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HIstory 2100 Medieval Europe Jan 12, 2010 Greek Contributions to the arts - originated the basic ideas of comedy and tragedy Greek Philosophy - Plato (427-347) the world of ideas - believed that the material world of the senses was like seeing shadows on the walls of a cave. we must be able to understand the world with our mind not just our senses. these ideas of the world don’t change and are constant. For Plato the Physical world isn’t the best place to find knowledge but rather the world of ideas is a place of true knowledge and is constant. This is a very rational world. Mind/body dualism - Humans are an amalgamation of Minds and Bodies and the mind is the more important part b/c it will survive the death of the body and go to the world of ideas. the Neoplatonists - “New Plato’s” arrive in the 3rd century CE and their works were the closest many people in the MA ever got to Plato. Western Science, political ideology and philosophy, architecture, drama, and many other aspects of western european culture have their roots in the ancient Greek culture. together Plato and Aristotle are important b/c they took a stance against the moral relativism of their day. They believed that it was possible to arrive at fundamental truths that would never change. Truth was certain and knowable and unchangeable. many people in the Middle ages had a similar belief as Plato. they believed that there were two different worlds, the world of the body and the spiritual world that is immediately present to them and more important than the physical world. Plato himself wasn’t very common or well known in the middle ages. people didn’t know Plato second hand through the

Transcript of ulsu.ca 2100.docx · Web viewHIstory 2100 Medieval Europe. Jan 12, 2010. Greek Contributions to the...

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HIstory 2100 Medieval Europe

Jan 12, 2010

Greek Contributions to the arts - originated the basic ideas of comedy and tragedyGreek Philosophy -

Plato (427-347)the world of ideas - believed that the material world of the senses

was like seeing shadows on the walls of a cave. we must be able to understand the world with our mind not just our senses. these ideas of the world don’t change and are constant. For Plato the Physical world isn’t the best place to find knowledge but rather the world of ideas is a place of true knowledge and is constant. This is a very rational world.

Mind/body dualism - Humans are an amalgamation of Minds and Bodies and the mind is the more important part b/c it will survive the death of the body and go to the world of ideas.

the Neoplatonists - “New Plato’s” arrive in the 3rd century CE and their works were the closest many people in the MA ever got to Plato. Western Science, political ideology and philosophy, architecture, drama, and many other aspects of western european culture have their roots in the ancient Greek culture. together Plato and Aristotle are important b/c they took a stance against the moral relativism of their day. They believed that it was possible to arrive at fundamental truths that would never change. Truth was certain and knowable and unchangeable. many people in the Middle ages had a similar belief as Plato. they believed that there were two different worlds, the world of the body and the spiritual world that is immediately present to them and more important than the physical world. Plato himself wasn’t very common or well known in the middle ages. people didn’t know Plato second hand through the Neoplatonists.

Aristotle - His approach to finding truth was much different than Plato’s. for him the physical world wasn’t a shadow of reality as it was for Plato but very real and a place were absolute truth could be found. Aristotle used Empirical evidence where Plato had used rational evidence.

Science - he is the father of western science astronomy, physics, biology. He designed the basic vocabulary of western science and the naming system in biology

Logic - he literally wrote the book about basic logic “something cannot be and not be at the same time”

Ethics - Aristotle believed that ethical virtue was a middle ground b/w two extremes. one of his most famous sayings is “Man is a political animal” for Aristotle it is a natural event for people to get together and form political units Like Plato Aristotle was not directly known in the MA it wasn’t until the late 13th C

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that his ideas were “re-discovered”

Another important school of Philosophy originating out of Greece was Stoicism. Stoics believed that it was their duty to live in harmony with the universe and fulfill their role. they believed that emotions showed that you were not living in harmony with the universe. If you were a emperor be the best emperor you could be and if you were a slave be the best slave you could be, and accept what happens to you. They also believed that every human had a spark of the divine w/i them

Roman AchievementsAdministration and Gov’t - had a massive yet efficient gov’t that could effectively rule a large empireLaw - Roman laws were the same for everyone all across the empire and it helped bind together the empire. Latin Language - the language of the romans was fundamentally important for the empire and for the MA. the Latin language remained the language of the educated throughout the MA and even past the MA in western europe. Architecture - also fundamentally important for medieval society. the romans developed on top of the ideas and designs of the Greeks. The Roman Arch made it possible to build bigger and more structurally sound buildings. Roman styles of building were used late into the MA Idea of Empire - creating an idea of a politically united region that covered western Europe. the idea of an emperor with the right to rule europe goes back to the original Roman Empire.

The Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireProblems with the “decline and fall” metaphor - it gives is a sense that roman society was degenerate and collapsed from within which may or may not have been true. Also when people talk about the fall of the Roman empire they are talking about the Western Roman Empire b/c the Eastern Roman Empire doesn’t fall until 1453. Historians started calling the eastern roman empire the Byzantine Empire from about 500 BC on.

Rome fell b/cEmpire was over extendedunable to maintain its boarders against barbarian invaders Theodocian Code - laws were passed that restricted people mobility

both professionally and physically. if you were a bread maker or a farmer you had to remain bread maker or a farmer for the rest of your life and thats what your children must do to. they did this b/c there were not enough people making the basic goods to sustain the empire. The empire was also desperately short of money. It got so bad that taxes had to be payed in kind rather than in money.

poor leadership - the Romans were never that good at figuring out how to choose new leaders. this led to coups, assassinations, and Civil Wars. These political problems sapped the strength of the empire.

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restrictive taxes that are incredibly high and there is to much corruption. So high are the taxes and so great the corruption that Romans themselves actually flee to the barbarians to get away from these things.

The moral destruction of Rome

there was a partial restoration of the Roman Empire in the 4th C. Two powerful and important emperors Diocletian and Constantine were the leaders of this restorations

Diocletian - he believed that the Roman Empire had simply become to large so he split the Empire into two halves - the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. That split would come to represent the division of Latin and Greek as common speech. He stabilizes the boarders of Rome

Constantine - reunited the Roman Empire but he also protected it as he was a great General. He rebuilds the City Byzantium and renames it Constantinople.

the works of Diocletian and Constantine allow the empire to survive another 100 years. by 476 the Western Roman Empire is dead. Rome itself sacked multiple times and Barbarians stop even bothering to set themselves up as the Roman emperors anymore. B/c of Greece and Rome’s great history many people in the MA sam themselves as dwarves compared to the ancients.

Jan 14, 2010Christianity

Christianity was different from the previous religions that existed in many ways

monotheistic vs polytheisticthere was no moral code with greco/roman godsthere was no salvation with greco/roman gods

many Romans wanted a personal relationship with gods in the late imperial roman period. this lead to the rise of mystery cultsmystery cults were secretive and only open to those invited by those already in the cult. the often spoke of salvation and saviour figures. Mystery cults are close to Christianity. Mystery cults tended to be polytheistic. thus religion in the late roman empire was very diverse. there was also a religious philosophy that was changing in the upper classes, religious philosophers began to talk about god in the singular.

Jesus and the Early ChurchJesus was a jew and his teaching a preaching emerged out of the Jewish traditions. Jesus said that the Messiah was going to bring about the end of the world and a day of judgement in which the world have to answer for their sins. Jesus was in opposition to many Roman ideas and beliefs. He was a monotheist and wouldn’t pay lip service to roman gods and said that they weren’t gods at all.

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he spread trouble saying that the world was soon coming to an end. After Jesus' death the religion survived and slowly began to spread. gradually organization’s begin to emerge. eventually Christianity spread all over the roman empire. with the growth of the church leaders are required for small services and to coordinate the activities of all the christian communities in a city. this leads to the positions of priest, Bishop, Archbishop, Cardinal and finally the Pope as the penultimate leader. the authority of the pope emerges very gradually and slowly and is originally the Bishop of Rome. The Pope’s claim to the senior figure in the church is called the Petrine Doctrine - the idea that the Bishop of Rome is a senior authority figure over all the church because of Jesus’ telling the disciples that Peter is the head of the Church and on him he will build the Christian Church.

The Christian Apologists - the first group of people who attempt to explain the Christian faith and doctrine to non christians and tried to convert them from the 2nd C on there was a dialogue b/w Christian revelation and classical philosophy. Christians wanted to reconcile their beliefs with the ideas of the classical greco/roman philosophies. the central philosophical question was how to reconcile the bible with Aristotle and Plato. in the 4th and 5th C the Church Fathers emerge who helped establish the church and established its fundamentals doctrine and theology

St, Jerome 345-420CE - he compiled the official bible that would be used throughout the MA. it is known as the Vulgate Bible (old and new testament together) The Vulgate bible was written in Latin, previous editions were written in Greek so the Vulgate Bible translates the bible into the common language.

St. Augustine 354-430 - probably the most important Church Father in the western Church. He converted to Christianity late in life and he understood how greco/roman philosophers thought b/c he had read and knew the greco/roman philosophies. He develops some of the basic of the Church such as

Original Sin - the sin that we all have as part of our nature passed down to us fr/ Adam and Eve eating the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden

Grace - since we are all sinners we all need God’s help to be saved.Violence as an act of Love - the old testament was very militaristic

and the new testament was pacifistic. He argues that violence for a Christian can be justified if it is an act of love.

The Conversion of Constantine before the 3rd C CE Christianity had been a persecuted religion it was under Constantine that it stopped being persecuted and rose to become the official church of the Roman Empirethe Battle of Milvian Bridge 312 CE - the account of a battle that leads to Constantine’s conversion. on the eve of his large battle in the West he has a dream in which he sees the Chi Rho symbol and he has his troops put that symbol on their shields and defeats his enemy and goes on to become

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the emperor of Rome. This leads him to convert to Christianitywith Constantine’s conversion Christianity goes from a small persecuted sect to a legal religionthe Edict of Milan - Constantine and the Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire decide that Christianity (and all other religions) would profit the Empire aka. Christianity is accepted. Persecution ended and Christianity joins the other religions of the Roman Empire. The Edict doesn’t make Christianity the sole religion of Rome it just makes it Legal. now Christians are free to worship and evangelize of course it helps that the Emperor is a Christian which leads to a period of rapid spread of Christianity. Over the next 70 years Christianity grows and by 385 becomes the sole religion of the Roman Empire. in 100 years from 300 to 400 Christianity goes from 10% and an illegal persecuted sect to the only religion of the empire.

The Relationship b/w the Church and Statewith the emergence of the dominance of the Christian Church there starts to be struggles b/w the Church and the State. the Church is acquiring land and gathering taxes and growing in powerin the 4th and 5th C the Emperor still has far more power and is able to control Christianity. It is during this time the Council of Nicea is called in 325 CE the Council is the supreme authority of the church at that time and they are called together to decide issues of theology and church doctrine. The Pope is given a place of honor but is only just equal to the other leading BishopsPope Gelasius I - he explains what he believes is the proper relationship b/w Pope and Emperor. He believes there are two powers in the world, Religion and Political, and that the Church and Religion is more important than political and secular power. In the minds of the bishops religion is more important than the state because the sole will live on after a person dies. the central political challenge of the MA is reconciling the power of the Church with that of the State.

Christianity wasn’t monolithic and unchanging. with the emergence of the Church’s power so grows the power of it’s office’s. Christianity sowed the seeds of a more unified western Civilization. it is the Glue that holds together western civilization during the MA

Jan 19, 2010

The Barbarians - Were considered barbarians b/c they didn’t live in cities, they didn’t write down their histories, and they weren’t greco/roman

Germanic Society - it is germanic customs and cultures that go on to become the norm during the MA. Interior tribes didn’t mint coins or even use money they traded in goods and

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services. The idea of a Grand Jury to find evidence and a trial jury to decide guilt is a Germanic tradition.In Germanic society chieftains were chosen by birth but war leaders were chosen by merit. Germanic society was more loosely organized and citizens had more personal freedom than their roman counterparts.

Germanic kingship - had little actual control over german citizens. A german King rules only his tribe and when important choices had to be made for the tribe the King or priest spoke first only b/c of his power to persuade not b/c of his power to make the decision. Couldn’t simply pass a law (can’t write) as laws were the customs of the tribe.

Importance of personal bonds - personal relationships b/w individuals is the glue that held Germanic society together

-- Kinship - probably the most important bond in germanic society. people were identified by both their mother and their fathers side of the family. Kin is the social safety net- there are no police, EI, pension or anything like that so they are the first people you look to for support. Extended family members were even held responsible for your debts. Bonds of Blood

-- Lordship - this is a bond that emerges b/w the military leader and his followers. Important people were important b/c they had a group of warriors supporting them. Soldiers protects his leader in war and in peace and does what the leader asks of him. the leader ideally gives his soldiers victory and allows them to rise in society. it is this bond of lordship is the origin of Feudalism.

Personal freedom - the right to use and bear arms was one of the personal freedoms and in fact personal arms were the symbol of a free man. Romans had a professional army and only the soldiers of that army could use arms while germanic society is a warrior society were every free man carried his weapons with him. Germanic society allowed blood feuds. Usually it was an obligation of the kin that could spiral out of control and last for generations so another system was created for vengeance.

this system was called the wergild. the payment of money in place of a blood feud.

people could be brought before a tribal council and charge them with an accusation of some wrong that they have done against you. it was up to the assembly of the tribe to decide what to do. the tribal council could force him to pay the wergild or swear an oath of innocence or make the accused go through an ordeal which was an appeal to divine judgementthere was a special belief that the local tribe could settle these issues on their own, mainly b/c there was no distant power to solve the problems.

Germanic languages - English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, German, and Dutch are all languages that can trace their roots back to the germanic languages

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Germans believed that women could speak their minds politically. the running of the household and the fields was left to women as well. slaves often didn’t live in the house of their owner but rather worked in their own home and had to pay in kind to their masters - give them grain, cattle, beer or whatever it is they produce. this system was a precursor to medieval serfdom. it was Germanic culture that introduced pants into western civilization.

The Barbarian InvasionsThe Federati - the name that the Roman empire gives the barbarian tribes that originally allied themselves with Rome. the Visigoth Migration - the fist visigoth migration happened in 376 and it was the first time that a whole tribe moved into the Roman empire. the Visigoths themselves were being pushed into the empire by the Huns. The Visigoth’s appeal to the Roman’s for help, to be allowed into the empire for protection. they agreed to fight in the Roman army. the romans are allowed in and settled in the balkans to defend that region of the boarder against the Huns and other barbarians. After 2 years of subjugation by roman tax collectors and cheating business men they rise up and rampage against the Romans

Battle of Adrianople, 378 - the Visigoths defeat the Roman army and Emperor Valance himself is killed in the battle. this marks the start of the crumbling of Rome’s boarders as it is no longer to defend them.- in 410 the Visigoths sack RomeFifth C invasions - most barbarian tribes were small and disappeared after the death of their Kings or defeat in battle but some tribes set up kingdoms that have lasted to this day

Anglo-Saxons migrated from Germany to Britain and formed the Kingdom that went on to become England.

Franks migrated at the same time as the Anglo-Saxons. they moved from the western side of the Rhine river into northern gaul and set up a kingdom that is now France. the Dynasty that leads the Franks early on is called the Merovingians. the turning point is when their leader Clovis converts to Christianity

Lombards - settled in Norther Italy and create the Kingdom the Lombardi.

the fall of the western empire allows germanic tribes to sweep into the area and germanic ideals and cultures become prevalent. most Germanic kings didn’t want to destroy the empire, they wanted to come in and enjoy the comforts of the empire. unfortunately they did end up destroying it. They set up their own kingdoms and these kingdoms became the kernels of the nations that would last throughout the MA.

