History 2017 Canadian Pre-Confed.

Sept 11, 2009

the widely accepted theory is that the first natives followed herds across the Beringia land bridge and then followed the coast south. there is a crushing lack of documentable history of early north american indians and thus we rely on the accounts of traders, missionaries, and explorers. These people all have their own biases and so the history they recorded may be shaped by their expectations and traditions thus making their conclusions problematic for modern historians.some european goods, and diseases made it into Native communities before the europeans themselves made contact b/c of the natives vast trading networks.Eastern Woodland natives were:

hunters and farmershad a more constant food supplyhad a more settled populationa more complex political structuremade up of the Hurons, Iroquois, Mi’kmaq and others

Canadian Shield natives nomadic hunters (moose, forest animals) with small select groups of

farmersloose political organizations with a sparse populations included the Algonquin and the Ojibwa

Sub-Arctic hunterssparse pop loose political orgChipewyan, Dogrib and Gwich’in

Plains Nativesnomadic Buffalo hunters with a loose political orgrelatively sparse popincludes Blackfoot, Cree, Assiniboine

West Coast Nativesoldest groups of nativesHunters and fishers - heavily reliant on salmon and cedar Most complex political and social structure of all nativesincludes the Haida, Nuu’ch’nulth, Bella Coola in rather dense population

groups Arctic

hunters and fishers living in one of the worlds harshest climatesvery sparse pop with loose political structuresincludes the Inuit, and Aleut

Sept 14 2009

native americans had a complex and extended trading networks. items such as shells, flint, obsidian, copper and other types of stone and shells were traded from one end of the country to the other. trade for natives was based on prestige and alliances not just economic considerations. Many items had spiritual relevance as well and thus couldn’t be traded away for just anything.natives often accumulated goods to give it away and that was a way to gain prestige. The Potlach was a very common way to gift away goods on the west coastgifts were used as diplomatic tools as well. they were used to open negotiations and to seal treaties. they were used to buy back prisoners of war and to sue for peace.

there is example of so called trading languages that were a mixture of many local languages that could be used for trading. on the plains it is thought that a form of sign language was used for the same purpose

independence and self-subsistence were important values to many native cultures as was humour and hospitality. Many religions were linked by the ideas of harmony and of spirits living in plants animals and some inanimate objects. Many males had to go on puberty quests to find their spirit guides that would protect them and give them a special power.Many native cultures believed that all living things could be regarded as alive in some way and a part of a more complex nature.

Natives fought wars as well but not for the same reasons as Europeans. they didn’t fight for land but for a blood revenge, personal prestige, or new slaves.

Norse Vikings were the first people to make contact with Native americans in about 1000CE. Leif Eriksson, Erik the Red and Thorvald Eriksson are thought to be some of the first europeans to make it to North America.Vikings used their settlements on Greenland as jumping points to what is now Newfoundland. Bjarni Herjolffson first sighted labrador in 986CE after being blown off courseLeif Eriksson landed in “Vinland” in 1001CE he was Erik the Reds son. he sailed down the coast of Baffin Island and Labrador and landed on Newfoundland. They stayed for about a year and didn’t encounter any natives Leif’s Brother Thorvald came the next year with a crew of 30 and settled into the old abandoned settlement. They had first contact with the natives and their relationship soured quickly. the Norse called them Skraelings and then the Norse murdered a group of Natives while they were sleeping. This lead to a small war with the natives and Thorvald died.

Sept 16 2009

John Cabot was born Giovani Caboto and born in Venice. He is a mysterious man and not a lot is known about him.in 1497 he landed in Nfld or Cape Breton and declared possession of the land for England in the name of Henry VIIJohn new that b/c of Columbus’s success he would not receive the support of the Spanish Crown so he went north to the Port of Bristol. He also believed that by traveling from a northern port it would be a shorter trip.Set off in the Matthew with a crew of 18 Men. He spent about a month sailing around Nfld and the maritimes. He thought he had reached the north east coast of Asia.Returned to Britstol on the 6th of August and reported that he had found a new shorter way to get to Asia, and he became a hero and called “ The Great Admiral” In feb 1498 John received royal charter to take 6 ships and go back. All but one of the ships were lost at sea. Henry VII died and english interest in exploration waned b/c of internal political struggles Cabot did discover the grand banks and described the vast amounts of cod available there in ways that the King almost didn’t believe. Soon after his voyage international fishermen from many european nations were fishing the grand banks. Fishing huts were the 1st european settlements but they were only seasonal. Wet or green fishing was when fish was caught and then packed into salt barrels. the english developed a method called dry fishing. they would dry the fish on land and then lightly dust it with salt. dry fishing brought the fishermen ashore and started a settlement system in North America

Humphrey Gilbert first put forth the idea of the Northwest Passage as a possibility of a short cut to the Indies.The Hunt for the Northwest Passage became one of histories great white elephant costing millions of dollars, hundreds of lives and eventually achieving very littleMartin Frobisher and English privateer who was captivated by the idea of the Northwest Passage. He set out with three smaller boats one was lost at greenland and one turned back but Frobisher pushed on. on his first voyage he sailed up a large bay on Baffin Island and thought he had found Asia. Frobisher brought back some stones that he believed that contained gold. Frobisher was sent back and he brought home Tons of worthless stones.

BeothukFirst nations group that lived in Nfld and among the first to come in contact with Europeans they were a shy group of people that mostly stayed to themselves. the Beothuks withdrew into the interior of Nfld and this moved them away from some of there traditional food sources. Starvation became common and this made them more vulnerable to european diseases.

when the europeans did encounter the beothuk violence usually was the result there were some sympathetic efforts from europeans to help the Beothuk. Well meaning politicians decided to capture a Beothuk and teach them the benefits of European civilization, this however, only encouraged the violence b/w the europeans and beothuks. the violence continued as there weren’t many efforts to prosecute.Shawnadithit was a young women who was captured and most of what we know about the Beothuk comes from here. She spent the last few years of her life in St. Johns teaching europeans about the beothuk. She seems to be the last of the Beothuk.

Sept 18 2009

in 1534 the french King Fancis 1 sent Jacques Cartier on the first of three western voyages to discover certain isles and countries were it is said that gold and other precious metals are found.on the first voyage in 1534 he did a maritime tour. his journal also records the first european contact with natives. Takes two young men as captives and proof of his visit.Cartier convinced the king to provide the funds for a follow up voyage the next year.in 1535 he returns to Canada with the two captives as translators and guides. and sailed up the St. Lawrence river (he named it the St. Lawrence as he landed on the feast of St. Lawrence) the two guides told him about the fresh water seas. in early sept the french anchored off of present day Montreal and Ottawa spending the winter at Montreal. 26 men during the winter mostly from scurvy but some from the cold as well. he returned to France reporting that he had found a water route to the interior of Canada. he took Donoccanna back to France (Donoccanna was the father of the two captives that Cartier had taken the previous voyage and had been his guides) Donoccanna died without ever returning but he did convince the King of a fabulous land of gold and silver to the west. Sieur de Roberval was charged to lead the search for the golden kingdom and Cartier was only the guide. Roberval was charged to find the kingdom of gold and to colonize the area as well as bringing missionaries to the land. The King decided that the missionaries were needed to placate the Church. The expedition split into two groups with Cartier going first and a few months later Roberval followed. Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence and started to set up a settlement but they had a rough go of things. by the spring cartier gave up and went back to france with a load of fake gold and quartz.Roberval arrived after Cartier left but he and his settlers also had a terrible winter (50 died of scurvy) and he also returned the next spring. the cost and problems associated with this trip and internal political issues combined with european wars meant that france didn’t attempt to colonize North America until the start of the next century.

