent and ore stdies are

reAired to corehend the eects o trasond not on in the rit tisse t aso in

soe sensor characteristics sch as tetreamp adhesi+eness and other Recent stdies

ha+e shown a good otentia o trasonic treatents

For ost rits stdied the se o trasond re-treatent increased the water disi+it

o the rit eading to aster air-dring o the rit This henoenon a haen de to the

rocess o oration o icro-channes dring the aication o trasondamp henoenon that has to e rther stdied to nderstand how the icro-channes are ored

and how the ce erane and rit ce strctre change dring the rocess The

increase in water disi+it at the air-dring stage aes the se o trasond as a re-

treatent an interesting ethodoog coeentar to cassica air-dring

Frits re-treatent with trasonic wa+es resented in soe cases signiicant oss

o sgars and thereore the rocess can e aied to rodce dried ow sgar rit that can

e eoed in oodsts with redced caories

ACKNOLEDGEENTS

The athors than r =arisa Narciso Fernandes ro $ni+ersidade Federa de

SWo aros or aowing the se o the icrosco sste r =aria I3ae JaWo

ro $ni+ersidade Federa do earH or the he with the rearation o the ainas



R EFERENCES

gt 1990 icial methos o analysis Cashington ssociation o gticia natica

heists

hedamp F I amp and Rsseamp 197) Snergis etween trasonic wa+es and hdrogen

eroide in the iing o icro-organiss Journal o Applie Bacteriolo$yamp amp (1-0ingeramp lt 197) $trasonic disrtion American Laoratoryamp amp 7)-8)

eamp R E 1981 $trasonics In Edonds Ed =ethods o eerienta hsics

New Xor cadeic ressamp o 19amp ()6411

3oeamp =amp and =rramp F E O 200 =ass transer inetics o osotic dehdration o

cherr toato Journal o oo 0n$ineerin$ amp 1amp 291429)

Barantiamp amp =astrocoaamp amp and Se+erineamp 199 ring o s coarison aong

twe+e cti+ars Sciences es Alimentsamp 2amp 61-7(

Bocheramp R =amp and echowichamp R 1979 $trasonics too to iro+e iocida

eicac o steriants or disinectants in hosita and denta ractice Canaian Journal

o Pharmacolo$ical Scienceamp 2amp 1-12Bstaadamp gt = 1999 Ceight oss dring ree3ing and the storage o ro3en eat Journal

o oo 0n$ineerin$ amp 2amp 1411




1 INTRODUCTION

The se o trasond within the ood indstr has een growing or an ears $ to

ew ears ago ost aications o trasond in the ood indstr were reated to

non- in+asi+e onitoring o the rocess or ood Aait In recent earsamp an

aications o trasonic energ ha+e een in+estigated concerning the se o trasond

to direct aect the rocess or rodct

irtaamp ower trasond is sccess eoed to cheica indstramp oer

indstramp astic wedingamp etc ower trasond can rodce cheicaamp echanica or

hsica eects on the rocesses or rodcts where it is aied =asonamp 1998

Taing ad+antage o one o the eects or their coinationamp ower trasond has

een sed to iro+e ceaning o sraceamp catase cheica reactionamp enhance dring

and itrationamp and acceerate the etraction o searation rocess thogh the

eneits ro the se o trasond in the ood indstr ha+e attracted ore and ore

attention in recent earsamp aication o trasond to direct iro+e rocesses and rodcts is ess oar in ood anactring than in other indstries

The sond ranges eoed in the ood indstr can e di+ided into high and

ow reAenc ltigh reAenc trasond in the =lt3 range has ow energ and is sed

ain in onitoring ood Aait ow reAenc trasond in the lt3 range has high

energ and can

e sed in ood rocessingamp and is oten caed ow reAenc ower trasond ltigh

intensit trasond ses ower in the range o 10-1000 CDc2

and can case

hsica disrtion o the ateria to which it is aied =asonamp 1998

Chen ow reAenc ower trasond is eoedamp the trasonic wa+es tra+e throgh

the soid edi casing a raid series o aternati+e coressions and eansionsamp in

a siiar wa to a songe when it is sAee3ed and reeased reeated songe eect

Fente- Banco et aamp 2006 In iAid edi the sonication cases ca+itation which

consists in the oration o es in the iAidamp which can eosi+e coase and

generate ocai3ed ressre Can et aamp 1992 Sia et aamp 1998 The rate o

ca+itation or aternate coressions and eansions deends on the trasond

reAenc Etree hsica henoena 1000 and )00=a at icro-scae tae

ace when the es coase

Ssicamp 1988 The stae ca+itating es interact with the acostic ied

generating strong icro-streaing and high shear a+itation stdies ha+e een restricted tothe areas o heat transortamp iAid tensie strengthamp and serheating and oiing henoena

eamp 1981 Rooneamp 1981

The aication o ower trasond in ood en3e inacti+ation has een eored in

recent ears and was reorted Ra+ianamp 5hang and Feng 200) as a too or inacti+ation o

toato ectinethestearase $trasonication in coination with other treatents is ore

eecti+e in enhancing the inacti+ation eicac gtrdoGe3amp San3amp lternHnde3amp and e3-

oren3o198 eored the eect o coining heat with ower trasond

therosonication and ond that the icroia inacti+ation o therosonication was greater

than the s o the inacti+ating eects o heat and trasond when acting indeendent e

Jennaroamp aa+eaamp Roanoamp and =asi 1999 aso sed therosonication as a eans

or eroidase inacti+ation The concet o coination treatent has een rther eored

introdcing ee+ated static ressre in an trasond treatent chaer in a rocess

caed anotherosonication =anotherosonication has een sed to deacti+ate

iogenase













o



negigie whie D-+aes
























aications











106












staed the de+eoent








































ower























serosition o ces









ndated was

108










neede shaed igre 2B





























eecti+e

water disi+it























































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists
























o



negigie whie D-+aes
























aications











106












staed the de+eoent








































ower























serosition o ces









ndated was

108










neede shaed igre 2B





























eecti+e

water disi+it























































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists
























staed the de+eoent








































ower























serosition o ces









ndated was

108










neede shaed igre 2B





























eecti+e

water disi+it























































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists















ower























serosition o ces









ndated was

108










neede shaed igre 2B





























eecti+e

water disi+it























































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists





















neede shaed igre 2B





























eecti+e

water disi+it























































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists































eecti+e

water disi+it























































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists





















































+egetaes are sed in

112





etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists
















etend their she-ie









Air-Dryiamp





ass transer eriod






1dt 991522

2 eA
















()