Jan 21, 2010The Spread of Christianity to 1050

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Monasteries - played an important role in the spread of Christianity across europe. They also preserved many of the ancient and and early MA texts. they were centers of learning.when historians talk of a nations converting to Christianity they are often talking about just the King of the ruler and the aristocracy. everyday people were often well behind of the rulers.for many of the average people in Europe Christianity was but one religion in the many.

Justinian, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, sends out his troops to re-conquest the Western Roman Empire. he managed to retake the city of Rome but was unable to reunite the two empires. shortly after his death the eastern empire shrunk back to its original sizeItaly and the Papacy

The Lombard Invasion 568- the last of the great migrations of barbarians are the Lombards. they set up in northern part of Italy (Milan, Turin etc.) Italy is divided b/w different tribes and Italy would remain fragmented for another 1200 years.

Gregory the Great - founder of the Medieval Papacy. it was under his direction that the office of the Pope became very powerful not only religiously but politically. they became powerful almost by default as Italy was divided. The arrival of the barbarian kingdoms to the doors of the papacy was a problem because they are Arian Christians who the papacy view as Heretics.

In the vacuum of political power in Rome the Pope’s start to take care of the city . They begin to take on political power and begin to Rule Rome. It was Gregory that set in motion the taking on of political power by the Pope. Gregory started the first Papal State.

The Donation of Constantine - a document that claimed that Constantine gives political power to the Pope over the Western Roman Empire. the document itself was a forgery but this wasn’t discovered until the late 15th C. this document gave the Papacy the political Legitimacy in the MA

Gregory wrote to the bishops to explain the Petrine Document and told them that the Pope was the leader of the Christian world. He is eventually able to enforce this fact and unites the Christian world. Gregory stressed that a Bishops job was to take care of his flock.

Britain

Christianity in Britain we can witness the birth of a vibrant and flourishing form of Christianity in a place on the boarders of the Roman empire. The Venerable Bede is a Irish historian who gives us an account of the Anglo-Saxon’s conversion to Christianity.

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Christianity came to modern day England with the Romans and they converted many people. Christians pulled out of England with the Romans and the island reverted to the pagan religions that had existed before. Ireland was converted by Christian missionaries like St. Patrick. Ireland had never had Roman rule and so the Christianity that emerges in Ireland has its own characteristics. The Irish learned latin as a foreign language. Ireland became a great center of scholarly learning and the printing of manuscripts. it was the monasteries that were the centers of Christianity in Ireland.

It was the Irish that brought the ideas of Penance and Confession to the Roman Catholic Church. In the early Christian church very few people privately confessed sins. It was the Irish that came up with the system of frequent personal and private confession and penance. It’s the Irish monks that come to England and re-convert the island to Christianity.

St. Columbus came from Ireland and established a Monastery at Iona and from that monastery Christianity spread through Scotland. late 6th CRoman Monks begin to come back to Britain sent by Gregory, they land in the south of england and spread north towards the Irish Christianity.the Irish and Roman systems of Christianity had a showdown at the Synod of Whitby in 664. in the end the Roman side wins out and all of Britain becomes, at least officially, roman catholic.

FranceIn Frankia (france) christianity had come with the roman empire and the barbarians who moved into the area converted to Christianity so that Christianity never left the area. the problem was not to convert but to order and re-invigorate the Frankish church

Irish and English missionaries went to France and St Columbanus is probably one of the most important. These missionaries founded many Monasteries that would go onto become some of the most powerful in Europe.

GermanyLIke Ireland, Germany was new to Christianity as the romans had never brought it thereSt. Boniface was an anglo-saxon Monk who came and converted the Germans. He worked with the Papacy and was sent beyond the Rhine river and organized the church in germany. by the time of his death Germany had largely been converted and the church was spreading rapidly through Germany. was often called the Apostle of the Germans

Spainduring the roman empire was largely Christian but the Visigoths moved in and set up their own Kingdom and then they converted to Roman Catholicism. Islam arrived in Spain in the early 8th C. started by the prophet Mohammed in the boarder lands of the two great empires the Romans and the Persians. Mohammed pushed for the conversion of people to Islam and the rejection of

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multiple gods. he was a very successful military and religious leader and his religion and subsequent empire spread rapidly. Islam arrived in Spain in 711 and quickly destroyed the Visigoth Kingdom. With the destruction of the Visigoth Kingdom, Christianity... was allowed to continue to be practiced. the Christian’s lived under Muslim rule, they couldn’t build new churches or temples and they had to pay an extra tax. Islam believed in the Old Testament and referred to Christians and Jews “People of the book” the big difference was the muslim rejection of the triune nature of God.

the Conversion of the Peoplethe Church in the cities - Christianity first spread in the cities and early on was known as an urban religion. the organization of the church focused on and favoured cities. the church took on the form of the roman administration.

Roman civitates and the pagans - cities were the centers of government and the church copied this and created a system of governance that closely mimicked the civil authorities.

The Pope was in Charge of the entire Christian WorldArchbishop was in charge of Provinces (large junks of kingdoms)Bishops was in charge of a Diocese (one big city)Priest in Charge of a Parish (a part of the diocese)

the church in the countrysidethe destruction of pagan religiondevelopment of the parish systemMonasticismSaints and relics - saints were christian super heros and their physical

remains were believed the maintain their spiritual powers. Cathedrals and Churches to pray to the relics.

Migrations of Christian missionaries were wildly successful and by 1050 Christianity was clearly the dominant religion in Europe. the Christian word was big with wide boundaries.the seeds of modern problems can sometimes be traced back to the conversion of Europe. Christianity and kingdoms often grow hand in hand in europe during this time. christianity was often the glue that held Medieval Europe together. western society begins to take shape in the christian form.

Jan 26, 2010

Clovis - first King to unit the Franks. his original family lands come from both sides of the Rhine river but under Clovis the north of France, the southwest of France and then went on to put together an empire that is

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basically all of western europe minus Italy, Spain and the north of Germany. Clovis founded the Merovingian dynasty but the Merovingian Gaul Empire seemed to be on a roller coaster of expansion and breaking up. the problem was that there really wasn’t a gov’t. it was just a really large barbarian kingdom not a self governing empire. the strength of the empire relied on the strength of the King. another problem the merovingians had was Gavelkind - if a King had multiple sons, the kingdom was split up equally b/w all the male heirs.

these problems with the Merovingians led to the eventual fall of the dynasty and it was replaced with the Carolingian Dynasty. the Carolingian family gets kind of luck b/c there is only one male heir (or one male heir that wants to rule) for 4 generations. so they get stronger and stronger aka they surrounded themselves with more and more supporters. the Carolingians acquired more and more land till they have more land under their control than the kings themselves. Charles Martel was nicknamed the “Hammer” which meant that he was a powerful warrior.

at the battle of Tours, 732 - Muslim armies from spain have advanced deep into france and at this Battle Charles is able to defeat the Muslim forces and that stopped the spread of Muslim advance in Europe and eventually his descendants will drive them out of france completely By the time of Martel the Carolingians are the most powerful family in France but he isn’t the King he is the Mayor of the Palace - like the PM. Charles dies in 741 and his Son Pepin the Short takes overPepin works out a deal with the Pope - an alliance with the Pope and the Carolingians. the Carolingians wanted to be kings and they got Papal authority to take over the thrown of France. It was decided that the Pope had the right to choose who can become King. St. Boniface was sent to crown Pepin as King of the Franks in 756. the old Merovingian king was sent to a monastery to get him out of the way.

the Pope decided to crown Pepin as King of the Franks because the Lombard’s were going to conquer Rome and the Papacy and so they needed the Franks for protection. this means that the Papacy stops looking east to the Byzantine Empire for protection but to the franks. Donation of Pepin, 756 - Pepin the Short King of the Franks who had just finished defeating the Lombards recognized the Authority of the Papacy over lands in and around Rome and promised to protect them

Charlemagne - created the largest and strongest European empire since the fall of Rome. He inherited the Kingdom of the Franks and he led many successful military campaigns two important ones were.

Lomabard, 774 - finished the job Pepin had started he conquered the Lombards completely and sent their King off to a Monastery. thus he

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became king of the Franks and the Lombards. Saxons, - Charlemagne had a difficult time with the Saxons. He would go in

and defeat them in battle but as soon as he left they would rise up and kill his officials and rebel. it literally took decades for him to finally and fully defeat the Saxons.

the Capitulary of the Saxons - a set of laws that Charlemagne used to finally pacify the Saxons.

he converted the Saxons to Christianityhe killed a whole bunch of Saxons if they: killed church officials, vandalized

of robbed a church, practice old pagan rituals didn’t follow the rules of the Church.

he forcibly converted Saxons in to Christianity and is used to assimilate the saxons into the Empire and hold the empire together. finally by about 804 the Saxon’s quite down and become part the Charlemagnes empire.

one of the most famous and controversial events of MA history was the Coronation of Charlemagne on christmas day 800.

the Pope called Charlemagne b/c he needs help and on Christmas day Charlemagne goes to worship. the Pope comes to him and Places a crown on his head proclaiming him to be Emperor of the Romans

there are some conflicting accounts of what happened. Some say that Charlemagne hated what happened and never would have gone to the church if he knew what was going to happen. and others say that everyone involved was really happy about what happened. Physical evidence (his palace at Aachen and his imperial coinage) seem to dispute that. Charlemagne is clearly the most powerful authority figure in Europe but that eventually changes later in the MA when the Papacy gets more and more powerful

Charlemagne was also responsible for a cultural renaissance.Law and GovernmentHe encouraged different tribes to write down their law system and then governs each of them by their own lawsCapitularies - He starts to pass capitularies (laws) that apply to all people in the empire. Missi Dominici - officials of the King - they take care of the interests of the king throughout the realm

the Carolingian renaissance Cathedral and Monastic Schools - taught basic reading and writing as

well as Christian doctrine to monks within the realm. the Carolingian Court and the Palace School - Charlemagne gathered

around him the best and brightest of the empire to his court. People from all over the christian world come to learn and study and teach. they all speak and read

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Latin and thats how they communicate. Caroline Miniscule - a new type of script that was much easier to read and

write. It is the ancestor of our lower case script.

the carolingian renaissance means a lot of us today. it is this renaissance that preserved much of what we have left of classical and christian literature. they helped to preserve a vast body of Greco/Roman and early christianity. it is this survival of learning and ancient texts that we still use today. a new European society that was able to record events and was held together by the Greco/Roman, Christian and Germanic traditionsthere is the seeds of a problem in the Question of who is the head of Europe the Pope or the Emperor.

Jan 28, 2010New Invasions and the Ottoninan Renaissance

after the Carolingian renaissance there was a new round of barbarian invasion and the most important results of these invasion was that it hastened the end the Charlemagne’s empire. France fragments where as England and Germany seem to get stronger from the new round of invasions.

- the renaissance was named after Charlemagne but it continued on after him for a number of generations. The Renaissance after Charlemagne

Cathedrals and Monastic Schools - founded by Charlemagne they continued on in the reigns of his successors. they wanted to be seen like Charlemagne as those that cared for the arts and the people’s spiritual well being

John Scotus Erigena (810-877) - John the Scot from Ireland is the literal translation of his name. He was an accomplished scholar. he could read and write in Greek which was extremely rare. he translated some late antique greek works into latin and he translated and popularized the works of the neoplatonist’s.decline of the Carolingian Empire

Weaknessses of the Empire - so many ethnic group within the empire and they all have their own customs and traditions and laws. there were disputes and civil wars w/i the empire.

the Reign of Louis the Pious (814-40) Charlemagna’s successor. it is at the end of his reign that the empire first starts to break up. He had three sons and b/c of gavelkind they all wanted a piece of the empire. he wanted to pass on the empire to his eldest son Lothar I. but people in carolingian society would have seen Louis with holding inheritance from two of his sons as an injustice.

the Treaty of Verdun, 843 - it is clear that Lothar will be unable to get the whole empire so the three sons get together and divide up the Carolingian empire into three sections. Charles the Bald gets France, Louis the German gets

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most of Germany, Lothar gets Northern Italy, southern France and a strip in between Louis and Charles.

the Carolingians are dismantling their own empire even as the new rounds of invasions begins. in the 9th C. Europe itself was increasingly under siege.

The Saracens (Muslims) - coming out of Spain and North Africa they invaded and raided, although mainly raiding. These are not something new its just that as the Carolingian power breaks down the raids became more successful. in the 10th and 11th C Christian cities build up strong navies and take the fight to the Shores of north africa

the Magyars - Modern day Hungarians they settled in what is now Hungary. it is a flat plain and good for raising horses. they raided through germany into france and down into Italy. their raids last until about 955 when they are defeated by Otto I of germany. Magyars are not germanic their ancestors came from central asia. but they have the same basic ideas raiding and plundering makes you a important person.

The Vikings - the widest ranging raiders of the three. they spread from scandinavia all the way to the south of spain and france, deep into russia and even to Constantinople.

Vikings may have raided b/c there may not have been enough food and territory to go around. It is really unknown why the Vikings ventured forth and spread across the world. Raiding was also extremely profitable and the decline of the Carolingians lead to the rise of the Vikings. much of the Vikings success is attributed to the Viking Longship. it was stable enough to go across the open sea but light enough to be carried across land. it was also agile enough that it could sail up rivers and in narrow shoals. the vikings presented a difficult problem to europeans as they were very hard to catch or stop and often refused to fight against soldiers, preferring to attack undefended villagesthe Swedes looked eastward across the baltic sea towards russiathe Danes were important in England and northern Francethe Norse raided Ireland and down into spain and the west coast of France. Norse Vikings were the first to land and settle on North America. by the 10th C the raids get so big that the Vikings bring their families and decide to stay and settle the area. Normandy on the north coast of France was one of these areas. A large part of modern day England was also once ruled by the Danes. Eventually the Vikings were converted into Christianity and then absorbed into the European population but that takes a long long time. in the 9th and 10th C the vikings still had large armies and kings. The English fought against the Vikings. it was a see-saw affair finally Alfred the Great leads the English to defeat the Vikings and in the terms of the peace treaty the Vikings are forced to accept Christianity. It is the viking threat that forges England into the Nation of England.

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In Normandy there is a different story. the Kings of West Frankia couldn’t fight against them anymore. he offers the chieftain Rollo a deal - he recognizes Rolllo as duke of Normandy as long as Rollo recognizes the King as King of France. When they get together there is a snag in the ceremony. Rollo refused to kiss the kings feet so he gets one of his knights to do it. the knight doesn’t bother to bend over and just grabs the kings foot and kisses it, knocking the King over in the process.