Why sail to Canadapeople sailed to Canada as a way to get to Asia and the silk, spices, and gold therefor Cod and whalingFurs Gloryand the Christianization of the natives

If cod brought europeans to the shores of Canada it was the beaver that brought them to the interior of Canada. Beaver fur was very warm and soft and there was a massive demand for their pelts in europe.Cartier was unimpressed with the natives he met, he was hoping that he would find wealthy asian traders. European explorers thought they were superior to the Natives. Natives also believed that they were superior to the europeansphysical differences were quite large - europeans were shorter men and had beards and many different hair and eye colours. Natives were taller and all had black hair and dark eyes. Culturally the two were also very different Native did not do women’s work and showed very little emotion where as the europeans had no women so they did all their own work and were highly animated and showed much emotionNatives were very vulnerable to european disease’s some estimates believe that 90% of the native pop died from european disease’s Europeans had desirable technologies like metal tools and weapons. Natives would gladly trade many furs for european trade goodsCartier called the the area surrounding his first landings the land God gave to Cain. he was more complimentary about PEI and the St. LawrenceConflict over land b/w the Natives and Europeans was rarer than in the states b/c the land was as not as high of quality.

Sept 21 09

by 1604 there were still no permanent settlements in north america north of Mexico.Du Mont came to start a permanent settlement with Champlain. He arrived at the Bay of Fundy and he started a settlement on the island of St Croix. The buildings of the settlement were placed within a protective wall w/ cannons Du Mont and his men suffered through one of the coldest winters in 100 years. 36 of the original colonists were dead when the supply ships arrived in the spring. Du Mont and the rest didn’t give up and he decided to move his settlement across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal. Port Royal worked, it is usually taken to be the first permanent european presence in North America. he got an extension on his trading monopoly conditional on founding another colony. Champlain made 12 voyages to New France and is credited with starting the first permanent colony at Quebec City. He is called the “Father of New France”

Champlain’s first settlement was built his first settlement at Quebec (Quebec City) he did this b/c he didn’t want to build near Tadoussac which was the principle fur trading center on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He did this b/c he thought if he was to close his settlers would be drawn away to Tadoussac.Only 9 colonists survived to the spring b/c of weather, scurvy and also the Natives (Iroquois). Still they stayed on Champlain decided to form an alliance with the Huron even accompanied the Hurons down into modern day Vermont and fought with them against the Iroquois. The alliance is a successful one and the French not only get military protection but also economic advantages in increased trade.to try and encourage trade Champlain began to send out French men out to live with the Hurons. they were called the Coureurs de Bois. they were to map the land and chart the geography of the fur trade and to learn native language and culture. one of the first the Coureurs de Bois, Etienne Brule lived among the huron from 1612-1633 and really integrated himself into their culture. It was men like these that helped seal the Huron-French relationship.

another important aspect of New France was the religious part of the mission to settle New France. He encouraged different Catholic groups to come with him to New France and convert the Natives. this would save their souls and also create closer ties with the French

in 1618 he returned to France and argues to the Crown and investors to make New France a strong Permanent settlement. He argued that New france held the possibility of a route to the Orient, a vast fur and fish economy and other advantages. he asked for 300 families and 300 soldiers to be sent to his colonies. in 1627 the Company du Cent Associate and they had a monopoly over all of New France and it backed Champlain upin 1628 4 ships and 400 people were sent to New France along with all of the needed supplies. However, the Kirke Brothers (scottish privateers) captured quebec in 1628.The 4 ships were captured by the Kirke brothers and none of the supplies made it to the settlements. New France and Acadia were captured by the Kirke bros and were English were in Charge of for 4 years until the english sold it back to the french.At the time of his death in 1635 Champlain had not fulfilled his dream of a large permanent settlement in New France.

Sept 23, 2009

Father Paul Le Jeuen - Superior-General of jesuit Missions in New France. He published annual reports that are now known as the Jesuit Relations. The first

report was nothing more than a letter but his superiors decided to publish the letters as a public relations program. from then on the missionaries knew the public would be reading it and tailored it for them. the Jesuits weren’t the first missionaries to north america. Champlain had brought some Recollets brothers to come to his first colonies. the Recollet were unsuccessful as they tried to convert the natives into Europeans. The jesuits were more successful because they went and lived among the natives and didn’t try to turn them into europeansThe Huron were the main group that the Jesuits and other missionaries worked with and the natives allowed them to live with them. Christian natives got perks like preferential trading rates and guns that non-christianized didn’t receive. Leading the mission to the Hurons was Jean de Brebeuf. he wrote the first english huron dictionary and he helped to build a jesuit settlement in the heart of Huronia called Ste-Marie-Among-the-Hurons. it was meant to be a sanctuary and base of operations among the Hurons. it had a hospital and church in later years and was very important in jesuit activities

being in close contact with the french did result in more exposer to disease and thus were weaker when the Iroquois attacked.

in 1648 the Iroquois launched a full scale attack on the Hurons. the Hurons were unable to mount an effective defence and the Huron nation was virtually wiped out. the Jesuits abandoned their missions in Huronia and by 1649 had retreated back into New France settlements. New France was vulnerable to Iroquois attacks as they weren’t very large or strong and had little defensive options.

we see a change in Jesuit relations after the Iroquois attack they were afraid of the Iroquois and were pleading for more people and more of a military presence. in 1643 the Iroquois attacked french outposts and this seriously disrupted the fur trade and agricultural production. French survival in North America was in serious doubt at this time. the fur trade was basically shut down and this stopped the inflow of new settlers.in 1661 the PM of france died and he had always been indifferent about New France and the colonists sent an advocate for the Colony. King Louis the 14th was crowned King that year and he wanted a global empire. Louis appointed a Royal Government in 1663. John Baptiste-Colbert was appointed Minister of the Marine which meant he was minister of the colonies and John Talon was named First Intendant of New France. Colbert followed an economic policy called mercantilism and Colbert wanted to increase the import of raw materials from the New France. the company that had the monopoly over new france was abolished and New France became a Royal Colony.

Louis also sent troops and they were desperately needed. they brought with them a sense among the settlers that they were no longer forgotten.

These new immigrants to New France brought with them the seigneurial system - a medieval system of duties and responsibilities b/w lords and commoners. This system would last until 1854-long after the French revolution had abolished it in Francethe Seigneur had to provide some sort of infrastructure like a mill, church, court, blacksmith. he also had to build and maintain a manor and clear some of the land. The Censitaires had to clear their plot of land, make payments called Cens to the Seigneur and they had to do a certain amount of public work for the Seigneur.there are not the same social distinctions in New France as there is in France. the lines are far more blurred. they Censitaires changed their name to the Habitants and even had the chance for upward social mobility that was unable to them in France.Farms in New France were long narrow farm that as oft as possible had access to the river.

there was one glaring problem that Talon had to solve to turn New France into a actual colony, there were not enough women in New France and thus there weren’t very many families in New France. Talon sent 100s of women to New France called them Les Filles Du Roi. in all over a few years 800 were sent. they were often girls from orphanages and from poorer families. The women first went to the Nuns and were looked after there. the men then went to the nuns and declared his possessions and his ability to care for the women. the women then had some ability to choose their own husband.some men didn’t want to get married and Talon actually passed laws forcing men to get married.