1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists



















1998

Prerioamp o) S(es


sices




reractoetr












and 100










and ineaes








11




SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists















SS = SS0 minus S

2



Air-Dryiamp



















the oowing eAations

CRL = w i minus

w sdot 100

w i


sdot 100w i

(


SJL = s i si

sdot 100

FR FR =



w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists















w i

)




ass g




to






sae












intes tae 1






















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists




















intes






116




Banana (Musa spp)




- 110L U 22

- 121L U 02

- 21(L U 12

- 1L U 09

- 111L U 0)

- 72L U 09





- 211 U 01(

- 7 U 20

- )22 U 10

V 1( U 02

V 08 U 06

V )) U 2(





- 1)(L U 22

- 1)8L U (9

- 189L U 18

V (2L U 06

V 21L U 06

V (1L U 08





- 16L U 02

- 16L U 0(

- (8L U 02

- 7L U 08

- ((L U 0

- 66L U 0(





- 67L U 16

- 2L U 0(

- 1)L U 0)

- (0L U 07

- 8L U 1(

- )7L U 1(





- 122L U 28

- 166L U (6

- 82L U 09

- 112L U 29

- 9)L U 12

- 19L U 1















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists






















118

















iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists




























iAid edi






















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists


















2Ds

Regression R 2

Banana (Musa spp)

Fresh rit




128 10-9

108 10-9

17 10-9

11 10-9

098

099

099

097





)00 10-9

6)0 10-9

62 10-9

697 10-9

099)

0989

0996

0998


Fresh rit




9710-10

9210-10

)0010-10

8910-10

0999

0999

0999

099


Fresh rit



7(110-9

70910

-9

7(10-9

71210-9

0998

0997099

099)


Fresh rit




)9010-9

)6610-9

)7210-9

)7610-9

0997

099)

0996

0996


Fresh rit



1110-8

1910-8

1)610-8

0999

0997

099




2s

-1 The oser+ed




2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists















2s


-9

2s

-1



o icro-channes




2s

-1 re-treating the


-9

2s

-1 Both


2s



than the

















minus8

7


treatent in









$ $













Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists

























Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in





8(980(

7)(

791

---10

20

(0

8(979(

7((

761






81

6(6

6)

61

---

10

20

(0

81

626

6(

)8





7(

7()1(

))0

---

1020

(0

7(

6(9(

)20

Oii8ioamp







122
















the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists



























the iAid edi



Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in


78 22 726


61 (0 )8






acts as a










ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists




















ease oistre reo+a

Prerioamp o) S(es



Osoi$ So(ioamp








+igoros stirring

o the osotic sotion


















12







70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists

















70QBri and (0Q



























10 intes 0Q

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

10 intes 60Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

89

1)

19(

89

1)

19(

192

270

(61

229

(

6(

smotic ehyration

(0 intes 0Q

60 intes 0Q

(0 intes 60Q

60 intes 60Q

88

107

128

160

296

((2

(60

00

ased on eAation 6

126















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists





















can e descried





2sdot


w

8 lt 0 minus lt e 2

=0 (2 sdot + 1)2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥


2sdot



90 minus e

2=0 (2 sdot + 1)

2

⎣

sdot 2

⎥



(

S



2Ds lt is the








= = =0

t

1 + 2 sdot t

plusmn

⎢

⎦

⎢

⎦



10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists















10






the



sae

d= C

FR = minus C

sdot

sdot ( C

minus C

)sdot 11

dt FR FR

gtS FR

d=S

FR= minus

S sdot

sdot (S

minus S

)sdot

12dt

FR FR

gtS FR



rit gD(amp FR


(amp gtS

Sis the soe soids











dB langd=

C FR

= sdot

FR

1( dt rangC dt










edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists


















edi

d= C

d= C gtS

= minus FR

1dt dt

d= S

d= S gtS

= minus FR

1)dt dt

dB 1d=

C

gtS

= sdot

FR

16dt rang C dt

whereamp =gtSS


is the ass


128













oeicient or

Cater

1Dh2

=ass Transer

oeicient or

Soids

1Dh2

R 2

F-

test

istied water

Scrose sotion

()QBri

Scrose sotion

70QBri

128

()6

82

870

86

2106

07)2

0991

099)

26

1066

96(







12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists


















12 h-1

-2


-2


70QBri was






Pro$ess Oii8ioamp







sae shod




dring rocess











oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists























oser+ed1(0







Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie

in








7(

62

8(

89

))

)2

6(

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)2

6(

)9

)

(2

((

















Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists



























Tota

Tie

in

re-treatent

Tie

in

ir-ring

Tie








7(

)77

)88

68)

)9)

6))

677

---

10

20

(0

10

20

(0

7(

)67

)68

6))

)8)

6()

67


CONCLUSIONS















ACKNOLEDGEENTS






R EFERENCES


heists















R EFERENCES


heists













Ultra Sound game

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Transcript of Ultra Sound game