Ottonian Kingship - Germany comes out of the second round of Invasions and the collapse of the Carolingian empire as the strongest nation. The Magyars were kicking the crap out of germany so the leaders of germany get together and decide they need a leader to fight against the Magyars.Henry I is the first King elected in Germany - he starts building fortresses and gathering troops and starts fighting backOttos the Great - next German King

Battle of Lechfeld - first major German victory against the Magyars in 955.after his victory at Lechfeld Otto travels to Aachen and become the Holy Roman Emperor. He revives the title and from this point on there will be a Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire becomes the largest nation in Europe and the most powerful leaders in Europe. the Holy Roman Empire was made up of Germany, Northern Italy, Holland, Belgium and parts of France.Otto institutes the imperial Church system in Italy - Otto is far from his base of power in Germany so Otto appoints a Church leader as leader of the city or territory. Otto is using Church officials as his officials. The Church and State are welded together. the Ottonian Renaissance

Gerbert of Aurillac Went on to become Pope Sylvester II - a great scholar who had read the Muslim texts of the ancient greeks and romans

Roswithda of Grandersheim - a nun and the first great playwright since the fall of Rome. she was also a historian and a scholar.

General Characteristics - there were no great works of art and such like in the Italian renaissance but there were some works of art and some great works of philosophical ideas. one of the big shifts was the Gero Crucifix of Christ on the cross suffering which was a change away from the Byzantine Christ who was regal and austere.

Feb 2, 2010

Feudalism

Entomology and the Meaning of “Feudalism”the feudum or fief - grant of land given by the king to a lord or from a

lord to a vassal. Feudalism vs. Manorialism -

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Lords had control over the fief in the areas of taxation, military command and justice. Lords had their own vassal. Lords had to protect the people within their lands. the minimum size of a grant of land was linked to the amount of land needed to support a single night. vassals didn’t have to pay taxes but in place of them they had to pledge to fight for the lord. Vassals were expected to supply good hospitality. Vassals were expected to supply council - attending the lords court as well as giving him your best advice. Vassals also had to give feudal aids which were irregular payments made by vassals to lords. the feudal system was designed to operate with the exchange of large amounts of money cause there wasn’t that much money going around. military service didn’t just mean fighting in wars it could also mean service in the lords fortresses. there could be multiple levels of lords and vassals meaning that a man could be both a vassal and a lord at the same time.

homage - to become the vassal/follower of another person. When you pay homage to a person they return that symbol by promising to protect you. Fealty - the act of pledging allegiance and loyalty to a king or lord. usually done by placing hands on a sacred relic or object.

Origins of FeudalismGermanic Personal Bonds - the ideas of warriors fighting for their

King and a King fights for victory. there is already this following around military leaders in germanic culture and as early as the 7th or 8th C we have records of oaths of fealty by warriors to their leaders. this was just an oath of loyalty and there is no grant of land as well there are no knights yet.

Late Antique “Beneficia” - the patron and client relationship. wealthy and powerful would gather people around them. it could be a land grant but it could also be money or other civil bonus’s

The White/Brunner Thesis - states that feudalism started in 732 with the Battle of Tours and the defeat of the Muslims in France. although the invention of the stirrup was thought to change the make up of the army and thus started feudalism. this theory has been discredited.

The Breakdown of Carolingian Authority - with the breakup of the empire into small independent states. the kings still claims to be their king but they can do whatever they want.Feudalism as a term doesn’t exist until after the MA. no one in Medieval time period used the word. Feudalism as a pejorative - everything the enlightenment thinkers thought was backwards and authoritative.people define feudalism differently - some people keep it as the military and legal relationship b/w a lord and a vassal. Others have argued that it should be a wider definition that includes more than just the Lord and Vassal by including the Serfs and free peasants.

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The “Feudal Revolution” - argument that feudalism started around the year 1000. the big difference may be said to be the formation and construction of castles.

the Motte-and-Baily Castle - an early basic castle. a man made earthen mound with a tower on the top of it. around the year 1000 these castles start to proliferate. the vassals are starting to build their own castles. this causes the political power to fragment even further. it allows vassals to become independent rulers as they are really really hard to kick off the land.

“Feudal Violence”The Peace and Truce of GodThe New Nobility: the milites of “knights” - begin to emerge around

1000 and become an important class of citizens. Changing Inheritance practices - with the arrival of the castle we see

some changes in inheritance practices. the gavelkind begins to decline and in it’s place we see primogeniture begin to be practiced. meaning the first born son will inherit all of the family land and title.

there is still considerable debate among historians about when feudalism started or if there ever was a system of feudalism outside of just the lord vassal relationship. some historians say that feudalism extends right down from the king to the lowest serfs. others say feudalism depends on the changed inheritance practices, the rise of castles and knights.

feudalism didn’t seem to hurt the economy or the population. it is right after the year 1000 we enter the high middle ages when europe begins to become very wealthy. feudalism creates a new, powerful, and independent military aristocracy from which grows out our modern rights. they become the new masters of europe.

Feb 4, 2010

Manorialism, technological innovation and the rise of towns

farmers start to get more productive around the year 1000 and around the same time the european population starts to expand and towns and cities grow because there is now more food available. there is development of new occupations and money is used more commonly. ag productivity leads to an explosion of population and economics in europe in the 12th Cthe avg people in the MA were peasant farmers. Well over 80% of european population would fit into this category.

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- Manorialism/Seigneurialism/Seignorialism - the relationship b/w the vassal and the peasant farmers on their fiefs.

Villages vs. Manor - villages are the physical settlements of peasants and the immediate lands on which the settlements reside. A Manor isn’t a physical thing it is a unit of administration, its more like lines on a map that decide who you pay your taxes to as a peasant. One manor per lord.

Origins of Manorialism - grew out of the roman coloni which became MA serfs

organizing life labour and property - ag is extremely important and the main focus of ht peasant farmers life

in-field/out-field - in fields are the fields close to your house that you fence of and fertilize with manure and farm intensively. Out-fields had to be shifted to different fields each year as the crops used up the nutrients.

open-fields - the most common type of field system in europe during the MA. fields are in narrow strip and not fenced in. Each family in the village would farm some of these strips usually about 200m long and only a few meter wide. Some production in the village that are done communally. there are common areas that are available to anyone. the three field system emerges in the high MA. crops are planted in the spring, and fall and one field is left fallow.

bread is the staple of the european peasant diet. Milk, cheese and other dairy products are also important as are protein grains like peas, beans and lentils. meat is rare with the pig being the most common type of meat being eaten.

there are distinctions of social classes w/i villages in MA society. people are not equal before the law even at the level of peasants and non-nobles. ranked from bottom to tops it goes

Slaves - lowest of the low and slavery is dying out by this timeSerfs - not totally free, they are bound to the land and are forced to

work the lords lands for so much time in a week. Free Peasants - non-noble farmer. they can leave their land if they

want to and don’t have to perform services on the lords land although they still have to give the lord a quota from their lands.

commoners - ranked again into artisans and then merchants - these groups lived in towns.

Lords couldn’t kick serfs off of the land he owned. Peasants back then had certain rights that we equate to ownership to .

there are many technological innovations in the high MA as wellThe three fields systemthe heavy ploughhorses, horseshoes, and the horse collarIron

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Wind/water mills

towns were emerging around the year 1000 although they are still fairly small very few would have approached 100,000.

Feb 9, 2010

Church and State before the 11th C - the church and the state had grown so closely together that it was hard to tell them apart at times. As the church spread from the cities into the country side there were often times when rural church’s came under the authority of secular authorities. Church and state therefore became more integrated. Local lords may build a church on their own land with their own money. they thought then that they would have a say in who the priest was or what church money was spent on. Church’s may be built in a local knights castle to protect the church but the knight expect some things back from the church.

The Franko-Papal Alliance - the Pope looks to the Franks as his protector and the Franks looked to the Pope as their King maker. during Charlamagnes time the church and state were closely allied.

Otto the Great and the Imperial Church System - Otto would appoint bishops as the rulers of a city that he is a long way a way from his power base in Germany. The king can keep appointing the title as Bishops aren’t have to heirs to pass on control of the city to. Allowed Otto to maintain power for a long time.

relationships b/w secular and church officials become to be a problem and people look at them as an underhanded arrangements that were the same as corruption.Simony - the act of buying or selling of church offices, was illegal and became common in some parts of Europe. people were wondering why secular officials were choosing who would become a priest, bishop and even the pope. there was also anger over lay people gaining places of prominence and important officials in the church. Church officials were supposed to serve in the Kings Army and had to bring all their knights to fight as well. by the year 1000 more and more people are thinking that this cozy relationship b/w Church and State needs to end and reforms are needed

monks in the monasteries were the first people to begin to call for reforms in the church. there were two centers of Monastic reforms Cluny in Central france and Lorraine

Cluny - monks were worried about interference from local authorities. Their solution was to separate their monastery from the local lords and get independence. They were given a chunk of land to build on by the local lord and then he stepped back and allowed them to run the monastery

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however they saw fit. Lorraine - Bronge and Gorze were the main monasteries. The monks

actively sought the help of the local authorities. they asked the duke to come in and help them reform the monastery. they used local authorities to come in and kick out corrupt monks and inject money to help with reforms.

reform starts in the monasteries and takes a long time to make it to the Pope and high officials. at times during the 10th and 11th C the papacy was very week and extremely corrupt. Pope Steven the 7th had the bones of his rival dug up and charged him with heresy.Henry III Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire got fed up with the struggle to become Pope so he comes down to Italy with His army and decided to depose all three rivals for the Pope and Henry appoints a reform minded Pope Leo 9thLeo 9th starts the process of reforming the church and he wants to root corruption out of the church. He brings with him a bunch of like minded monks Peter Damian (1007-1072) identified a particular abuse called Nicolaism - the marriage of priests and church officials. he identifies clerical marriage as an indication of corruption and abuse of their power. At this time Bishops often had wives. because of his work this tradition stops.Humbert of Silva Candida - he argues that Simony is illegal and goes against the teaching of the Bible. Simony had always been considered wrong but it was becoming more common and took the form of gifts to local authorities.

Leo 9th starts asserting and enforcing Papal primacy and the Petrine Doctrine. He travels around europe and enforces both his authority and his reforms. he deposes bishops and arch bishops to enforce his reforms. there is a split in the Church over Leo’s power and this leads to the Eastern Schism. this is the Split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054. at the time no one really thought that this was a permanent split but it lasts until this day. Nicholas II and the Papal Election Decree - a decree to allow the reforms started by Leo 9th to stay and allow the reformers to maintain control of the Papacy. Also stopped emperors from choosing who the pope could be. He gave the power to elect a Pope to the Collage of the Cardinals and set up the process of the Conclave.

Pope Gregory VII and Henry III and the Investitures Struggle Gregory VII was a committed reformer who went to extreme measures to make sure they were enforced. the spark that started the Investiture Controversy was a dispute b/w the pope and Henry III over who would choose the next Arch-Bishop of Milan. the issue at the heart of the fighting was the issue of the Lay Investitures.

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when a person was chosen as Bishop the Emperor would come in and give the new Bishop his staff and a Ring. Reformers saw this as Simony and corruption. By 1074 Gregory has declared that Lay Investitures is the sin of Simony. he strips power from people that have be given positions of authority through this process.in 1075 the Decrees of the Pope is written. it is a number of decrees and statements that Gregory passed over the Roman Church and all of Western Rome. in it the church is decreed above all earthly powers, the pope is the head of the church, that the Pope and the Pope alone has the right to choose and depose Bishops, and most controversial that the Pope could choose and depose of Emperors. that last one was a declaration of war against secular leaders as he is claiming supreme political authority in Europe. Henry gets together the Bishops of Germany and they all vote to depose Pope Gregory. the Pope retaliates by excommunicating Henry.

by the late 1070’s there is open warfare b/w Henry and Gregory and their armies. Gregory frees Henry’s vassals from all feudal obligations and this leads to Civil War.the Emperor is forced to blink first and this is a major turning point in European History. He looses a few major battles and he decides to humble himself before the Pope. He begs the Pope to forgive him and recognize his crown. He waits for three days but eventually the Pope does receive him back into communion. After this point the Pope is the supreme authority in Europe

this didn’t end the Investitures Controversy. Henry went around restoring his power and he came back and kicked the Pope out of Rome. He appoints his own Pope who came on to become known as the Anti-Pope. the controversy lasts for about 40 years. reformers still have control of the collage of Cardinals so they keep electing reform popesthe Investitures Conflict ended with the Concordat of Worms in 1122. Lay Investitures were abolished, but it is recognized that bishops can have lands and incomes granted to them by the Emperor. the King has the right to give Bishops lands and power with knights and vassals. the Emperor also has the right to withhold lands and vassals from Bishops. this is the beginning of the separation of church and state. Clergy are now Celibate from priests to the Pope and everyone inb/wwith the separation of Church and state comes a competition. the church grows in power and authority. some say that the Popes are becoming the real authority of Europe. the investitures contest is only the first round of conflicts b/w Church and State in Europe. there would be other rounds as it only settled the investitures issue, it didn’t settle the issue of who is the head of Europe. Feb 11, 2010

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MIDTERM:

All of the classes until today. Midterm the first Tuesday back after Reading Week (23 rd)first part is exactly like the quiz. 10 questions = fill in the blanks and multiple choice(based on the terms)

Second part is an essay. Consider things from the bigger picture and start to create own opinions about medieval period. Also generally the questions come from more than one class. Be as specific as you can, give examples, also mention primary sources whenever possible,

NOTES:

The Origin of the Idea of Crusade and The First CrusadeWhy did more than 100 000 people decide to get up one day and march from Paris to Jerusalem. Many would die on the way and it would take a long time, and yet they still made it. What did they want? What was driving them? How did we get from Christ to Crusade.

I. Political and Military Foundations in the East

Dissension and Conquest:

-The Fatimid Caliphate

-The Seljuk Turks

--Mansikert, 1071

Why did people in Europe decide to launch a crusade at the end of the 11 th century?The first was an appeal for help from the Eastern Roman Empire to the pope. They were asking for military help.

First crusade largely a crusade against Muslims. In Egypt a new dynasty arose – the Fatamid dynasty – proclaimed selves leaders of the Muslim world; called themselves the Caliphates. Fatimid’s claimed that they were descendants of Muhammad’s daughter Fatima and thus Muhammad. This gave them, as they felt, the right to rule all. Were called the Shiites.

Sunni’s were the opposing, and also rather popular, group of Muslims

There was a split in the Muslim world between two groups. This split became important because these divisions meant that people did not have to fight all the Muslims at once. Muslim world disunited but expanding.

The Seljuk Turks had recently been converted and pushed deep into the Byzantine Empire

1071, the byzantine emperor put together an army and marched out to meet the Turks, one of the greatest defeats in byzantine history, emperor Romanus 4th captured by Arslan – Battle of Manzikert.

Turks defeat Byzantines. Turks push deep into byzantine territory and started to carve out own

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kingdoms. This frightens the Byzantines, and they start to get desperate, so they start to look to western empire. As early as 1074 we can see emperors reaching out for help.

II. Political and Military Foundations in the West

The Christian counteroffensive:

The Spanish reconquista (conquest of Spain, by Christians, from Muslims)

Italy

Essentially the Christians start to push back against Muslims and take back some of the land, in advances like the one in Spain. Starting to launch raids on the North African Coast.The pope is becoming more powerful and sanctioning some of these raids and campaigns and portraying them as Holy Wars (because they are against Non-Christians)

European economy is expanding, towns are growing up again and expanding, the population is growing, and thus the economy is more vibrant.