Sept 28 2009

many of the women married soldiers and this encouraged the soldiers to stay in New France. Talon also encouraged early marriage by giving a “gift from the King” and also encouraged large families by giving away Canada’s first baby paymentspeople who didn’t get married often saw fines or restrictions in their abilities to hunt, trap and fish.the birth rate tripled in the colony and by 1672 the number of people doubled to 6700.the King also sent engages which were indentured workers to New France. they received free passage to Canada and then were bound to a three year contract to work for a settler, church, merchant. the engages made up the bulk of the new immigrants in the late 17th C. about half decided to stay. in the early years of the colony it was the engages that preformed much of the heavy labour. building docks, clearing land, building roads and buildings.

nearly 4000 men and women were sent to Canada by the French government. there was small amounts of slavery in New France. not as big in the states mainly b/c it didn’t make as much economic sense to own slaves. some were of african descent and some were of native descent. NAtive slaves were often captured by other natives and then traded to the habitants.

New France faced a problem attracting and keeping people in New France. by the time of the British conquest of new france, there were 70,000 people in New France and 1.5 million in New England. not only was the climate much harsher but there were fewer economic opportunities in New Francethe government of New France was supposed to be governed just like any province in France.

1604 - first expedition to Acadia1609 - settlement abandoned1632 - first permanent settlement at Port Royal1713 - Treaty of Utrecht - Acadia becomes a British possession

Under French rule Acadia and Canada were two separate colonies within New France although the boundary b/w the two is fuzzyFrance largely ignored Acadia and there is also very little contact b/w the Acadians and the Canadians. The Acadians built a system of ditches and dykes that were able to reclaim the fertile marshlands in and around the Bay of Fundythis dyke system required people to work together and fostered a sense of community which was very important as they were so isolated and lived sandwiched b/w the French and the British.the Acadians also had large families with 10 or 11 children. Acadia had a small population but a high growth rate.The Acadians developed there own some what distinct culture with their own slang and working in native words.

Acadians were fairly free from gov control and there was no seigneurial system. The gov was weak and the Family and the Church were the strong groups. it was a fairly egalitarian society, and even though the Church was the most powerful group there was no one group that controlled the Church Most of Acadia’s trade took place with New England. The Acadians even called the New Englanders “our friends, the enemy”Acadians had a fairly good relationship with the Natives and the Mikmac were important allies of the acadians.

in 1690 New Englanders attacked Port Royal as part of the war of Spanish Succession and the warfare would continue until 1713 when France gave Acadia to Britain in the Treaty of Utrecht.

this treaty ended the on again off again war b/w France and Britain in the colonies. Acadia was renamed Nova Scotia.

Sept 30, 2009

France lost much of its maritime possessions but not all of it and thus it built the Garrison at Louisbourg. It became a large fortification with elaborate defences.The English administrators had a problem in their new territory of Acadia. they decided that the Acadians should become British Subjects by swearing an oath of allegiance. the Acadians refused hoping that they could remain neutral. they feared reprisal from the Local natives who were fiercely loyal to the French and were also worried that some day they may be re-conquered by the French.The two sides compromised and the Acadians recognized the British King but didn’t have to swear to take up arms for him. They were allowed to keep their Roman Catholic religion. After the oath the acadians are looked upon as the Neutral French. Neither the English nor the French really trusted the Acadians b/c they didn’t seem to consider themselves part of any nation but rather as acadians.the Acadians enjoyed a small golden era as they are no longer plagued with war and they have freer and easier trade. that is until King George’s war broke out and France and Britain were once again fighting. in 1749 after the war the status quo was returned, attitudes did change. The New Gov Edward Cornwallis decided that there needed to be more English people in Nova Scotia and they were moved to and founded Halifax. More British institutions and British laws was set up by Cornwallis and a strong British Garrison was moved into Halifax. The french tried to maintain their alliance with the Mik Mac and supported them in fighting against the English. The Mik Mac declared war on the English in 1749 and Cornwallis thought that the acadians were helping or encouraging the Mik Mac. More than anything the Acadians had been allowed to stay in Acadia from 1713 to 1750 out of a position of weakness. the British didn’t have the strength to do anything about them. a New Gov arrived in 1753 and he was worried about the large french pop in his colony. He insisted on an Iron Clad oath that stated that the Acadians must support the British in case of a war. in 1755 all acadians who refused to take the New oath were deported. Acadians home were burnt and they themselves were dispersed to England, France and all of the 13 Colonies. b/c of the haste of the deportation it was poorly planned and many people died in transit b/c there wasn’t enough food or water. the deportation lasted for about 8 years until 1762. Acadian society was destroyed in the deportation. Acadian mortality rate in the 13 colonies was quite high as they had a low tolerance to disease. they often wandered from town to town looking for relatives.

about 1/3 of the surviving Acadians settled in Louisiana b/c of similar farming practices and this is where the Cajuns came from. in 1764 it was declared that the Acadians could returned and many of them came home but had to move to New Brunswick as their lands in Nova Scotia was already settled.

Oct 2, 2009

Radisson and Des Grosseilliers - two french voyagers who wanted to go farther northwest in search of furs, past the Iroquois blockade in 1654the Quebec governor refused to give them permission on terms they could handle so they went on their ownby the winter of 1654 they had made it to Lake Superior and they over wintered there and in the Spring they were part of a large native festival. the natives told the traders that there were better furs on a northern bay north of Lake Superiorthey returned to Montreal thinking they would receive a hero’s welcome but they weren’t. in fact Des Grosseilliers was thrown in jail. they decided to go again but again the Governor said that they couldn’t go. They Travelled to France to get permission but didn’t receive support their either so they went to England and there received the support they neededKing Charles the 2nd agreed to finance Radisson and Des Grosseilliers. They were given the Nonsuch and returned to England after the winter with a boat load of very high quality fursKing Charles II seeing the profits that were available so he gave them Royal Charter and formed the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670. the company was given monopoly over all territories that drained into the Hudson’s Bay. called Rupert’s LandThe HBC set up fur trading posts not colonies. the intermediaries b/w native trappers and european buyers were all natives. This way each fort was often protected by a group of natives that settled outside the fort.

After the treaty of Utrecht there is a period of peace b/w England and France. this ended with the break out of the Seven years war in 1754.the 7 years war started in the colonies and then moved to Europe. It lasted 9 years in North Americathe war started as both England and France were trying to expand on in North America and both wanted to continue to expand and this is where they ran into each other and this caused conflictboth sides were trying to expand their fur trade. France was caught in b/w the British from the South (13 colonies) and from the North West (HBC). so the French spread south west down the Mississippi river system and around the great Lakes. the French built a series of trading posts along the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes.France in North America during the 7 years war

Weakness’ Strength’s

small pop effective leadership precarious economy natural defences dependent on subsidized Guerilla Warriors fur trade native alliesSmall scale Ag and food Division among English colonists supply

France was governed by Pierre de Vaudreuil and he was the first Canadian born governor of France. Montcalm was from FranceVaudreuil favored a guerilla warfare that they had been successful with early in the war. Montcalm wanted a more european style of set piece warfare. Montcalm was declared by the French ministry as in complete charge.French fortunes changed when William Pitt the Elder was elected as PM in Britain. he decided that winning the war in NA was very important to him and Britain. Pitt sent more soldiers, more ships and more money. Britain fortunes in the war Shift significantly. the Navy was able to blockade the French ports and the experienced soldiers he sent led to changes on the battlefieldthe first objective of the new British offensive was the Fort of Louisburg. the defenders although outnumbered 3-1 held out for 7 weeks. the british Navy came through in spades and the British had huge numerical and financial superiority. French forces were pushed out of the forts in the ohio valley and the great lakes and fell back towards Montreal and Quebec.the conflict in NA was an extension of the european conflict. France was winning early b/c of their style of warfare and their native allies. But British Money, troops and most importantly navy overpowered the french defenders. Oct 5, 2009

two battles of the Plains of Abraham the first with Montcalm and Wolfe that the British won and the second the french won but were forced to retreat as British re-enforcements arrived at Quebec from BritainFrench Surrender at Montreal but the British allow the French to maintain their Roman Catholic religion