2 main areas of urbanization at this time: Flanders (like Flanders Fields) and Northern Italy

The Rise of the Bourgeoisie - beginning of a middle class. Bankers, artisans, Guilds people, etc

Many of these towns, once they get large enough, push to be cities. They want to take control of their own affairs. So some of these towns eventually become essentially independent states/cities.

Western society that is starting to flex its economic muscles.

Guilds and Town Life – Guilds are similar to modern labour unions, organization of craftspeople

Individual members of the guild own the tools and production and business itself. Help other people in the guilds. (So.. the people who work at Ford don’t own the vehicles, but the guild people would... So in that sense guilds were more powerful than trade unions today)

III. Socio-economic Background: Development of Christian Society and the 12 th Century Renaissance

a. Towns, Trade, and Agriculture

b. Lands Pressure

c. From Gavelkind to Primogeniture

Farmers pass down farm = less land to go around

Primogeniture – noble families and knights started doing this, which meant there would be

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children left without any inheritance, for nobles this especially became an interesting situation because they were nobles, used to living like a noble, and yet got nothing from their family so some would branch off and crusade to try and start their own lordship somewhere.

IV. Religious background: Christian holy war in theory and practice to the eleventh century:

Early Church Pacifism – Augsutine (354-430)

Violence as an act of love

Just War theory

Persecution of heretics

Constantine, the Roman Emperor, converts to Christianity. See a re-examination of Christianity and their ideas of violence. Augustine looks at this.

Violence is not a terrible thing, need to look beyond the actual act, it can even be an act of love. Example of a child running into streets over and over. Well you love her, but you may need to beat her (as this was accepted and expected at the time) to show her she can’t do. Thus It is the intention behind the act. So there are some cases where an emperor can use war. He can use force to protect empire and prevent Christians from being killed.

Thus the Just War – it can be done, if the intention is right.

Persecution of Heretics is NECESSARY type of violence. They are essentially imperiling people’s souls and thus must be executed, or jailed, or something.

Christian Holy War 1

The Peace of God – middle ages = a widespread peace movement; climaxes in 11 th century; Peace of God; bishops would call big meetings and ask everyone to take a vow that they would not be violent (wouldn’t rob churches or beat up homeless or anything) Church sponsored ‘holy war’. Bishops would go around the country, gather people together, enforcing a vow, and trying to root out violence.

Pilgrimage – a trip to a holy space; trickle of people to Jerusulum, is now becoming a stream. Jerusulam is the holiest of holy places for the Christians.

Elements finally all combined in the reform movement, which all come together to give us a crusade

The reform movement and holy war:

-Leo IX (r. 1049-54) 1st of reforming popes. Led and army onto the battle field at Civitate in S. Italy to fight against Brigants? (I think that’s what he says)

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--Civitate, 1053

-Gregory VII (r. 1073-85)

--The militia Sancti Petri

Popes, like Gregory, learning to raise own armies and becoming increasingly militant. Starting to work out the doctrine and call upon

NOTE: they would not call it a crusade at the time, they called it a pilgrimage

V.The Course of the First Crusade (1095 -9)

a. Pope Urban II and the Council of Clermont, 1095

He proclaims the first crusade (pilgrimage) and the response was huge, tens of thousands of people eager to go.

b. The so-called “Peasant’s Crusade” of 1096

i. The poorest people who cannot wait for months for the crusade to get going because they cannot afford it, so disorganized bands of crusaders pack up their things and started going. They mostly got massacred by the Turks. So not a good start

ii.Then the big contingence starts off, war horses, bands of followers, vassals, knights, people who know how to use swords. All the bands meet up at Constantinople to form one extremely large group. Push on deep into Turkish territory. Win some battles. Settle down outside city of Antioch. Stay here for about a year. Surround the city and then Muslim army after army (3 seperate total) comes charging against them. Some Christians desert, they think that this might be the end of the crusade, and that they will be destroyed. At a crucial moment one of the Christians has a dream, that there is a holy lance buried in the city and they find it and dig it up, and carry it out to the battle, and defeat the Muslims and then move on to Jerusalem.

iii. Very famous event; Capture of Jerusalem. Story of suffering, Christians marching for 3 years, most of companions die or be lost or turn back, many starved to death, many taken as slaves, died of disease and wounds. Not many left by the time they are at Jerusalem. Make an entrance into the city over the walls. Committed an act which would never be forgotten. Charged through the city, pursued and killed many Muslims (Beheaded, shot with arrows, killed with daggers and swords etc)

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iv. Fall of Jerusalem, Christians now can worship at holiest of j shrines. However Jerusalem falling in such a blood back will influence

Christian-Muslim relations in the future still..

The Origins of the Idea of the Crusade and the First Crusade

It can be hard to relate medieval events to the modern world – with the crusade we can see how it does – in particular Osama Bin Laden, and Bush calling the campaign in Iraq a crusade

c. The Turks have pushed deep into Byzantines Just like the Barbarians did

iii. The Byzantines get desperate for help and ask the pope’s for help

2. Political and Military Foundations in the West

• The Christian counteroffensive:

i. The Spanish Reconquista

•The Christians are pushing pack and taking back Spain

•Well under way by the end of the 11 th century

ii. Italy and the Mediterranean Islands

•Also took place all over Africa by city states across Islands in the Mediterranean

•Now it is the Christians on the Offensive – the invaders – launching raids on the North African Coast

iii. Why is this happening – Pope starts to sanction these wars – Holy Wars campaigns – against non-Christians – and a new incentive Indulgence – a substitution for a sin

iv. 4. Christianities Approach to War

• Early Christian Pacifism

i. Jesus rejected war “those who live by the sword shall die for it” – was the prevailing view – Christians were killed often for refusing to serve in the Roman army

ii. Things start to change though with conversion of Constantine – he has to defend the Christian state

• Augustine (354-430)

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i. Violence as an act of love

•It is about the intentions behind the act

a. Love b/c you have to discipline to teach right from wrong – disciplining children with violence – showing live

b. If the intention is like a fathers love for his daughter, than the violence is accepted

c. Emperors can prevent Christians from being killed.

d. This is a Just War Theory

ii.Just War Theory

•if the conditions are right, war is good

iii. Persecution of heretics

•This is a threat to the church and must be dealt with in order to preserve the church

iv. Still not at a crusade yet – his wars did not include spiritual rewards like indulgences

• The Peace of God (11th Century)

i. Climaxed here – the peace of God because it was an attempt by bishops to prevent people from committing violence

ii. Sometimes Bishops lead armies (enforcing a vow) to root out violence

• Pilgrimage

i. A trip to a holy place

ii.Even Jerusalem itself starts to become a stream of people

• The Reform movement and Holy War:

•The Crusades emerge out of the investiture Reform where the reforming popes were well acquainted with waging wars, as seen below

ii.Leo IX (r.1049-54)

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•Clivitate, 1053

a. This pope led the army itself against Normans in Southern Italy

b. Unfortunately the Normans Defeated and captured him

c. After this the popes don’t go on crusades, but they can put it together and direct it

d. Reform pope’s helped bring the elements of crusading into the element

iii. Gregory VII (r. 1073-85)

•The Militia Sancti Petri

a. This was Gregory’s Army (Saint Peters Army)

• This shows that the Pope was working out the rules and ways of war

• Reforming popes are staring to become increasingly military – to start a holy war

5. The Course of the First Crusade (1095-9)

• Pope Urban and the Council of Clermont, 1095

i. The pope agrees to help the Byzantines

ii.He rallies a council of people at Clermont and proclaims what we would later call a crusade – what they called a pilgrimage

iii. This was really popular and tens of thousands of ppl agreed to go on the crusades

iv. If they go – they get a remission of sins – Indulgences

v. Use the violence that happened before against each other now be used against the Muslims

vi. It was promised that all their sins could be forgiven; you could have a better life – the biblical life of land and honey (economic incentive) ; to help our brothers in need in the East(satisfies Augustine’s Just Cause)

• The so called “peasants Crusade” of 1096

i. Immediately the poorest people take off out of excitement – disorganized bands

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ii. They are not equipped or armed and things don’t turn out too well and they are massacred by the Turks – Massacre of Peter the Hermit’s Army

• Then the big one takes off with well equipped knights and vassals – several different groups go out

6. The Official Crusade

• They all meet at Constantinople – tens of thousands of knights and push deep into Turkish territory – most troubling time was their time in Antioche

• Siege of Antioch (1097-9)

i. They don’t take the city yet, and for a year they are hit by 3 massive armies, one after the other

ii. It is the low point of the Crusade

iii. One of the Crusaders has a dream that a lance which pierced Christ side was buried their – so they dig it up and with the Holy Lance they defeat the Muslim army and the way is open to Jerusalem

7. They make their way to Jerusalem

• A story of suffering for Christians and Muslims – thousands have starved to death in turkey, most have died and only a small number are alive

• When they finally get through the walls of Jerusalem, the Christians saw this as an ecstatic moment – and they committed an act to never be forgotten by Muslims:

i. Count Raymond – ran into the city to kill everyone in the city

ii.On Solomon’s temple – 10,000 were beheaded- not one was aloud to live, not the women or children

• They have recaptured Jerusalem in a blood bath and influenced Christian relations up to today

MIDTERM ENDS HERE

The Later Crusades and European Colonialism - after the capture of Jerusalem many of the crusaders went home but some decided to stay. those that stayed created their own little kingdoms that would last for many decades. Establishment of the Crusader States - it is the creation of the Crusader

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states that ensure the long history of Crusades. Crusaders elected or appointed their own rulers and enforced Christianity on the inhabitants. They imposed a Feudal hierarchy.

County of Edessa - a small european state in south east turkey. the crusaders took over the kingdom after the king died.

Principality of Antioch - formed after the Crusaders defeated the Muslim armies at Antioch

Kingdom of Jerusalem - the largest of the Crusader states formed after the capture of the City of Jerusalem.

County of Tripoli

the Military Orders: groups of Monk that live like monks. The Templars - the first of the monk warrior orders to form up. in 1118

a group of knights decided that they wanted to help people get to jerusalem, particularly the last leg of the of the journey from the coast to Jerusalem. They started to live the lives of Monks, they had no personal property, made ritual prayers, didn’t marry (they weren’t even allowed to kiss their own mothers). Not until 1136 did public opinion start to accept the Templars. After that the Templars start to become very important and powerful.

Hugh de Payens - founder of the the Templars. He got approval from the King of Jerusalem to set up a protective order of Monks to get pilgrims to Jerusalem.

Bernard of Clairvaux and the “New Knighthood” - not a Templar but he did help to popularize the idea of a monk who fights. Monk knights fight for a love of fellow Christians and not for personal gain.

The Hospitallers - started out as a charitable group of monks that ran a hospital in Jerusalem. they followed the template set out by the Templars. they had arrived in Jerusalem before the Templars but blossomed later than the Templars and became rivals. They remain today as the St. Johns Ambulance and the Knights of Malta

The Teutonic Knight - last of the monk knight groups to start up. they were germanic knights that eventually crusaded in Europe as well.

The Second Crusade 1147-1148 - a crusade in response to the actions of Moslem actions

the fall of Edessa 1144 - the spark of the second crusade as it was the fall of Edessa that led to the second crusade.

Siege of Damascus 1148 - the Crusade suffers a number of setbacks and in the end focus their efforts on this siege. it is unsuccessful and the crusading armies are driven back from the the City.

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Saladin (1137-93) and the Moslem Response - the Moslem world was slowly getting it’s act together and getting over their own divisions. They realized the threat that the Crusader states represented to them and they looked to Saladin as their leader. He was a great Sunni General who helped to reunify Egypt with Syria

Unification of Egypt and Moslem Syria - Saladin helped to reunify these two nations which meant that the Crusader states were now surrounded

the Battle of Hattin 1187 - Saladin puts together one massive army and gives battle to the Crusaders. The Christian army was annihilated as Saladin had lured the army into the desert where there was no water. this was the turning point of the Crusades as from that point on the Crusades as it puts the Crusader states on the defensive.

Capture of Jerusalem 1187 - Saladin Marches from Hattin to Jerusalem unopposed and captures the city.

The Third Crusade (1189-92) - rises in response to the fall of Jerusalem. Richard the Lionhearted, The Holy Roman Emperor, and the King of France all went. They don’t retake Jerusalem but they do help shore up what was left of the Crusader states.

The Siege of the Kingdom of Acre - Acre was the largest and most important costal city and the Third Crusade takes the city and it becomes the capital of the Crusader states

The 4th Crusade (1202-04) - the strangest of all the crusades. It ends up taking the City of Constantinople which is a major gain for the Crusaders, the problem is is that it is a Christian city.

the Conquest of Constantinople - the Crusaders ordered a bunch of ships to sail to the holy land from the Venetians but can’t pay for them so they hired themselves out as mercenaries to the Venetians and eventually ended up sacking the City in order to repay their debt. Once the greatest city of the Byzantine empire is sacked any hope of re-uniting the two different Churches is gone. The Crusade never made it past Constantinople

Later Crusades and the Fall of Acre (1291) - The fall of Acre marks the end of the Crusader states in the holy land but not the end of the Crusades. Crusading continues, evolves and expands. they crusaded to northern europe and islands in the Mediterranean. There are crusades against internal enemies (w/i europe) to the Papacy.

people were motivated to go on Crusades by religious motives, and materialistic

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goals. Effects of the Crusade

permanently splits the Eastern Church and the Western Churchset the pattern for later western european imperialism and colonialism Christianity becomes more accepting of warfare and Organized

violence.

March 2, 2010Monasticism and the New Religious Orders

some christians tried to separate themselves from the world so that they could focus on God. These mens became known as monks and they often moved into Monasteries with other like minded monks and these Monasteries became the center of medieval europe. by the end of the high middle ages they were surpassed by Universities. they did however continue to give rise to new orders and ideas. Monks also spearheaded the fight against Heresy. St Benedict was one of the most important early monks, he helped to devise a set of rules for monks and nuns to live by. he recorded in minute detail how a monk or nun should spend their day and this gave rise to the Benedictine’s a group of monks that follow his rules. The secular Clergy: Canons regular - by the 11th C many of the reform minded monks have moved up to the highest levels of the Church (Popes Leo and Gregory) these men promoted an order known as Canons regular. the Canons regular are a group of secular (normal) clergy (they say mass, marry people, baptize) that want to live the life of a monk or nun. Monks and nuns were not ordained by the Catholic Church they simply lived lives of piety and the Canons regular wanted to become more like them.

Augustinians - priests who tried to live the life of a monk as laid out by St. Augustine.

Premonstratensians - same as above but not following the commentaries of St. Augustine. - Canons regular wanted to live the life of a monk and with a group of other Christians because it was easier to keep each other accountable. Eremitic or Hermitic monasticism - monks who live by themselves or almost by themselves. sometimes they would enclose themselves into caves and completely separate themselves from society

Camaldolese - an order of Italian hermitsCarthusians - French Hermits

Bruno Founds La Grande Chartreuse (1084) - this is where the order of the Carthusians were formed and who by. they were concerned about both physically, mentally, and spiritually separating themselves from the world

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cenobitic Monasticism: the Cistercians - they are a reaction against the Cluny and Benedictine orders. they thought that these orders had strayed from the ideals. for them Monasticism was about enduring a harsh lifestyle

Citeaux, 1098 - the first of the Cistercian monasteriesPoverty and asceticism - the idea that a Monk should live a life of

harsh poverty. no great monasteries with beautiful architecture and no rich foodsManual Labour - they believed that this was very important and would

often set up monasteries in very poor locations so that they would have to work hard just to survive

they gave much more time for the individual monk to connect with God and to work.

Bernard the Clairvaux (1090-1153) - a Cistercian monk who became extremely popular and led to the popularization of the Cistercian order. he becomes one of the most respected and feared churchmen of his day

Because of him and his work the order expands rapidly 1115 - 5 monastic houses and by the end of the century over 500 - each with over a hundred monks and nuns

12th C mysticism: On the Love of God - a book Bernard wrote about his personal relationship with God. he leads a trend towards a type of monastic mysticism.

the Mendicants - another new order of monks. the Franciscans - take their name from St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) - he

wanted to preach the word of God to different groups of people. he had been raised to be a cloth merchant but as a young man he was transformed into a man that wanted to help his fellow man by working with a group of Lepers. He preached the joy of Gods creation and he even gave a sermon to a group of birds.

Francis rejects the world and goes and lives among the sick and poor. he gains followers but these people don’t become an order until 1209. In 1209 he goes to the Pope and asks for him to let him become a new Monastic order, the pope is at first reluctant b/c St. Francis isn’t a priest of monk and hadn’t even read the whole Bible. the Pope then had a dream in which St Francis is seen holding up the Church. Innocent III ordains St Francis and allows him and his followers to continue to preach. they are then directly under the authority of the Pope.

the Mendicants live among the laity to preach the word of God to the people and this was a fairly new idea. they don’t try and separate themselves from the world rather they go and live in and among the people that need God the most.

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they were called the Mendicants b/c they were intended to beg for their meals. aka not only did they live among the poor, they lived like the poor. in this way they wouldn’t just worship Christ but live like him.

soon the Franciscans became the largest and most powerful order of monks in Europe. St Francis was concerned that his followers would become too strong and powerful and that this would lead to corruption and so instructed them to not take any, gifts, churches, powerful positions, or anything that went against the life of poverty.

Conventual and Spiritual Franciscans - Conventual Franciscans are the ones that accept some modifications of the order and get large churches and own property. The Spiritual ones were the hard core's who accepted no modification. this led to a split in the order and the Spiritual Franciscans have disappeared

Many of the Franciscans went on to become the leading intellectual figures of the church.

the Dominicans were the other large Mendicant order. it was formed by Dominic de Guzman who wasn’t interested in preaching normally but in preaching against heretics. Guzman took it as his task to preach against heresy. he thought that heresy spread b/c the priests weren’t good enough and didn’t know enough about Christian doctrine. The Church recognized them as the Order of Preachers in 1216. like the Franciscans they lived and worked in the towns and cities in Europe, they were much more focused on education.

Monks and Nuns and the new orders were part of a deepening relationship with God that was sweeping across Europe during the high MA. at the same time as this deepening of religious impulse we see a perceived rise in heresy.

March 4, 2010Scholasticism and the 12th C Renaissance

the central question of the time was what was the proper relationship b/w faith and science or reason?Scholasticism: An alternative to monastic education -

the Cathedral Schools: Scholars and issues - schools run out of the large churches in the towns and cities of western europe. these schools had been part of the carolingian renaissance, these schools continued and in the 11th C they started to expand in both size and importance. part of the reason for this is that the towns themselves are growing and the middle class in the

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towns and cities now have the money to send their sons to school. the scholars in the cathedrals had a more worldly outlook on life than

did the monks. the scholars in cathedral schools aren’t monks they are secular priests. they live and work among the laity. they aren’t interested in separating themselves from the world.

St Anselm of Canterbury (1034-1109) - he was a monk that became a bishop. he devised the one of the most important thinkers in the 11th/12th C. He believed that he could prove that God exists through logic and reason.

the ontological argument - nothing greater than God can be thought of. Even the fool has a definition of God in his mind even if he believes that God doesn’t exist. the definition of God is that he is the greatest thing. By this very definition God must exist because if he doesn’t exist than something greater must exist and even the fool will agree that there is nothing greater than God.

- some scholars questioned whether or not universal knowledge existed. how could there be a right and wrong if there are no universalsPeter Abelard (1079-1142) - he helped to devise methods for solving problems such as faith vs reason or realism vs nominalism. he was a controversial figure. realism vs. nominalism - realists thought that universal ideas were real vs nominalists believed that universals are mostly just human abstractions not universal truths.

faith and reason: Sic et Non - means yes and no. it was Abelard’s famous answer to the questions such as faith vs reason or universals. he would line up both sides of the argument and line up to apparently contradictory positions. this came to be known as the dialectician method. he tried to understand each argument on it’s own. He never gave a final answer, he just showed both sides of the coin. the dialectical method - the idea of lining up both sides of an argument but not arising at an answer. this got him in trouble as people thought he was just showing contradictions w/i the bible. This becomes the hallmark of the medieval schools Peter Lombard’s Book of sentences (1150) - he did what Abelard had done in Sic et Non but he provided answers. he line up both sides of an argument and then gave his conclusions.

Development of LawRevival of Roman Law

rediscovery of the Corpus Iuris Civilis - it was found by Irnerius at the library of Bologna. It was written down by Justinian and codified hundreds of years of Roman Law. in the MA it was used as a supplement to european law and by the

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end of the high MA it has become the main source of law. It was the common terms that could be used with any form of law.

Irnerius and the law school of Bologna - he found in the library of Bologna the ancient roman codification of all roman law called the Corpus Iuris Civilis. when he found it he realized that he had a code of law that could become the single unified code of law of all of europe. Refinement of Canon Law - Church law affected ordinary people not just the pope, priests and monks but of all laity as well. Issues like heresy, church courts and other issues are a big deal to everyone in europe.

Gratian (1090-1155): he used the dialectical method to unify church law.

The Decretum 1140 - the work that Gratian wrote to reconcile the church law and the bible as well as older church laws to newer ones.

The First UniversitiesAcademic Guilds - universities in the south formed the guilds. they wanted a good education and wanted profs to show up and keep prices low. In the north it was the masters that formed the guilds they wanted students to show up. Gradually, out of Cathedral schools in the north and private tutors in the south we see Universities emerge. Our Modern structure of our universities go back to this time. The Bachelor of Arts (undergrad degrees) the basic university degree made up of the 7 liberal arts that were broken up into two parts.

Trivium: Grammar, Rhetoric (speaking in public), LogicQuadrivium: Arithmetic, Geometry Astronomy, Music

these 4 teach you essentially the way in which the universe worksGrad degrees:

Law, Medicine, theology here you study the big shit and the greatness of these - become a master or a doctor

Originally only a very small percentage of the population could afford to got to university. Students were part of the clergy technically to get into university you have to be ordained which made it impossible for women to make it to university.

New Sources of Knowledge- as Europe is in the high middle ages they begin to thirst for knowledge that they know exist but not in western europe. so westerners travel to Arabia, spain, north africa and translate Aristotle's and others works into latin. Islam : Ibn Rushd and Averroes 1126-1198 The recovery of Aristotle - works like Aristotle's politics, logic are translated from

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arabic into latin and then the original greek texts are also translated. This is a fundamental turning point in medieval philosophy. Aristotle becomes know as The Philosopher - aka the greatest philosopher of all time. Faith vs Reason - Aristotle said that man is a political animal and this went against the common belief at the time that it was the divine that gave us politics (Queen by the grace of God).

solutions to faith vs reasonBonaventura 1217-74: Primacy of Faith - he argued that when faith and

reason contradict, go with faith. reason is created by humans and is fallible whereas faith is not. read the bible and not aristotle.

Siger of Brebant 1240-84: double truth - where reason and faith seem to disagree, both are right.

St. Thomas Aquinas 1225-1274 - the most famous of MA philosophers he chose the middle ground b/w the two above. he was still controversial, some in the church thought he had gone to far in accepting reason but eventually it was recognized that he was the greatest of the MA thinkers

The Harmony of faith and reason - if faith and reason seem to disagree then you aren’t thinking hard enough (in most cases)

the Summa Theologiae - his compilation of theology - he went through how the greek philosophers and the bible and the church agreed with each other in reality.

the emergence of Cathedral schools and universities is part of the 12th C renaissance . characteristics

optimism about the capacity for people to understand God and Naturesystematization, order and comprehensiveness.

effectsshift from monasteries to universitiestremendous growth in science and learning - europe is becoming more

literate and complex. new forms or artistic expression

March 9, 2010

Medieval Literature and Courtly Love

Latin Lit: in the early MA the dominant form of literature was Latin. Latin was a scholarly language but it was also a living latin as it was the language used for Law, poetry, music, and religious writing. In the MA all poetry obeyed strict rules

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having to do with rhyme scheme. The Goliards - a group of poets who helped break down stereotypes of

MA poetry they were usually students and they defied some of the old rules of MA poetry. they often wrote about women, wine, and drinking.

Historical writing and historical methodology - Medieval historians didn’t try to be objective in their writing but rather were often very biased. People were either completely evil or completely good. people saw history as God’s providential plan being worked out. they saw Biblical miracles as fact and God as a God who is personally involved in the world. Books could be combined and created from other authors - there was no plagiarism in the MA - if you liked a text from another book you would include it into yours.

Genres of Historical Writing:Annalistic HIstory - basically a play by play of what happened in

chronological order. a bare recording of factsGesta - a greatest hits of a lay people - Kings, dukes, barons etc. - Vita - a biography of a saint or of someone that the author

thought should be a saint. talks about the persons early life, their miracles and various other facts. very common type of work from the MAVernacular Literature - texts writing in the language of everyday speech. it lagged behind Latin lit until the late MA.

Early Epic and Heroic Literature - these were the great legends and stories of the early peoples.

Beowulf, Norse Sagas - the story of a great germanic warrior and his travels and adventures. it is Mythohistory. It was a moody and violent masterpiece. The Norse Sagas are a little more historically correct.

Chansons de Geste: the Song of Roland - songs of deeds they are poetry about great warriors. Roland is a Knight of Charlemagne and he his a rear guard who fights to the death against a vast army of muslims. the Song of Roland is written about the time of Charlemagne but is talking about the crusades. these epic’s cannot be called courtly love literatures as the main plot is not about love b/w a knight and a lady but it is about the deeds and valor of great warriors. this is heroic lit about manly men doing manly things

French Vernacular Literature - Courtly love comes out of the south of FranceCourtly Love Lit - love is at the center and the theme of the lit. it is romantic and erotic love b/w two lovers. the courtly part refers to the cult of manors. People in these stories sang, danced, bathed and obeyed a more sophisticated edict and have women constantly on their minds. it is for the nobility and only the nobility. it can be very racy. b/w 15-20% of courtly love

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authors are women. it was thought that courtly love couldn’t exist inside of a marriage. Courtly love was something that was meant to make the persons involved better. a knight became a better knight b/c of the love of his lady. love as an ennobling agent.

the troubadours - traveling poets and singers, they help to create and spread courtly love. They may have been influenced by persian and muslim love poetry.

Ovid, The Art of Love - an ancient roman text that inspired many courtly love. it was a manual of how to pick up women.

Socio-economic foundations - the frontiers of Europe are expanding and Europe is no longer being invaded. Knights are emerging as a social class and are becoming nicer to each other - Chivalry. Knights now have castles and this is often the setting of courtly love lit. b/c of primogeniture there were many young knight looking for a wife with lots of land and money.

Chivalry and the tournament - a kinder gentler form of warfare. women can watch and can sponsor a knight or a knight will fight for a woman and so they become an important part of courtly love.

courtly love b/c very important in the MA, eventually it becomes so common that it must be satirized b/c its all been done. another love genera that emerges after Courtly love is the RomanceRomance took parts of both Courtly Love and Epics. it was an epic poem about love. think all of the stories about King Arthur, Geunaveir and Lancelot.

English Vernacular lit - Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales - one of the first great works of english litItalian - Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy - this worked prove to people that vernacular lit could become masterpieces. it is commonly thought to be the greatest Medieval works ever created. It became so popular that it changed attitudes to vernacular literature and helps the people to see that the vernacular can be just as great if not better than latin lit.

Drama took various forms and was broken into three types:Mystery plays - based on Biblical passagesMiracle plays - based on the saintsMorality plays - based on impulses of the people - personified virtues and

vices fought over a persons sole. by the end of the MA most towns have festivals with plays being performed.

March 11, 2010

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Papacy and Empire in the 12th and 13th Cthere was an increasing separation b/w Church and State and the emergence of National Monarchies and the political fragmentation of Germany and Italy are the results of the struggle b/w the Papacy and Empire in the 12th and 13th CPope were no longer just spiritual leaders in the 12th C. they were also powerful authorities and europe comes as close as it has ever been to a Theocracy. with the death of Henry V in 1125 we start to see the first cracks in the armor of the German Kingship. German Kings are weaker b/c they have to be elected by the Princes of Germany. there had long been the cultural idea of elected Kings. Henry V had no son and so the Princes of Germany decided that they should choose who gets to be there king. They choose Lothar (and a string of weaker kings) to be their King and he is not particularly strong b/c the Princes don’t want a strong King. Germany starts to slide into Feudalism and this lasts for 27 years. two powerful families start to become the real rulers of Germany. By 1152 things have become so bad that even the German Princes are worriedEmperor Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-90) - a member of the powerful Hohenstaufen family and a very strong man. his challenge is that there has been 30 years of weak kingship. nobles have built their own castles, collected their own taxes and much more independent. Barbarossa needed to become more powerful than his vassals so he decides to gain more wealth and land than the princes. So he invades Northern Italy (Lombardy the most urbanized area of Europe and they were very wealthy) and Burgundy.

Feudal Germany - with a series of weak Kings Germany slips into Feudalism

Attempt to Control Lombardy - Kings of Germany had traditionally been seen as the holy Roman Emperor and rulers of Italy but when Barbarossa tried to move troops into Lombardy tensions erupt.

Conflict with Pope Hadrian IV - Tensions at the Coronation, 1155 - Barbarossa enters Rome and

is supposed to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor. But he refuses to help the Pope off his horse (the role of a vassal to his lord). Barbarossa and the Pope have a staring contests and eventually the Pope rides off and the ceremony must be reworked to appease everyone involved.

Incident at Besancon, 1157 - the Emperor is holding a conference in the city and a Papal ambassador arrives with a message for Barbarossa. It was a sharp and rebuking letter and stated that it was the Pope had crowned and given the emperor his power. The Emperor and his Princes were implied to to be the Pope’s vassals and this really pissed off

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Barbarossa and the Princes. They thought that the letter said that Germany itself was a fiefdom of the Roman Church. The Princes were also mad b/c the Pope said that it was he who gave the crown to Barbarossa and that their election meant nothing.

the incident at Besancon highlights the competing views of how a King gains and holds power. eventually these conflicts break out into open warfare. the Central battleground was Lombardy as it is b/w the Pope in Rome and the Emperor in Germanythe Pope allies himself with the cities in Lombardy in the Lombard League in 1167. there is open warfare and sieges in northern italyat the Battle of Legnano in 1176 the Emperor is caught with a smaller army against the Lombard league. Barbarossa almost wins but in the end he is defeated and is forced to give concessions to them and stay out of their business. he is still recognized as the Holy Roman Empire. defeated on the battlefield Barbarossa won a great victory through marriage. he married off his son to a powerful lord who controls Sicily and Southery Italy. the Pope is now surrounded by the Knights and Vassals of the Holy Roman Emperor.