Oct 7, 2009

- Gov de Vaudreuil capitulates to Gen. Jeffrey Amherst on sept 22, 1760under the terms of the capitulation the British were very lenient and it seemed they wanted French Canadians to become loyal British servants colonists wishing to return to France were free to do so. most of the leaders and the richest people of Canadian society returned to France.the conquest placed the Roman Catholic Church in a difficult position. Many of the leaders of the Church returned to France as well. the Church owned lots of land in Quebec and much of it had been destroyed in the war. The Bishop of Quebec had died w/o a successor and that meant that no knew priests could be

ordained. this worried the canadians b/c they knew that the British didn’t exactly want any more ordinationsthe treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 and France ceded New France to Britain.

in 1764 civil rule was established and a new governor James Murray was placed in charge of Canada. Britain hoped to assimilate the French pop into the expected large arrival of English speaking protestants.first nations peoples actually posed a greater threat to the British than the Canadians and this lead to Pontiac’s rebellionPontiac lead a pan-native confederacy against the British. it was a large and effective rebellion that gave the British many problems. Natives were angry b/c whites were encroaching on their lands and not giving the appropriate giftsmay 1763 the native confederacy attacked the British capturing every fort west of the Niagara and had an est 2000 settlers imprisoned. several factors lead to the natives making peace

the british still had their fort at detroit a very important fortthe natives had to resume their fall hunting to get enough food for the winterword arrives that France had officially surrenderedthe confederacy started to fall apart

in the proclamation of 1763 - the British promised to set aside a certain amount of territory for the natives. The British agreed not to colonize native territories w/o negotiating with the natives and buying the territories from the natives for the crown. this was the first recognition of natives rights by the British gov. this policy was largely unenforceable w/o a large military presence in the interior which was to expensive. the proclamation also dealt with many legal and political stipulations in Quebec by changing many of the laws to be more in line with British Laws.Catholics were excluded from all offices, new gov institutions were created and there was a promise of an elected assembly being formed. Many other limitations were placed on the Catholic Church and Canadians were encouraged by the gov to become protestant.Gov Murray did need someone to talk to to get his message out to the people and he found that the church was the best way to do this. he rewarded loyal priests and attempted to gain the church’s support

The Church itself was in a bad spot as there was no Bishop and many of the priests had departed. Murray chose a new Bishop Jean-Olivier Briand in 1766, even though he wasn’t supposed to. the two had a good working relationship and the two supported each other. Briand helped to mitigate anti-Catholic provision in the proclamation of 1763 and also to mitigate Catholic anger towards the British.a small but vocal english minority were calling for a British system of political representation, recognizing that as Catholics couldn’t hold office that they would hold great power.

The Quebec act was passed in 1774 and it combined the use of French civil law and British criminal law. the Quebec act

Gave Canadians the right to practice Roman Catholicismpreserved the seigneurial systemallowed governor and appointed counselors to make laws, but not an

elected assembly and Catholics could be appointedgave Quebec control over much of what is now Quebec, Ontario and the

Midwestern USwas of the “Intolerable Acts”, which contributed to the outbreak of the

American Revolutionhad secret instructions to subordinate the Church to state control.

Oct 9, 2009

the costs of the 7 years war and British attempts to recoup those costs from the colonies was one of the reasons of the American Revolutionthe Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 were acts that the Americans saw as hemming them in along the coast and not allowing them to move into the interior of North America.April 1775 British troops were fired upon by American militia men as they tried to seize arms at Lexington and Concord. this turned a long festering political feud into a military actionAmerican militia men attacked and captured Fort Ticonderoga and then raided up into Canada without much opposition. The American Continental Congress then decided to invade Quebec for it’s military and strategic objectives. they thought that Canadians would rise up and fight with themGen. Montgomery was to attack Montreal and Gen. Arnold was to attack Quebec City. Gov. Carlton felt that this was a worse case scenario as he had no real defenders and he was governing a conquered people. It took the Americans longer to get to Canada than they thought it would and it was late november before they were able to take fort St. John by montreal. There were insubordination issues among the American Army. many men desertedMontgomery took Montreal without a fight but men continued to desert as there enlistment period was up. he pushed on to Quebec and met up with Arnold in December. The two generals decided to try and storm Quebec City as they didn’t have enough men to lay siege. they attacked on the night of dec 31 in a snow storm. They didn’t know the city and many of their troops were lost in the lower city. The Canadians held the city Montgomery died and Arnold was wounded. about 300 Americans taken captivethe american troops moved into the country side and forced the local Quebecer’s to feed and shelter them for the winter. By june of 1776 the Americans retreated from Quebec and never return

there was little support for revolutionaries or efforts by Governor Carlton to organize against the Americans.Once the Revolution started and invasion was threatened Carlton looked to the French Elite and the Church to help raise support against the Americans. The Elites and the Church encouraged the habitants to join the army and fight against the Americans. pro-american priests were fired and american sympathizers were denied access to the Church. still though the Habitants didn’t want to fight

Molly and Joseph BrantMolly Brant was and influential mohawk clan mother married to William johnson. Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) was her brother and war chiefBoth Molly and Joseph were integral in keeping the iroquois confederacy on the side of Britain. The natives had an early sense that this was not their war. There were efforts, however, by both British and Americans to enlist native support.these efforts to gain support lead to the division of the Iroquois confederacy with 4 of the six tribes including the Mohawk supporting the BritishJoseph Brant was actually a commissioned British officer as well as being an effective Mohawk war chief

Nova ScotiaNova Scotia seemed to be an outpost for New England and would have made and excellent 14th colony.there was however, a lack of sense of political cohesion among Nova Scotian’s there were had been a series of boarder raids and piracy by Americans on coastal and boarder towns. this lead to a real sense of anger against Americans as they did this in the name of revolutionthe citizens of Yarmouth sent a message to the Gov. Legge claiming allegiance to King George but begging to remain neutral as many had relatives in the 13 Colonies.there was a spiritual revival amongst Nova Scotian’s lead by Henry Alline and he preached a message of neutrality.

St. John’s and NFLDWere to distracted by the Absentee landlord question to pay much attention to the Revolution. St. John’s and NFLD had an eastward orientation, and had a sense of separation from mainlands eventsboth suffered the same problems of piracy and raids as Nova Scotia

before the war was even over in the years after 1781 there was a problem of what to do with the thousands of loyalist moving northward into Canada. this changed the shape of the nation.

Oct 16, 2009

there were thousands of British supporters living in the US after the end of the American revolution. They were called the loyalists and many of them travelled north and came to live in Canada.The loyalists arrived as refugee’s and exiles to Canada. they were convinced to start a new life and that they had unjustly been kicked out of their rightful homes.the relocation of loyalists was a massive state sponsored event and it was so large that it altered the fabric of Canada for ever. New York was one of the main ports of departure and loyalists were discouraged from settling on the St. Lawrence to avoid french and english mixing.the Crown bore the cost of transporting the loyalists and then helped them set up their farms and homes as a reward for their loyalty to the crown.to settle the loyalists the Brit goc’t had to purchase the land from the natives. the natives thought they were giving them temp use of the land not permanent ownership. loyalists came from all differed economical groups. their arrival was the first major influx of English settlers to Quebec. Lord Dorchester was the Gov of Quebec and had been a supporter of the Canadians but after the arrival of the Loyalists he developed a lot of sympathies for them as he had been in charge of a very larger transportation of Loyalists. He was also disappointed that the french hadn’t helped him in the war. thus he had a much more British outlook after the arrival of the loyalists.about 15000 loyalists came to Quebec, giving it for the first time a fairly substantial English minority.

one of the minority groups that travelled to Canada was the Black Loyalists. The British promised freedom to Black Slaves in the States if they would fight for the British. they were still not treated very well. Blacks tended to be on the bottom of the list for gov’t grants. about 3000 Black Loyalists travelled to Nova Scotia but less than a third of them received land grantsBlack Loyalists faced legal and political limitations. they generally received smaller grants of less productive landThomas Peter a Black Loyalist from S.C. travelled to England to protest the poor treatment of Black Loyalists. there he met some English reformers who had an idea called the “Back to Africa” and he returned to Nova Scotia and convinced some of his counter parts to go live in Sierra Leone.