The Papacy at its heightFinancial and Judicial Advances - increasingly the Pope is seen as the court of Final appeal in all of Europe. The Pope is collecting taxes from across europe, had their own knights and vassals and could command massive armies through crusades. Innocent III (1198-1216), the first of the Lawyer-Popes - he pushed the boundary over what Popes could claim to be theirs. he was a cannon lawyer and was interested in advancing the Office of the Pope as far as was legally possible.

relations with National Kings - Innocent was so powerful that he got King John to donate the entire nation of England to the Holy Roman Church. Innocent was able to get the recognition of a European King that the Pope was lord. the Pope also used the power of Interdict (stops the clergy from performing all of their jobs to put pressure on a political leader) to get what he wanted. The pope also used the Donation of Constantine (they didn’t know it was a forgery) to legitimate the power of the Pope to choose who will be the Holy Roman Emperor.

Fourth and Albigensian Crusades - Innocent called more crusades than any other Pope and he even called crusades w/i europe

the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 - a council that is to be a council for all the Bishops of the world but only the Western come. thousands and

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thousands show up. it is a truly massive meeting and they pass laws for the entire western world like - the Clergy were forbidden to hunt and gamble, clergy weren’t to participate in ordeals, every christian must confess and get absolution at least once a year. Innocent directs the council and it effects western society for centuries.

the Papcy is at its height of spiritual and legal authority in Europe under the papacy of Innocent III but it doesn’t last.

The Empire Strikes BackEmperor Frederick II (1214-50) - said to be a forerunner to the enlightened absolutists of the 19th C. so he was an absolute ruler but he was also a great leader. He had good relations with the Muslims that lived on his home island of Sicialy and this made him an enemy of the Papal court.

an excommunicate on Crusade, 1228 - finally went on a crusade but he delayed so long that the Pope excommunicated him before he landed on the shores of Palestine.

Reorganization of Sicily - Fredericks home and his source of power and wealth. he reorganizes the tax collection to gain even more wealth

Feudalism in Germany - Frederick's base of power was in Sicily and Southern Italy and Germany was slipping into Feudalism and there was really nothing that he could do about it.

Attempts to Conquer Italy - Frederick feels he is strong enough to retake all of Italy and the matter is still up in the air when suddenly he dies. his sons aren’t able to enforce his authority and they are hunted down by the papacy. a Disastrous Interregnum - a couple of decades with no kings that sees Germany completely down into feudalism

the breakup of the empire - hastened by the struggle b/w Church and State. the emperors give up their claims over Sicily and Southern Italy and the Cities of Lombardy become independent city state. it looks like the Church has won but in their victory they took some hits too. Italy and Germany breakup and will remain this way for 500 years.

the papacy after Innocent III - people saw the involvement in politics and wars as a sin and over stepping their own boundaries. the papacy never became a true monarchy. he couldn’t pass it on to his children. we see an increasing separation from Church and state.

March 16, 2010

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Government in the HIgh Middle Ages (Eng - Fra)

the on going struggle b/w the Pope and emperor is a back drop to the formation of gov’ts. The clash b/w them weakened them both and allowed for national kings to gain power. Europe would remain politically divided b/c of the power that national kings took for themselves.Feudalism had fragmented France and the feudal lords had just as much power as the King. the ascendancy of the French Monarchy can be clearly traced to be a long linear growth in monarchical power. In England the monarchy was relatively strong. it never degenerated in the face of Feudalism. EngLand developed the common law system that applied to all people and were for all people.

The Anglo-Norman Realm 1066 - 1307 - see aboveWilliam the Conqueror and the Norman Conquest - After his conquest of

England William, Duke of Normandy becomes King of England. This meant that William very quickly became one of the most powerful men in Europe. the Anglo-Saxon kingdom was well run and organized.

Henry I (r. 1100-35) - he was concerned with enforcing royal authority. he worked to strengthen the royal gov’t. His reign creates a strong and powerful Monarchy. the tie b/w England and Normandy is also solidified and this is a fateful event. for much of the rest of the MA the kings of England will be the vassals of the Kings of France.

Judicial reforms: Regular royal judges/justices - Henry would send out groups of judges and they would hear the important court cases and making the people understand that it was the King who had the final say in the land

Financial reforms : Permanent accounting department - he created a permanent department for the King’s finances - how much he owes, how much he is owed, who owes him, who he owes. THis is common with what is happening across europe. Gov’t is starting to become bureaucratic with the gov’t becoming separated from the crown.

the English Civil War (1135-1154) - Henry had only one legitimate son but many many illegitimate sons. The legit one died and so Henry wants Matilda to be Queen and he has his barons swear that they will accept her once she dies. the two of them fight and so when Henry dies they don’t like each other and she is pregnant from the count of Anjou. One of Henry’s nephews Stephen seizes the throne and this leads to a civil war. it is more commonly called the Anarchy. No one side can completely conquer the other. It shows how even the most powerful kingdoms could fall prey to marital

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politics. the two sides compromised. Stephen was allowed to stay King until he died but Matilda’s son would take over from him.

Henry II (r. 1154-89) - he inherits the throne in 1154 and people are sick of war. During the Anarchy English barons had reverted towards feudalism and Henry II fights to revert the path of England to Monarchy.

He married Eleanor who was the heiress of the Angevin Empire which is a large part of France. the Angevin Empire refers to Henry II’s English and French lands. The Angevin rulers ruled more of France than the King of france did.

restoration and expansion of royal authority:Scutage: the decline of the feudal system of military organization

- it is a shield tax. it is money that vassals pay rather than serving in the army of the lord. Henry II didn’t want all of his Dukes and Barons to come and fight for him, he would rather that they just send money. it undermines the feudal system and tames the barons b/c the barons no longer need to maintain an armed force.

Crown prosecutions/Jury system and English common law - Henry is called the Father of English Common Law. It was a single system of law that was the same everywhere in England. He starts to offer a system of Jury trials in place of ordeals or trial by combat. with the advent of crown prosecution the crown begins to arrest the people and bring them to trial. This way when people pay fines they go to the King not to the local authority.

Relations b/w Church and State - Church and state generally worked together and there was no where near the struggle b/w them in England as there was in the Holy Roman Empire.

Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury - Thomas and Henry II had been close friends and so Henry II appoints him thinking that he will help him out but he doesn’t, he resist what he sees as the crown getting to much power.

King John (r 1196 - 1216) and the Magna Carta - lives in the shadow of his powerful brother Richard the Lion Hearted.

John “Softwood” - he was a poor military leader and lost much of the French Possessions of the English Crown. He gives all of England to the Pope as a Fief. things get so bad that he is on the verge of losing his crown. he is deeply worried that the nation is going to collapse.

the Magna Carta - the great charter - it was a recognition of certain rights and privileges. His barons force it on him or threaten his destruction. it was written by and for the nobility.

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no aids w/o consent of Chief tenants - no taxes w/o the okaying of the lords of those lands. early form of no taxation w/o representation. Increasingly the Nobles are seen as the representatives of the people. Leads to Parliament

Due process - essentially the gov’t can’t round up people, throw them in jail and leave them to die.

Constitutional Monarchy- the Magna Carta is the first limit to the power of royal authority in England. It is the first piece of England’s unwritten constitution.

France 1060-1314 - Unlike England, France was almost completely broken up by feudalism and it takes many years to put the kingdom together

Louis VI ”the Fat” (1108-37)Restoration of royal authority in the Ile de France - the area around

ParisAbbot Suger and the royal administration - Was hired by the king to

organize the gov’t of the very small kingdom of France. Philip II Augustus - he goes about putting France back together and

he really Kicks the shit out of John and he retakes Normandy, Anjou Aquitaine and the double the area under French Crown authority as well as quadrupling the income to the crown. He takes back enough land that he is able to re-assert royal authority. Feudalism is reversed in France by 1314 and the Kings of France have a power that they haven’t had since the break up of the Carolingian Empire.

Representative Gov’t - in the High MA throughout Europe we can see the idea and formation of representative gov’t. you can see it in England, France, Spain and even Iceland

Historical Explanations - Aristotle's political theory was coming back into the vogue, he said that the gov’t was supposed to be for the people. Germanic traditions can be looked back to. German tribes used to elect the leaders and has an assembly. THe church can also be looked to for this idea. be it the 4th Lateran Council or the Council of Nicea and bringing together representatives from across their realms. In england the parliament emerges earlier and is much more powerful than the French counterpart. That is why france heads towards an absolutist monarchy. There is no Magna Carta in France, no point in which the King is forced to give up some of his power.

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March 23, 2010. Women’s Roles and Women’s Power

Power vs. Authority - power is the ability to get what you want. Authority is public recognition to ones right to power. they are not mutually exclusive. at no time in the MA were women powerless but they didn’t have authority. A woman’s authority over a kingdom may never have been recognized but they were often the power behind the throne.

Women in the Early Church: Subordination and EquivalenceChrist and the New Testament - in general Jesus's message was one of

charity and kindness. he taught women theology and this was unusual as women didn’t receive that kind education. He praises women, he teaches women, and he hangs out with women. Women were also important in spreading the new message of Christ and were influential in the church.

Monogamy - Christianity teaches that monogamy is virtuous for both men and women. Jesus attacks the double standard that women had to be monogamous and men didn’t.

Survival of Patriarchal attitudes - Christianity emerged out of a patriarchal culture. many people thought that women were weaker mentally, physically, and emotionally. it was thought that women’s position in this world that women be subservient to men. by the time of the church fathers we see an increasing exclusion of women from the church organization.

Women and Monasticism - woman maintained a prominent place in the culture of monasticism. Being a nun offered an alternative to the culturally accepted career path. Many convents became important place of learning. many of the great writers of the early MA were women from Convents.

Early Germanic KingdomsStatus of women in Germanic society - germans didn’t despise the council of women and they hold a certain sanctity of the female gender. we have accounts of women leading tribes and even battles (Bodicca led a rebelling against the Romans in England). There were also two very powerful Merovingian Queens who waged a giant medieval cat-fight.

polygamy and wife-purchasing - polygamy was common amongst germanic societies but it was usually only for the powerful and wealthy members of society. Charlemagne had 22 children from an estimated 10 wives. Wife purchasing meant that a man would approach a woman’s father and give him money to marry his daughter. this seems to imply that daughters are assets of germanic families.

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The Carolingian AgeCarolingian reforms of monasticism and gov’t - under Charlemagne we see much more strict rules governing convents and monasteries. Nuns and monks are segregated away from monks much more.

A number of laws were passed that strengthened their power w/i the family. Recognition of women’s place w/i the family

decline of polygamy - there is a stressed placed on having one legitimate wife so there aren’t disputes over who is the rightful heir.

from bride purchase to bride-gift and morgengabe - the groom stops giving compensation to the family and starts giving it to his bride. it gives the bride a bit of economic security. Morgengabe - morning gift. a gift given to the bride the morning after they are married

Recognition of woman’s inheritance - laws were passed that recognized women’s rights to inherit property from parents.

Insolubility of marriage -women are economically dependent on men so the recognition of the insolubility of marriage secures a woman’s place w/i the family and society in general. there were accusations that women in positions of power gained it through illegitimate or underhanded means. “slept her way to the top” around the year 1000 and the switch from gavelkind to primogeniture, if there were no sons, women could inherit all of the families land and property. Eleanor of Aquitaine

The Gregorian ReformMonasticising the Clergy - by harshly enforcing the celibacy of the clergy women were shut out of positions of power in the Church. Hostility and misogyny - some reformers displayed harsh attitudes to women. In Peter Damian’s attacks on married clergy he called the wives of priests and other clergy as whores and sluts. women in the reform

Matilda of Tuscany - she had inherited the duchy of Tuscany and she was a very powerful figure. She defends the Pope against Gregory VII. She fights Henry IV to a stalemate and then she drives the imperial forces out of Italy. in this real and direct way she defends the Gregorian reforms.

The High and Late MA - in some ways the high and late MA marked a step backwards for women. Restriction of access to education and political office - only men were accepted for women the great centers for education and learning were now off limits to women where in the early MA women had been in the great centers

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of learning (convents) women were very prevalentRise of Bureaucracies - as gov’t became more complex and larger people who were educated and trained were needed and b/c women couldn’t get into universities they didn’t have the training and men took over the bureaucracies From bride-gift to dower and dowry - dowry is when the wife’s family gives a gift to the groom this is the reverse of the bride purchase this means that women can be seen as a burden on the family as they cost a lot of money to marry off. a Dower is some property that a groom gives to the bride, but she is only allowed to take possession of it and use it if the husband dies.

Joan of Arc - an unusual case but she does showcase a woman who has great military power and leadership. She came to play a pivotal role in the 100 years war. Christine de Pizan - a female author who wrote a few works defending women against the misogynistic ideas of the day.

some authors see the sources of women’s power as limited (role in the family and children, and power through religion) most of the sources we have are written by men and they are not sympathetic to women but are in fact hostile to women. Periodization - women’s history has ups and downs and cannot be looked at as a long linear transition to today. There have always been some women in positions of power.

March 30, 2010

The Black Death/Social and Economic Transitions in the Later Middle Ages

I. Introduction: The challenges facing later midieval society

II.Demography and Climate

i. Overpopulation

ii. Climatic changes

Fragmentation of Italy and Germany. Italy never really had a Late middle ages

Decline of the middle ages (late middle ages) – midieval civilization declining like the roman society did. The break between midieval and modern society not the same break as between classical and midieval. Aka no fall of roman empire. No “fall” or Rome, no

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sack of roman capital, no barbarian take over. Instead midieval civilization survives into the modern world. There is no real radical/abrupt collapse.

Challenges facing midieval society:

i. The weather became significantly worse (temperature cooler... degree or 2 celsius) and wetter. Thus some crops were harder to grow and thus some dislocation. (kind of a mini ice age)

ii. Population curve was starting to flatten out. Around the year 1000 it started to take off (economic and demographic expansion) probably more than doubled between year 1000 and 1300 in the European population. See effects of innovations in agriculture at this time). Around year 1300 curve starts to level off. Pop stops increasing and many people feel it starts to decrease. Evidence? : Population records (splintered – don’t always survive), **relative costs of land – we can be relatively sure the pop was decreasing around year 1300 because the land prices start to decrease. Land costs relative to the amount of people seeking that land.

III. Natural and Human Disasters

i. The Great Famine, 1315-1317 : land now struggling to sustain pop, we can see that the pop was high. Also a great rain storm (or season) which ruined many crops and harvests failed, harvests failed again and people started to die. Weak from disease and starvation

ii. The Black Death

- Reactions to the Plague--The Flagellants

People actually started to eat their kids (or rumours say). The Black Death was caused by a disease that originated in rats. They were immune and it lived in their blood stream and didn’t bother them. People can contract the disease from the fleas that live on the rats. When the fleas jump from the rats to the human and bite them then the disease is transferred from the mouth of the flea into the human. This is the Bubonic Plague. Several forms of the plague. The plague kept coming back. It killed approximately 1/4 - 1/3 of the population. However because it kept coming back the population was having trouble recovering. It would start and stop and then people would get sick again. The population of Europe would not reach it’s prior levels until around 1550 or 1560. Many people were abandoned to the plague because there was no one to take care of them. Other people could die in mere hours. Some people viewed this as a punishment from God for their sins.