Many natives had to migrate to Canada from the 6 nations in the US.Joseph Brant lead one group and they settled along the Grand River Valley across the river from their former Seneca Allies. this settlement became known as Brantford.

another group of loyalists who arrived in Canada were loyalist women who came north without husbands . They felt a loss of structure and support in the US. Their decision to remain loyal often had less to do with political beliefs than their search for men.

many of them found living in Canada even more traumatic than loosing their homes and living in the middle of the American Revolution. In Canada they felt helpless and lost, seeing their situation as beyond their control and helpless

different groups of loyalist tended to be settled in different areas. thus the demographics of Canada change. the Map of Canada changes as well as Lord Dorchester argued that the remaining colonies to be joined into one colony. Instead the Colony of Quebec was split into upper and lower Canada along the Ottawa River. the real motivation behind this separation was political. it was intended to reduce the animosity and differences b/w the two different cultural perspectives of the French and English the two colonies were created in the constitutional act of 1791. it also tried to figure out why the revolution in the 13 colonies happened and how to stop the same thing from happening in Canada. the british believed that the revolution had happened in the US b/c they had too much freedom and democracy. thus they worked to curtail these things in Canada. the constitutional act strengthened the governor’s position in the colonies and created a elected assembly but this assembly was under strong executive control. there was a sense that people don’t know what is in their best interests and the Gov’t elite must have strong powers to help the people.the British was hoping that the legislative council would be filled with the elite and the landed powerful and that it would eventually become like the House of Lords with heredity positions.

Upper Canada wasn’t the only change to the map of Canada. An elite group of loyalists wanted Nova Scotia split along the St. Johns River and formed into a new colony. they argued that Halifax was to far away from them and that they saw that they were the powerful group within the new colony of New Brunswick and that they would have considerable control of the area.in 1785 the major settlement was named St. John’s and Fredericton was selected as the Capital of the new colony. Fredericton was selected to encourage inland settlement and also for its military strategic position. At this time the Boarder b/w New Brunswick and the US was unclear and that is why they had to take the military position of the capital into considerationLoyalists on PEI were unlucky b/c they didn’t get to own their own land as they became tenant farmers for the absentee landlords that already owned the land. in 1869 the descendants of loyalists were finally able to receive the free land they had been promised when they arrived in the 1790’s

John Graves Simcoe became the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada. His ideas had a long lasting effect on Upper Canada even though he was only governor for 3 years. (1791-94)he wanted Upper Canada to become a center of power for the British in North America.

He brought many new settlers to the region and abolished slavery. in 1793 he moved the capital of the territory to York (Toronto).

Oct 19, 2009

Joseph Brandt was driven by a desire to right the injustice he saw as a his low birthJoseph understood that the American revolution was unlike other European wars where the natives could play once side against the other. they had to choose a side and Joseph thought that with the British they had the best chance to keep their lands and freedomsThe Mohawk lost their land in the Ohio and Mohawk river valley and moved across the border and settled on the banks of the Grand river b/w Lake Erie and Ontario.Brant travelled to Britain numerous times to argue for Mohawk and six nations rights. died nov 24 1807 and was buried at his burlington bay estate. His body was reclaimed by the Grand river Six nations and his body was reburied in Brantford. in non-native societies he is given his dues as a staunch defender of the Crown but in native cultures he is blamed with the destruction of the Six nations confederacy.

Oct 21, 2009

exam formatmatching - 10identify and explain the historical importance of 3 out of 6 (15 marks)essay 1 out of 2 1 discussion group and one out of class (25 marks) test ends at the loyalists.

MIDTERM ENDS HEREthe war of 1812 was a singularly non eventful war in terms of its outcome in respects to Canada but it did seem to unify the nation.

causes of the war of 1812napoleon was fighting in Europe trying to defeat Britain. enacted

continental policy. Britain responded by closing the seas to Neutrals to trade with europe. this pissed off the Americans

British war ships were boarding American ships in search of deserters and also impressed Americans into service.

American’s thought that the British were inciting Natives to attack US settlements on the western frontier.

the American’s wanted to expand their nation to the west

the timing of the war was very good for the US as there was less than 5000 British troops to defend Canada as they were busy fighting Napoleon in Europe

Canadian official were nervous about being attacked. No no one was sure who the canadian population would respond to the war. Isaac Brock was a Maj. Gen. and leader of the British forces in Upper Canada. he is given much of the credit for the results of the war. He built up fortifications, trained the militia and fostered good relations with the natives. As soon as the war broke out he went on the offensive. Brock made a strong alliance with the natives and their leader Tecumseh. they saw the war of 1812 as a continuation of a longer struggle that they had been fighting for a long time.the natives formed a large pan native confederacy and they were fighting for their own sovereign nation west of the ohio river.again americans believed that Canadians wanted to be free of their British masters

Brock attacked the Fort Detroit with Gen Hull in it and no one expected this. Brock knew that Americans were terrified of natives and used this to his advantage. he fooled the Americans into thinking that there were almost 3000 natives when there was in reality only 600.in the end no attack was needed as Hull and the Americans surrendered Detroit. Fort Dearborn (Chicago) also fell. the Canadians and their native allies carried all the momentum in the early part of the war but suffered great losses as both Brock and Tecumseh died in battle.

York was captured by the Americans and by nov of 1812 they had gained control of lake ontario and using their control of the lake they seized York.

Laura Secord warned the British about a coming surprise attack by the Americans on Beaverdams. she had learned about the ambush b/c there were American troops living in her house. It was the British success at beaverdams that turned the american troops around.The Americans had planned to attack Montreal but they were ambushed by Canadians in the woods and never made it. the Battle of Chateauguay was an uniquely Canadian war with no British involvement using a strategically placed barricade they were able to repulse 4000 American troops. the americans also believed that there were many many more troops in the rear and that they were only fighting the advance guard.in august 1814 and in retaliation of what had happened at York British troops captured and ransacked the capital. The Presidents Mansion was was also badly scorched. British troops then went on to attack Baltimore and during this battle the American anthem was written the treaty of Gent was signed at Gent Holland. By this time both sides were tired of fighting and had really forgotten why the war had started. At Gent the US and Britain agreed to terms that returned all territories to their original owners

the Rush-Bagot agreement of 1817 - limited the number of military vessels on the great lakesthe Anglo-American convention of 1818 - agreed on the 49th parallel as the boarder b/w the two nations

Oct 26, 2009

Assiniboin and Cree natives acted as middle men and brought furs to the HBC trading forts. HBC trading posts were built on rivers that drained into the Hudson’s Baythe Trading posts weren’t self sustaining. they relied on Natives and european goods. Each fort had a population of native that lived right around the fort.

Changes for nativesnew technology - firearms and horses. Woodlands peoples became

much more dependent on guns as it was a much more efficient way of killing game. also they were often closer to forts where they could get ammo and the guns repaired. Plains natives were more distant from service center and thus repair and ammo were harder to come by. for buffalo hunting they found that the gun wasn’t that effective for their way of hunting. they did use guns in warfare.

Horses had a greater effect on the people of the prairies than the gun did. mounted to hunters could now rush at a heard and single out two or three animals and kill them at close range. the horse became a symbol of wealth and contributed to something like a class structure. Horses intensified warfare and increases native peoples mobility.

Element of choice in what changes are accepteddisease - smallpox. Natives way of life contributed to the spread of the

disease as they lived in close knit families in tight quarters. also natives believed that they must visit the sick and had no knowledge of contagious diseases. the HBC tried to put forward a vaccination program to maintain trade and good relations with the natives. the Cree benefitted the most as they were closer both physically and emotionally with the traders.

Beginnings of the Metis and country born societies. - they began to see themselves as not european or native but as a separate culture and nationality. many Metis started to gather in the Red River area. in the early 19 C they lived off the buffalo although they did build cabins and usually had small gardens. the Metis used the Red River Cart to transport goods the cart was made entirely of wood and were very efficient ways to transport large amounts of goods.

The North West Company - founded in 1780 in competition with the HBC. made up of French Canadians, Metis, and Native Voyageurs. they went out into the interior and cut out the middle man by going to the natives. NWC men are often connected with the exploration of Canada. they made a real

effort to get out into the interior where as the HBC just stayed by the forts and wait for natives to bring in furs. the HBC did have cheaper transportation costs as they brought goods in and out through the Hudson’s Bay and then used their York boats which were much slower than the canoe but were very sturdy and could carry much much more. The HBC seeing the success of the NWC began to go out of the trading ports and eventually the native middle men were cut out. they had to change their role and took on the role of provision suppliers

The HBC was a very conservative company base out of London and they changed very slowly. Lord Selkirk a Scottish nobleman and colonizer, bought a large amount of HBC shares and he convinced the HBC to attempt to start an agricultural settlement.He was given a 300,000 km^2 chunk of land in southern manitoba and and wanted to start this ag colony as a refuge for evicted Scottish farmers and as a place of retirement for old traders as well as supply HBC forts. His Red River Colony was the origin of the province of Manitobathe land grant was in a contentious location as this was unofficial Metis territory and was right where the traders of the NWC stopped to get provisions to travel inland. the first governor of the colony was Miles Macdonell. Selkirk didn’t equip the settlers with the needed supplies and they didn’t have a strong connection with any HBC trading posts. they spent the first two winters traveling south to an HBC fort they were supported by the Metis and natives and this was probably the only reason they could survive. He issued the Pemmican Proclamation of 1814 placing an embargo on the export of pemmican.the NWC retaliated by offering free transport and homes in Upper Canada. 2/3’s went and then the NWC arrested Macdonell and burned the remaining homes. Selkirk doesn’t give up and tries again New Gov is Robert Semple and under him the competition b/w Selkirk colonists and the NWC (metis Individuals) on June 19 1816 Cuthbert Grant the leader of the Metis confronted Semple at Seven Oaks and fighting broke out. Semple and 20 of the settlers were killed while only one Metis was killed. Seven Oaks became a key aspects of Metis memory and identity.

in 1821 the HBC and the NWC joined as they were financially and physically exhausted from their intense competition. the new HBC company seemed re-invigorated.

Oct, 30, 2009 My Birthday!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Cape Breton was a separate colony until 1820 when it was annexed to NFLD. there were 4 other colonies. NS, NFLD, PEI, and NB.

the maritimes were economically stronger than much of the rest of Canada. Timber, Banking, and fishing were strong economic parts of the maritime. 3/4 of NB economy was in Timber. Shipping and Shipbuilding became an important industry in the maritimes as well. It was the first major manufacturing industry in the region. British North America had the forth largest merchant marine fleet in the world. Nova Scotia built the ships and NB supplied the timber for the ships. Samuel Canard was an influential Nova Scotian who started the first regular steam ship trips across the atlantic.shipping and ship building employed thousands of people across the maritimes. Shipping was a hard life, it was very unsafe and desertion was common. the Marco Polo was built in Nova Scotia and was hailed as the fastest ship in the world.St. John’s became the single largest place of shipbuilding and became rather famous for its ability to build fast and practical ship. b/w 1850 and 1860 over 2 million tons of shipping were built in the maritimes (about 40% of British construction in the same period) by 1860 the wooden sail ship was being replaced by iron built steam ships.

St. John’s and Halifax were the two largest cities in the maritimes and there was a strong rivalry b/w them. Halifax was the military headquarters as well as the intellectual center for the region while St. John’s became the center for industry.Halifax “controlled” PEI and Cape Breton while St. John’s “controlled” the bay of Fundy areawealth was unevenly distributed and much of the work that people could do was only seasonal which lead to high poverty rates. the poverty level were raised higher as both St. John’s and Halifax were centers for immigration. Urban poor were dealt with by charitable orgs from church or ethnic groups. the gov’t had very little involvement

the railway was the image of progress and improvement and many people thought that the railway would solve their problems.Cities built railways to develop their economic hinterland. The Maritimes also wanted to link their cities to the St. Lawrence Valley and the grain producing American Midwest.Railways were built at massive costs and were unprofitable as there wasn’t enough people to use them.

the reciprocity treaty of 1854 was a free trade agreement with the US. it removed tariffs on raw materials which was very beneficial to the Maritimes. Corn laws 1846 - a British system of giving a preferential trading in grains with British Colonies. it gave a preferential rate of trade with Britain from the colonies. they were repealed in 1846 and this was difficult for the

maritimes. thus the Maritimes moved economically closer to the US.the US civil war also benefitted the maritimes as the Union needed to purchase Canadian goods and were willing to pay a higher price.

People in the MaritimesEnglish - Loyalists and new settlers. Majority of MaritimesAcadians - returned from exileScots - immigrated to Cape Breton Island, Gaelic speaking Highlanders arrived as Clans or family units.Irish - travelled to NB many came b/c of the potato famine in Ireland in the 1840sAfrican MaritimersNatives - Mi’kmaq, Maliseet

the population of the maritime province’s doubled and in some cases almost tripled in the mid 1800s and most of the people who came were English. the journey to Canada was a dangerous journey and many people died crossing the atlantic. Immigrant ships were often referred to as coffin ships.

maritimers gained their own sense of culture by the late 1800’s. they were economically successful enough to allow the culture to develop. the most famous cultural figure in the maritimes was the author Thomas Chandler Haliburton. he was a judge from NS who wrote many books, his most famous being The Clockmaker or the Sayings and Doings of Sam Slick of Slickville (1837)

Nov, 4, 2009

Early 19th C Central Canadathe war of 1812 helped solidify attitudes that the American revolution started. it showed Canadians that their fear of republicanism and democracy was justified. they believed they needed traditional British rule with clear class structures and a very strong executive gov’t branchthe war also increased unity in Canada as people believed they had to stand together against the AmericansJohn Strachan an Anglican cleric in upper Canada was one of the chief intellectuals amongst the Tories and very clearly defined the Canadian desire for a strong British rule. he believed that the masses didn’t know how to govern themselves and needed an aristocratic class to take care of them.in the 1820s opponents labeled Strachans views as the “Family Compact” also called the Chateau Clique in Lower Canada, the System in NS or the Cabal in PEI. to their opponents these men were pretentious and corrupt always supporting their friends and themselves.