The Flagellants figured out it was because of peoples sins and they decided to correct this by punishing themselves for their sins. They went about whipping themselves.

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They decided that if they punished themselves then God would not punish them anymore. They wound through many towns and countryside’s. Many people went along with this in the beginning. However it started to get out of control. They would not whip just themselves, but also Jews (who they believed contracted the anger of God).

There was also scientific explanations – University of Paris said that the planets were out of line and there was a poisonous gas seeping up from the Earth

Many other people also blamed the Jews (they really get the shitty end of the deal in life. They get blame for everything)

Europeans did eventually build up immunity to the black death (each generation becomes more and more resistant to it)

Demographic effect – reduces pop. In a way solves the potential problem of Overpopulation, as Europe was on the verge of that prior to the Black Death. It would seem the plague accelerated many of the changes that were already underway; the decline of the church, the decline of feudalism, the decline of midieval society.

Land now is not as expensive, labour is more expensive instead because there are less people to farm the land.

IV. Political: Crises of Authority

i. Internal and International Wars

ii. The Decline of the Feudal System – some scholars argue this was never in place, however there was still the system of knights and lords and vassals. This system is now breaking down. Increasingly armies are being driven y contracts and money instead of the old personal bonds (oaths to each other) of land and service. Lords are becoming more like landlords instead of lords.

iii. Decline of the Papacy and Empire

Essentially it is a decline of authority. The powers of the pope and emperor are not as good as they once were, and this leads to instability and fragmentation.

iv. “peasant” revolts:

- The French Jacqerie, 1358

- The English Peasants’ Revolt, 1381

--Wat Tyler --Radical social agenda

- The Hussite Rebellion

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v. Urban Revolts

France: (French peasant revolt = the Jacqerie )Peasants feel that while they are performing their role as the workers (producing food and services) the knights and military are not performing their role. They are losing. Tensions increase to boiling point and one night peasants attack a group of knights and squires. They then go on a rampage against feudal authority. The movement starts to snowball. They start to kill more people and the movement spreads to other villages. Interestingly the King is not a target for this anger. Instead it is directed as the person who affects them the most, the one they pay their taxes too. By the summer of 1358 the area North of France is actually in rebellion, attacking lords and their families.

Another, urban revolt, broke out in Paris, let by an upper middle class mayor (or Paris). This was a less violent revolt breaking out from the bourgeoisie and they aligned with the peasant’s revolt to form a sort of alliance. Bourgeoisie had sympathy for the peasants and opened their doors for them. They wanted their voices heard. So the peasant’s revolters surge into the city of Meaux (I think..). Peasants not looking for a war, they had no experience of training for it. So when push came to shove the peasants revolt was destroyed. Later knights and squires were riding out into the country punishing the peasants to ensure they knew who was in charge and how things were going to be. A lot of violence for little change. Unplanned and uncoordinated outburst of rage by the peasants under the circumstances.

English: breaks out in 1381. English peasants revolting for the same reasons, in a sense, however different circumstances. Black Death swept out a large portion of the population. Land less expensive, labour more expensive (because more demand from less people). Government largely sympathetic to the nobles, and try to set wages. Basically tell the peasants that they cannot charge more money for their services. They see they could charge more, but the government was keeping them down (labour laws). Statue of Labour – peasants to use the set wages from before the Black Death. Merchants, Artisans, etc. (aka middle class type people) were more attracted to the peasants rebellion. Statutes of Labours very unpopular. Then in 1380 a new tax was to be levied to support the 100 years war, and it was to be a poll tax. 12 pennies to be paid by everyone over the age of 15 – no matter what the income or situation. To a noble this was nothing, to a peasant this could be several days wages. Rebellion began in southeast of England in May of 1381. Revolters first seized churches to destroy the documents that said who had paid their taxes and how much. Archbishop of Canterburry – a large landowner –

Wat Tyler emerges as a leader (rumoured to have been a soldier in the 100 years war). By June the rebel armies were marching on the capital of the country, London. The king seemed to be losing control of the situation. The King at the time was quite young, in his teens, met with the rebels outside the walls of London and negotiated with them. He said he would abolish serfdom and no longer impose it on anyone in England. Went against the way the economy had been going. At this point some of the rebels go home – they have made their point. Some remain

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however, and become more and more radical. They start to push for more demands. The property of the church to be confiscated and divided amongst the land. They argued that there should be no lords at all, and there would be an end to the classes in England and thus only the king would have any status. These were rather unrealistic. A scuffle broke out during negotiations. Apparently Wat insulted the King (threatened, or crude language, etc) and since some people felt he had insulted/threatened the king, one of the knights pulled out a sword and slices Wat who is now mortally wounded. He rides back to his rebels and tells them what happened and then dies. Of course the King has had a few days to prepare, and has called in all the knights he could. He agrees to give them all pardons if they just disperse. Which they do. He then repeals the pardons once they were a safe distance away.

The goals for which the English peasants had fought were good, re-imposing serfdom was too costly, it would recreate more rebellions. So it did die out. Instead of having to give a certain amount of their harvests each season the people living on the land would have to pay a certain amount of money like rent.

Etienne Marcel – led an urban revolt during the peasants revolt. More about him during the 100 years war. He was essentially assassinated/killed in 1358.

Other revolts/rebellions at the time as well – Urban revolts, the Hussite revolt was less focused on economic side of excessive taxation, ruled largely by Germans. Just as much as National revolt. Hussites rebelled against Holy Roman Empire and the church.

V. Intellectual climate of the later middle ages - in the 13th C we see a new intellectual climate that questions the traditional concepts of knowledge. Scholars are willing to let faith and reason go their own separate ways.

Nominalism and Skepticism - a questioning of the ability for humans to know anything. Increasing doubt of humans ability to know. in particular in the 14th C increasing skepticism about humans ability to know anything about god and to use science to prove god.

Nominalism is the belief that the idea of a human being has no real idea of existence. they argued that Human is just a name we give to a group of similar objects. We gives names to objects to try and understand them. Nominalism enhanced skepticism

- William of Ockham (c. 1285 – 1349) - He felt that Catholic theology transcended reason and that you can’t really use logic or evidence to reach truths about God. He didn’t think that our minds were the correct organ to use to understand God. he thought that Faith and Reason were two totally separate ideas and cannot be used to explain or justify each other.

Black Death

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Population/Overpopulation

Banks

Climate Change

At no point did civilization completely collapse. No breakdown of networks of trade. Some areas do worse than others. Much more mixed picture in 14th and 15th century society. No reversion to a non-monetary economy. Age of Crisis – however it was survived and ultimately passed. European society, in some ways, even emerged more successful after. Modern world really more of a continuation of Medieval world.

April 1, 2010Late Medieval Political Institutions

in the 14th and 15th Centuries the two great powers of Europe are declined (church and Holy roman empire) and are being replaced by national gov’t.Western Gov’t could take many different paths in the 14th and 15th C. In England we see the emergence of Parliament and in France we see the strengthening of the Kings powers and the court to the point of Monarchal absolutism.

England and the Late Plantagenets Edward 1 1272-1307 - a powerful monarch and excellent military leader. Edward

sees Wales as a territory that England rules but has never conquer so he decides to go out and conquer wales

Wales - Edward subdues Wales by building many massive castles and sending huge armies into Wales. The castles were the nails that held down English authority in Wales. they also put the English crown deeply in Debt.

Scotland - After Edward conquers Wales he turns to Scotland to do the same thing. At this time there is a threat of Civil War in Scotland so the Scottish Nobles turn to Edward to be mediator. They see this as just asking for help, Edward sees this as recognition of his feudal lordship over the Scots. Robert the Bruce leads a successful rebellion against the English. Robert was able to succeed partly because Edward is dies early in the revolt and his son sucks at being a military leader. Scotland is also much larger than Wales so Robert can go and hide in the Highlands until he is ready to defeat Edward II.

Parliamentary System - Edward is important in the rise of the Parliament. He summons the parliament more often and invites more than just the upper class of nobles. he even invited some wealthy merchants and bankers.

Reaction against Edward - he wasn’t that well liked, even by some of his Barons.

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He was running up a huge debt, and was verging on absolutism. So during his son, Edward II, rule the Barons begin to limit the power of the king. They cite the Magna Carta and add a line into the Kings Oath when he takes his office. they make him promise to get the consent of the parliament when he is going to pass any major laws.

Edward II has a difficult reign. There is a sever backlash against his fathers authority and the crown has a heavy debt load so he was always trying to raise taxes to pay it off. he also keeps bad company (Hugh the Despenser) and the people hated him. In the end the people hate him so much that there is a revolution, his wife the queen and her lover rise up and depose him in favor of his son Edward III. In the end Edward II is executed with a heated poker sharpened at both ends.

Edward III 1327-1377 - he was well liked by the Barons and loved big parties and feasts. He loved to invade France and allow his knights to loot any and everyone.

Development of Parliament - Parliament starts to become a powerful part of the gov’t.

House of Lords and Commons - the membership in the two different houses is established. Membership in the house of Lords becomes hereditary. the house of commons becomes the wealthy merchant and banker classes. the houses start meeting before the King calls them and start to realize their own power. The house of commons takes over all aspects of finance in the nation, after all they have most of the money in the country as it is.

The Later Plantagenets - the later stages of the Dynasty becomes weakerthe problems of the dynasty really emerge in the reign of Richard II who is not liked and tries to go around the parliament and the Barons. starts to behave like an absolutist. In the end he is deposed, the end of the dynasty culminates in the War of the Roses. War of the Roses - 1455-87 2 decades of bloody warfare that ends then the last of the Plantagenets dies and the Tudors take control of the nation. the war exhausted the Nobility of it’s desire for war and it’s wealth.

there were many similarities b/w England and France, both had large bureacracy and their own financial departments. the kings of France had become some of the most powerful in Europe in the 14th C. There was a flirtation of a parliamentary system. but it didn’t work out. Philip IV - he summons the Estates general more often b/c he needs to raise new taxes. It seemed like france under his rule was going to go the way of England, but it doesn’t.

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The Estates general - like the english parliament but it doesn’t include the commoners.

Clash b/w Church and State

France under the ValoisJohn the Good

Battle of Poitiers 1356 - a disaster for the French, their army is destroyed and the King is captured which leaves a vacuum of power.

Urban Revolt of Etienne Marcel 1337 - were pushing for a greater recognition of the commoners in the gov’t. they wanted the king to summon the estates general and they wanted to be part of it. They give the heir to the throne an ultimatum called the Grand Ordonnance, they want the Kings ministers to be appointed by the Estates General, that the Estates were to meet frequently even if the King didn’t call them, all new taxes had to be approved by the estates, and the estates had to approve of all major international actions.

Failure of Representative Gov’t - failed b/c the France is being invaded and losing and on the verge of civil war and the people wanted someone who could impose order and not responsible gov’t. They are willing to give up some freedoms in place of order. Also fails b/c Etienne allies with the Jacqueries (french peasants) and this means the French Nobles will never support him. his failure represents the failure of responsible gov’t in France and leads France towards absolutist monarchy.

Charles VI 1380-1422 - Under his reign the threat of civil war becomes a problem in France. He became a king as a minor and when he came of age a dispute starts over who should succeed him.

Rise of Burgundy - the Kingdom is created when Charles gives the lands in Burgundy to his uncle Philip the Bold and he tries to revive an ancient Kingdom of burgundy. He sets himself up as the King of the Burgundians.

Burgundians v Armagnacs - the two competing sides of the French Civil War. the Armagnacs were those that supported Charles VI younger brother to succeed him.

As the Power of the Pope and Emperor starts to erode and this is combined with new political theories (execution of kings) we start to see a fundamental change in the politics of Europe. the Tone of politics gets a lot nastier. Feudal Monarchs were not absolute rulers, they usually had to negotiate with their nobles and had to be seen as doing what is right for the realm. even in the High MA there are super powers in Europe (Church and Holy Roman Empire) as these two powers decline national powers take their place.

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New Forms of political forms start to arise and replace the feudal system - the Common system used in Pisa, Genoa and other Italian city States.

April 6, 2010Decline of the Papacy

With the arrival of the Renaissance we see more and more acceptance of the sciences and more of a secular ethic.the Pope in the 14th and 15th C (some of them) are becoming increasingly corrupt or at least people think that they are becoming corrupt (anti-clericalism). Their ability to call crusades has also diminished. the Papacy has also suffered from the Black Death and the social and economic consequences of the plague.

Clashes with Secular Powers - it looked like the Papacy was going to become the most powerful organization in Europe around 1250 after the Holy Roman Empire and the Hohestaufen dynasty was broken up.

War of the Sicilian Vespers, 1282-1302 - the Papacy tries to find a new King for the Kingdom of Sicily. the problem was that the Local powers (the heirs of Frederick) were very powerful. Charles of Anjou takes up the offer and takes control over the region. The Sicilians themselves rose up against the Charles. They start to massacre Charles’s french troops. A spanish King becomes involved and a civil war breaks out. they fight to a stalemate with the Island of Sicily going to Peter of Aragon and the south of Italy stays with Charles. This shows a decline in the power of the Papcy because the locals rose up and rejected the Popes chosen successor as king. the people are beginning to believe that the Church was using its spiritual authority to further its political goals. In the Popes minds disagreeing with the Papacy is heresy.

Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair - this clash showed the rising power of the national monarchs of europe. The national monarchs had gained a lot of Power while the Papcy was fighting with the Holy Roman Empire. in this fight the Pope for the first time loses which shows the power of these new European powers.

Taxation of the Clergy - Philip and Boniface VIII struggled over who got to tax the Clergy. Philip needs money so he hatches a plot to tax the church be/c the church holds vast amounts of land in France. the Pope says that he can’t do that as he doesn’t have the authority to tax the church. Boniface VIII issues a Papal bull which forbids the clergy paying taxes to a prince or king without the consent of the Pope. Things now get heated and for several years they argue about it.

Boniface VIII was in a sticky situation b/c he was elected Pope when

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the pope before him abdicated and was not yet dead. Local noble families were constantly fighting to see who would become the next Pope. Boniface VIII calls a crusade against the Colonna family to settle old family feuds and so Philip Allies with the Colonna and will push to have Boniface VIII recognized as never having been Pope. Boniface VIII is forced to back down

By the early 1300s Philip again wants to tax the Church and Boniface VIII publishes another Bull which states that outside the church there is no salvation. it makes extreme arguments over the Popes authority over the Europe and the world. Says that the Pope holds both the Sword and the Shield of God. what’s different this time is that Philip the fair doesn’t back down and Boniface VIII isn’t able to enforce this.

Anagni, 1303 - Boniface is kidnapped here by Philip the fair’s minister and some members of the Colonna family. it is the reverse of what happened to Henry IV at Conosa. Boniface VIII is humbled by a national King.