American expansionism offered the gov’t a reason to suppress dissent as htey could label it as sowing disunity that would make defence of the colony harder and harder.Immigration from the US was actively discouraged by the Canadian colonial gov’t

the early 19th C was a time of massive immigration. Most of the immigrants were unaware of the years of hardships they would have to endure before they could be successful. Upper Canada had no slavery so there was a slow but steady immigration of Blacks into the colony. they often settled near the border as they came from the US. by the 1860s there were an estimated 26000 blacks in upper Canada. the vast majority of immigrants came from Great Britain. they were small land owners or tenant farmers so not the poorest of the poor. Immigrants usually travelled in family groups and even whole communities would immigrate to Canada.for the very poor people who came over life was very very hard. these people were often Irish Catholics and entered the country through Quebec. there was a large Cholera epidemic in 1832 with recurring epidemics over the next few decades. It traveled to Canada with the poor immigrants as they had to travel in terrible conditions.a quarantine was set up on Grosse Island in 1832 and some towns tried to quarantine themselves by not allowing people to enter the village. Cholera caused widespread fear among people and even riots.the quarantine station at Grosse Island didn’t close until 1932 and for many immigrants was their first introduction to Canada

this wave of immigration brought competition for land and European animosities to Canada. the Shiners War 1837-1845 - violence b/w Irish labourers and French Lumber workers. Land surrendered by first Nations people was opened up for new settlements. By this time Natives were outnumbered 10-1 and had become far less important. the Gov’t changed their land purchasing way and instead of making one payment they would make a payment every year. native groups were not near as unified as there were often european settlements in between tribes. because of all the immigrants much of the land where natives lived wasn’t good for hunting anyways as it had been cleared for farming and the wildlife chased off. the Gov’t wanted to assimilate the natives into European societies by encouraging them to be farmers.

the governor was head of the colony and the executive council advised him. it was the executive council that was dominated by the Family Compact. from this council they could appoint like minded people to different administrative posts and positions. the family compact had four main values and goals

Upper Canada’s strength came from its Imperial connection to Britain

power had to be kept in the hands of the Governor and his Advisors

the Established Anglican Church had to be kept as strong as possible b/c it gives a moral underpinning to the colony

economic progress came through commerce and grand financial projects.

the 1820s were the golden age of canal building. it was done to make transportation easier and more efficientthe Lachine Canal avoided some rapids on the St. Lawrence. the Welland Canal was built to go around Niagara falls. The Rideau Canal was built not to go around a natural obstacle but for a more strategic reason. it was built as a way to quickly transport troops Kingston and Ottawa. It was away to avoid the St Lawrence which was also the boarder with the US

Sir Peregrine Maitland was the governor of Upper Canada. He:re-enforced the family compact in Upper Canadastrengthened both his and the executive councils position in Upper Canada

1/7th of the land in every province was set aside for the clergy. It was about 3 million acres in Upper Canada and a certain amount of land had been set aside as Crown Reserves. the sale of Crown Lands is how the gov was able to grow and maintain power.Strachan argued that the Clergy lands were only for the Anglican Church saying that it was the established Church of England and Canada. this position was challenged by the Presbyterian Church of Scotland in Upper Canada.the Presbyterian’s and the Anglicans got land so the Methodists tried next and they had a tough go as they came out of the states and were looked down on by the family Compact. methodism was growing quickly and Ryerson was a leader among them. He was a young Methodist preacher from a loyalist family. Ryerson vs Strachan. Ryerson would become politically important and went on to reform education in Upper Canada. Strachan wanted to make all schools in Upper Canada controlled by the Anglican Church. he was fought by the elected assembly.

Nov 6, 2009

upper canada rebellions were basically just political and ideological while rebellions in lower canada had the added bonus of ethnic problems colonial hierarchy in Canada

based on Constitutional act of 17911 - Gov Lieutenant gov (representing British authority)

2 - Council (appointed by gov to help run the colony)3 - Assembly (elected: represented male landowners) - could only wield

their power in a negative way as it could only stop the executive and couldn’t do anything on its own.William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau were very vocal and popular leaders of opposition in Canada.

reform goals, and rhetoricresponsible gov’t - governor should have to work with the

elected assembly. Jacksonian democracy - the idea that there is a certain

natural wisdom in people and anyone is good enough to be a leader. leadership should rotate.

suspicion of commercial classes - favored the farming classreduce gov’t involvement in economy

political violence was a common and almost acceptable form of demonstrationthe lower house in Lower Canada came to be dominated by Louis-Joseph Papineau and his Parti Partriote. he was a Lower Canadian seigneur and reformer. Under Papineau the 92 Resolutions were written. at this time Lower Canada’s economy was suffering and there had been a series of poor harvests. poor immigrants were flooding into lower canada at this time as well. with them came disease and a fear that they would take away jobs and opportunities. in 1834 the Parti Patriote angry with the governors council, wrote 92 resolutions that listed their grievances. they wanted the elected body to control the money and the gov to choose his council from the elected assembly.they sent the list to britain but received no response for 3 years. when they did reply they sent the 10 resolutions that basically said no. the executive council was still only responsible to the governor and the governor was responsible to the British gov’t not the people. this response made the french really really mad so they changed their tactics from peaceful treaties to the gov’t to a more aggressive form of protests and eventually to rebellion.

Dr. Wolfred Nelson - and English-Canadian member of the lower Canada LA and a member of the Parti Patriote. he lead a meeting with about 4000 people in attendance and called for a rebellion. at this point Papineau started to have second thoughts when he realized that it was turning to an armed rebellion, but it was too late.that meeting included a declaration of Independence and made plans to take Quebec and Montreal.

the gov’t tried to arrest the Patriot leaders. Nelson and other partiots barricade the road and wait for the troops to come. on the 21st of Nov the battle of St. Denis broke out and the British were defeated and this was a huge psychological boost for the patriots on the 25th of nov the patriot forces lead by Nelson gave battle again at St. Charles. b/w 50 and 150 patriots were killed while the british lost only 3 soldiers. prisoners were sent to jail in Montreal. Lord Seaton leader of British troops in Lower Canada. he gave the order to torch the homes around the battles of Saint-Jean and St. Charles. in Mid december 1400 british redcoats and fought the patriots back into the village church and then burned the church. this was at St. Eustache.in total about 300 men died in the rebellions. the British imprisoned the leaders and torched villages where any resistance was suspected. when news of the insurrection reached England most of the rebel leaders had escaped into the US. Nelson sent his brother to the States to try and bring Papineau back but he wouldn’t come. Nelson’s brother was able to convince 300 americans to come with him and they led raids into Canada. he declared himself as leader of the new republic and would raid into Canada and then flee back to the safety of the US. Robert Nelson was arrested by the Americans b/c he raided an American Militia fort but was released and continued to raid.Secret societies were formed in Vermont and other states and from these societies came the cross border raids.in Nov 1838 another revolt breaks out south west of Montreal at Oka. some Patriots tried to steal mohawk supplies but the mohawk captured them and they were sent to Montreal.Nov 1838 is considered the end of the rebellion as all resistance basically ended and the border raids were turned back.

The way that Lord Seaton put down the rebellion was considered heavy handed even by the people of his time. he had fought against Napoleon and had no love at all for French people. he burned thousands of homes and arrested hundreds of people. Britain suspended lower Canada constitution and set up a special council for the colony. during the rebellions civil liberties and legal rights were suspended. a police force was set up to watch the people. at the end of the rebellions Lord Durham was sent over to launch an inquiry into the rebellionthe rebellions failed b/c the leaders of the rebellions had no idea how to turn a swelling of discontent into a independent nations. they had very little military experience.