The Avignon Papacy or the “Babylonian Captivity”for 70 years the Papacy moved from Rome to Avignon b/c it is simply to dangerous to live in Rome. the Powerful Roman families and the danger of living in Rome are to grave to remain in Rome

Papal and Secular SovereigntyTheories of Papal Sovereignty

Giles of Rome 1316 - argues that the Pope is the leader of the world. as the actual power of the Pope is decreasing their theories of how much power they have keep getting grander and grander. They believe that God’s power comes first through the Pope and then to the rest of the world

the secularization of society - doesn’t mean an absence of God it means that Gods authority goes to the King as well as the Pope not through the Pope.

William of Ockham - argues that power of the king comes from the God but it comes directly to the king and not through the Pope or any other intermediary. Argues that the King is King by the grace of God not by the Grace of the Pope.

Popular consent -power flows from the people up (this is not a democracy though)Conciliarism - the idea that the council has authority over the Pope. It is a

challenge to the Popes authority. it takes several decades but finally the Popes defeat the idea of Conciliarism.

- Late Medieval Mysticism - Catherine of Siena - She asks the pope to come back to

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Rome as people are criticizing the Papacy’s move to Avignon. the pope returns to Rome in 1377 but dies the year after.

The Great Schism/Western Schism (1378-1417) - yet another example of the decline of the authority of the Papacy. An Italian is elected Pope because the people in Rome are rioting in the streets demanding a Roman pope. a little while later the French Cardinals thinking that they have been intimidated into that Pope Elect another Pope and this leads to the great Schism. the Schism lasts for 40 years and Europe is almost perfectly divided. A council meets and depose the two popes and elects a 3rd. none of them give up their claim to the Papacy so now there are three.

the council of Constance 1414-1418 called together and claims that the Roman line of Popes is the real one. eventually the other two lines accept this.

April 13, 2010

Exam is 35% of total grade - 2 sectionssec one out of 15% - short answer and multiple choice all from terms. sec two out of 20% - choose 2 out of 6 essays. big picture items, compare and

contrast ideas from multiple classes. directly answer the question asked as early as possible in the essay’sbe specific try and use the primary sources

Architecture - the Cathedral was usually the largest building in a town or city and was the focal point of the artistic and religious worlds. It was also often the hub of the political community. They were a source of the cities pride.

The Romanesque Period (10th to the 12th C) - Roman Art and architecture dominates Europe long after the Western Roman Empire fell. Many of the designs and layouts of Medieval buildings were based on Roman designs or had Roman elements.

the Roman Basilica: Naves, Apse, Aisle - Basilica's were large columned building. they were combined with Jewish Synagogs (the designs) to become the Medieval Cathedral. The Nave is the Central isle through the middle of the Cathedral. Isles run parallel to the Nave but along the edge. The Apse was at the end of the Cathedral and it was were the Alter was located and also the place of any relics.

Romanesque barrel and Groin Vaults - Roman Arches - put four arches together in the shape of a square so you get a vault and that becomes one of the building blocks of the Romanesque style

Solidity of Romanesque architecture - the general appearance of

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Romanesque cathedrals were that they were heavy, squat buildings that appear very thick. Inside the Cathedrals are large but fairly dark. The walls are think and there aren’t too many windows. when you stand inside a Romanesque cathedral you see a lot of stone. The Apse and walls of Cathedrals were often painted and decorated in the Byzantine style.

The Gothic Period (mid 12 to 16th C) thought to be not as good as the classical period. the name was given to the Architecture after the period and was used as a bad word.

Architectural innovations - new technological innovations were invented that allowed for a radically different style of architecture.

ribbed vaults and pointed arches - Romans had rounded arches but in the Gothic style it was pointed at the top. Ribbing was placed in the vaults which added depth to the vault and could also hold more weight which meant that the roof could also be made out of stone.

flying buttresses - it is an external arch support that helps hold the weight of the roof. they are outside of the building that are load bering and they help distribute the weight more and can lead to even heavier roofs.

Stained glass windows and rose window - flying Buttresses mean that buildings could be built higher and with more windows. Stained and Rose glass windows are medieval innovations. they were often vast windows that let in huge amounts of lights. Rose windows were circular windows in the Front of the building letting light stream down the nave.

Gothic ornamentation - high towers were built on the fronts of Gothic Cathedrals. Gothic Cathedrals often had less columns and much more open floor plans.

Gothic Sculpture - many cathedrals have elaborate sculptures around the outside. Often these figures are thin, tall, graceful, and elegant. in that way they mirror the cathedrals themselves.

Gothic architecture really catches on in England, France, Germany but never really gets used in Italythe central problem of Cathedral construction was money. it took many many years to construct because cities and lords would keep running out of money. Liturgy and Music

Liturgy: Public Religious rituals - liturgy is the ceremonies performed in the Medieval church. Baptism, Mass, Easter and Christmas are all examples of liturgy. there was tremendous variety of liturgy in the early middle ages.

Triumphs of the Roman rite - gradually over the course of the MA the Roman

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style of liturgy (Roman Catholic Church based out of Rome) because of the growing power of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Varieties of liturgy

MusicGregorian Chanting - tied to Gregory the Great which is a style of chanting

which is monophonic chanting. i.e. all the monks are chanting/singing the same note. it was often not accompanied by music. it was a very simple type of music and was often used as meditative or relax-ative music.

Painting, International Gothic - it’s greatest hallmark is the rich blue used in the paintings. the figures are stylized as being tall and graceful.

The Tres Riches Heures - was a devotional book and is thought to be one of the best surviving examples of international gothic painting.

Jan van Eyck (1395-before 1411) - he directed art in the north of Europe away from international gothic towards the renaissance styles. in the south renaissance was the dominant form and there never really was a gothic art in the south.

Hieronymus Bosch - he gave us fantastic and surreal depictions of heaven and hell.

Popular Religion and Religious Persecution1. Introduction

• The papacy is becoming more and more aware of heretics as they are multiplying more and more – a sign of resistance to the papacy’s growing power

• Some suggest that the resistance is a result of the papacy outlining what a Christian is, in a way the papacy is manufacturing decent; others say that popular decent is being created by average ppl who accepting ideas of Christianity but interpreting in their own way

2. Lay or Popular Piety

• Those who are ordinary people – religious devotion – a widespread growth of this – ppl becoming more aware of church doctrine

• With increasing piety comes to increased intolerance; it isn’t the pope to blame, but the average ppl for attacking Jews and heretics

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• Display of lay piety is going on a crusade

• Could give money to the church, could go on a pilgrimage

• St. Francis was only a humble lay person

• from the perspective of the church, this lay piety could get out of control as ppl start to reject plans of the bishops

3. The Cathars or Albigensians

• Dualism

o Their ideology rested on the idea of dualism – the church pissed at this

o There are 2 principles in the world, one absolutely good, and one absolutely evil – they are opposing principles that the entire universe is in this duel

o This is not catholic as God is omnipotent – and the devil is not

o They identify the good with the spiritual world, and the evil was everything intrinsically bad – not catholic

o The Cathars saw themselves as Christians – this is why they are heretics

o The Cathars reject marriage, baptism, the Eucharist, and the reincarnation of souls

• Perfecti

o The idea of being perfected where women can be priests – this goes against Catholicism

o Tend to live humble and simple lives like monks, lived in poverty; to some they were living more like Christ

• Credentes

• The Albigensians Crusade, 1209-1229

o This is the first crusade within the boundaries itself – result of Cathars killing a legate – a crusade is preached

o By 1209, a massive army is gathering to go against the Cathars

o Indulgences are included here – and it’s only for 40 days

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o It is apparent that a crusade in Europe when they just as brutal as the ones to the east

o Massacre at Beziers

♣ As the crusaders are pushing into the city, someone said to the papal legate their might be actual Christians in the city, but he said kill everyone in the city and let god sort them out

• It took about 20 years till it ended

• The lands come under control of the king

4. Waldersians (poor men of Lyon)

• Valdez, aka Peter Waldo (d. Before 1218)

• Similar to St. Francis

• His wife contacts the archbishop, as says he’s losing his shit, and he starts to wonder if he’s a heretic

• What is he doing questionable? What danger does he pose?

• He is not a biblical scholar, so the bishop is afraid he may spread heretical ideas

• Now he wasn’t allowed to preach without the consent of his bishop, but he does anyways

• He is now a heretic

5. The Inquisition

• Gregory IX and Mendicant Inquisitors

• In the 1230’s

• The crusade wasn’t the best for rooting out heresy, it was good for taking out armies, but it was hard to find individual heretics

• The inquisition is sending inquisitors to do an inquest to root out heretics

• You could send a legate (Mendicants) i they were use to traveling and preaching

• Torture is allowed to get confessions

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• Why can the church kill? (the pope could command crusades but not shed blood)

6. The Jews in Medieval Europe

• The high middle ages – decrease in relations with Jews

• The official church policy with the Jews

• Jews were good bankers – but led to problems

o No one likes the banker as there is interest

• Start to see rumours of Jews

• Under Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain – Jews are forcibly expelled from the country

April 8, 2010 – The Hundred Year’s War and Late Medieval WarfareA hundred year battle b/w France and England

War had consequences: further decline of feudalism, rise of nationalism, major changes in military technology (gunpowder)

In studying this, need to study the warfare itself – war should not be divorced from its cultural context – war helps us understand the societies (for example, WWII, the Germans treated British prisoners different from the Russians – different view of the other people)

Mein Kampf – talked about this

Understanding the society that wages it helps us understand them

1. Medieval Warfare: Terms and Overview

• Logistics, Strategy and Tactics

o Strategy: how is it different from tactics? Where as tactics are designed to win a battle, strategy is your overall plan for winning the war – expands beyond the battlefield

o Tactics: you means of winning the battle, or your methods, how you move your troops , etc...

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o Logistics: the science and techniques of maintaining an army in the field - supplies

• General Characteristics of Medieval Warfare

o Different than modern war

o Small Armies

♣ Many of the great battles were b/w a few thousand troops on either side – b/c it was only a small segment of society fighting – before conscription – only a few designated ppl were obligated to fight

♣ Changes among the barbarians tribes early every male was expected to fight, but with the feudal revolution, knights were the ones who fight – as society was split up – only a small section of the population was trained for war

♣ Much smaller populations

♣ Hard to travel and move goods and people – more difficult to supply

♣ Disease is routine in armies

♣ Smaller states have fewer resources

♣ Political fragmentation contributes

• Being aware of these problems (logistical problems), was to let the army supply itself

o Living of the Land

o The “Dominance of Cavalry”

♣ Difference b/w early warfare and this

♣ Cavalry was dominant – soldiers trained to fight on horseback were the most effecting soldiers – they became the leaders in medieval warfare

♣ Some argue that it wasn’t the complete dominance of cavalry, because – our sources were written more in the cavalry than infantry – a bias

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a. Socially, the eyes of the reported are on the rich, rather than

♣ The prevalence of sieges are the big thing – the French may win all the battles, but they lose the wars

♣ Now by the 14th century there are castles everywhere – so sieges are essential winning wars and battles

• Back then, leaders lead the charge, not like nowadays

2. The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453

• It wasn’t a constant war, as there were periods of peace

• Fighting about the right to the French Crown – what happened in the Royal Dynasty in the 10 th Century – at the beginning of the 14 th century, Philip IV the Fair’s sons all died, leaving the line only in Isabelle hands

• Isabelle marries Edward II, King of England – Edward III (their son) Claimant to the throne of France

• Kings of France and England have been fighting for centuries

• In 1337, they already had parts of France from Elanore of Aquitane

• This created tension b/c the King of France is the Lord of all France, but in practice, he doesn’t work

• The King of England is the Duke of Aquitaine, but is a vassal to the King of France

• This creates a lot of conflict and shit

• Boils over in 1337 when the Capitian bloodline in France dies out , and the king of England claims France

• The English Army has some knights, but in terms of numbers, the bulk of the soldiers are non-knights, they are infantry who use the Longbow

• The Longbow

o The British

• The French rely on their knights – much higher population – make heavy cavalry

• French also need skirmishers – so they hired mercenaries

o Crossbowman from Italy

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• By 1337 – the English are pressing on their claims

• For the fist 10 years, not much happens, although there is hostility

• In 1446 – Henry III lands on the coast of France with a large army and is confronted by a French army

o They go to war

• Battle of Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356)

• The English kick their ass where the Longbow is kicking the shit out of the French – already used against Scotland

• Line up their archers on a kill, backed up the archers with knights, the French were chasing the English, and they thought they could ride them down

• The French sent their crossbowmen out, but the Longbowman could reload a lot faster

• It was a massacre – the Genoise got their ass kicked

• The French were now pissed off, and the knights charged, and the English expected just that (they were on a hill)

• As they got closer, the longbowman showered on them

• When the horses were taken out, the French charge was broken down

• Once the first French is done, the following waves are harder to get up to the English

• “never reinforce failure”

• In the end, the battle is a massive defeat of a smaller English army over a larger and wealthier force

• It is a medieval battle too

• The King of Bohemia

o (fighting for the French)

o He wanted to prove his manhood, despite he saw everyone getting their ass kicked

o Problem, John of Bohemia was blind

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o The demand of honour – gets killed

• Edward III had a huge victory – pushed forward

• Poitiers (1356)

o A replay of the previous battle

o French knew they had fight different, so they dismounted off their horses

o Problem, the ground was soggy with obstacles, they had to march over a mile of ploughed fields

o The warriors were exhausted, and they got their ass kicked, and the king was even captured

• They try to do things diplomatically for a bit

• Battles begin to revise again

• Chevauchée

o These are fast raids into enemy territory

o Like terrorists against the French ppl

o Gradually, during this stage, things start to turn against the English

• Du Gueslcin and “Fabian tactics”

o The French are winning the sieges

o If you’re not going to win battles, don’t fight them

o They focus on winning sieges

o While the army comes, they let them come, so they focus on winning the sieges, while at the same time laying siege against English castles

• By 1380’s both sides are exhausted

• 20 year truce in 1396

• Henry V – lands in France in 1415 with a large army to press his claims to be the next king of France

• Battle of Agincourt, 1415

o The same thing as the other battles, get their ass kicked again by being

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lured to them

• Henry is able to retake parts of France b/w the French don’t want to fight him, as well as a current civil war b/w competing kings

• The English even controlled Paris, and the Burgundians were also taking huge chunks of France

• The English and Burgundians were working together

• Crisis in 1429 while France is in big shit

• Joan of Arc (c. 1412-31) and the French Recovery

o losing all the battles, Joan brought a breath of French air to attack, and she kicked ass too!

o Siege of Orleans, 1428-9

o After the siege of Orleans, she pushed for an attack on Paris, but her attack was driven back and many were killed

o She also got Charles VII to Rheims – where kings are crowned

• The End of the War

o The tide was turning with Joan

o A military revolution in France was happening too – the cannon

o The cannon was becoming effective in the siege

o The cannon could easily knock down medieval gates and walls –the higher the wall, the bigger the target, and the thinner it would be

o By 1453, the French have largely driven the English out

3. Importance of the Hundered Years’ War

• Gunpowder and cannon – the change from medieval weapons to the modern

• The Western ‘Military Revolution’

o This is the period where western Europe starts to pull ahead of other societies in warfare

• The First National Standing Armies

o The French can afford standing armies, unlike England

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• Total War

o Saw no napoleons or Hitler’s; didn’t involve everyone, and no extermination – one of the medieval periods great strengths