Nov 9, 2009

William Lyon Mackenzie - outspoken critic of the Family compact and the way clergy lands were distributed and controlled. He used his power as a newspaper editor to fight the family compact. he was elected to the house of assembly 4 times and thrown out by the ruling ToriesHe became the first mayor of Toronto and continued to denounce the family compact. He compiled a huge list of peoples complaints against the gov’t and he published it as the Report on Grievancesin 1836 Francis Bond-Head was appointed as Governor of Upper Canada. it was a strange choice as he knew nothing at all of Canada, he was an eccentric man who loved living on the “frontier” and wrote cowboy novels. he did know that he didn’t trust the reformers and that he was a strong ToryBond-Head openly campaigned for the Tories in the 1836 elections.WLM was inspired by the Lower Canada rebellion and he went through the country side trying to inspire a rebellion. the rebels met at Montgomery's Tavern in Toronto and they marched down Young Street, they were not very well armed. they were fired upon by the militia and the rebels fled, in the confusion the militia fled as well. 2 days later Bond-Head marched on Motgomery’s Tavern with a larger group of volunteer’s. within half an hour the tavern was torched and the rebels defeated. WLM fled south and made it to the US. he hooked up with the secret societies that had been formed after the Lower Canadian rebellion. WLM came back to Canada and Landed on Navy Island. He declared himself as President of the New Canadian Republic. WLM was Mackenzie-Kings Grandfather.

The british did make an effort to find out what had caused the rebellions in the Canada’s.Bond-Head was called back and Lord Durham one of the most gifted politicians in Britain replaced him.he was called the High Commissioner and Gov-Gen of all her Majesty’s provinces on the Continent of North America. he was to investigate the causes of the rebellion. he had much more power than most governors as he was in charge of all of Canada. He didn’t abuse his powers though as he himself was a reformer and was known back in Britain as Radical Jack.he arrived in Canada in May 1838. everyone had great faith in Durham. both Tory’s and reformers believed that he would help them and bring unity to the colonies.

In the Maritimes although there was no rebellion there, people were unhappy with the political elite. Reformers in the Maritimes wanted responsible gov’t (the gov had to choose his cabinet from the elected officials). they got it. Joseph Howe - leader of the NS reformers and a journalist. he attacked the oligarchic control of the executive council. in the election of 1847 the reformers fought an election on the issue of responsible gov’t and won a majority. passed law stating that the executive

council would resign if they lost the confidence of the elected assembly. no rebellion was required to get responsible gov’t. this is the same as in NB which got responsible gov’t in 1848. PEI got it in 1851, they were motivated for it in the hope it would get rid of the absentee landlords but it didn’t.

Nov 13, 2009

Lord Durham was sent to Upper and Lower Canada in 1838 to investigate the causes of the rebellions in 1837-38. He met with Reform leaders as well as gov’t leaders. In his report to the British Gov’t he recommended that the two colonies be united and that they be given responsible gov’t.Robert Baldwin was one of the men that Durham met with. he was an Upper Canadian reformer and a moderate liberal who sought responsible gov’t, winning it for his province in 1848. British merchants tried to convince Durham that the problems of lower Canada was the french Canadians and their ethnic unrest. Durham was in Canada for less than 6 months. His Main task was to set up committees of inquiry to look into the causes of the rebellion. another task was to figure out what to do with the people who were in prison. Durham pardoned many of the imprisoned rebels but they were mainly those who had done fairly minor things. Those that he couldn’t pardon, he exiled to Bermuda. in doing this he calmed much of the rampant emotions in the colonies. Durham spent most of his time in Lower Canada and spoke mainly with English people. Durham hosted many lavish dinner parties during his travels. He invited American representatives and soothed many of the tensions that had arisen during the boarder raids.Durham returned to London to defend his actions of exiling prisoners to Bermuda. He submitted his report in the spring of following year (1839). he advocated

that the colonies be given authority over their own internal affairs. With only international issues remaining the prerogative of Britain

That the governor be required to name the leaders of the elected assembly as his ruling advisors

that Upper and Lower Canada be united under one government. Durham believed that the governors could maintain considerable power by just reorganizing the gov’t a little.in Upper Canada Durham blamed the rebellion on the political elite and believed that responsible gov’t alone would solve the problemsin Lower Canada Durham found “two warring nations within a single state: it was not a struggle of principles, but of race.” He decided that the

solution to this problem was to assimilate the French. This is why he wanted the two colonies to merge so that the French would be outnumbered and lose political power so that they would eventually blend into the fabric of Canada. only once the French had been assimilated did Durham believe that it would be safe to introduce responsible government.

Durham’s report had the unintended result of invigorating French culture in Canada.the historian Francois-Xavier Garnea wrote the Histoire du Canada which appeared in a number of volumes over the next few years. he identified three main pillars of French-Canadian survival

French LawFrench languageRoman Catholic Church

Garneau saw french history in Canada not as one of great victories but of survival. The french had survived against the Iroquois, the British, and now the English-Canadians. They may have never won but they never gave up or left.Druham’s calls for assimilation became rallying cries for French leaders to invigorate their own culture.

Durham wasn’t calling for a massive change or a fundamental shift in government formation and policy.Most of Durham’s recommendations were ignored but one that was accepted was the union of the two coloniesThe Act of Union was passed in 1841 and it called for

Upper and Lower Canada united under a single gov’tequal representation from both region - underrepresented

the French and the British hoped that the French would be assimilated into the nation

Debts of the two colonies were pooled - again unfair to Lower Canada as Upper Canada’s debt was 1.2 million pounds v 95,000 lbs in Lower Canada

Canada East and Canada West - was good for Upper Canada as now they could collect more tariffs from import/export

English became the official language of parliament. The Act of Union didn’t grant responsible gov’t as Durham had recommended.

Nov 18, 2009

Lord Syndenham reunited the two Canada’s in 1841 and became the first Governor-General of a single Province of Canada.he worked very hard to make sure that reformers weren’t elected and was also believe that the French hated him and wouldn’t elect a single pro-British MP

Lord Syndenham gerrymandered electoral districts and held the vote in English area’s. he had British troops and Irish construction workers to intimidate french voters.after the 1841 election the Governor had a majority that supported him b/c of his heavy handed tactics and brought reformers in Canada East and West together.

Francis Hincks was the editor of the Toronto Examiner and an MP. He was dedicated to the cause of responsible government. He worked hard with LaFontaine the leader of the French reformer. He became premier of Canada West in 1851 from 1854

LaFontaine was the leader of the french canadian reformers and he fought hard to win responsible gov’t for canada. He enlisted the help of Robert BaldwinBaldwin endorsed Hincks overture to LaFontaine and helped him get elected in a reform riding in Canada East in a by election.Baldwin was helped by LaFontaine as well as Baldwin lost his seat and LaFontaine helped him win a by-election in Canada East in a french speaking riding.

in the 1848 election the Reformers swept to a majority power in the elected assembly. James Bruce, Lord Elgin was Gov-Gen at this time and he believed that responsible gov’t was the best way to solve Canada’s political problems. He called on LaFontaine to form the gov’t as he was leader of the majority party.he amended the act of union to end the ban on the French language and include it in the workings of Parliament.

Lord Elgin also passed the Rebellion Losses Bill in 1849. this was a bill for Lower Canada that would compensate anyone (including patriots) who had had property damaged or loss in the rebellion in Lower Canada. English speaking MP’s were extremely angered as they saw it as rewarding traitors. People were so mad that they burned the Parliament building in Montreal and attacked the Governor. The Montreal Riots lasted for about a week. After the rebellion the seat of Government was moved from Montreal to Toronto. people were angry all of the Canada West and English speakers in Canada East as well. These people didn’t consider themselves disloyal b/c they thought they were protecting a British Colony from the French within it. people were angry at the rebellion losses bill but there were other reasons behind the riots. With the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 large sectors of the Canadian economy into a depression. Many people felt as if this was Britain abandoning her colony.

in Oct 1849 the Montreal Gazette published the Annexation Manifesto which urged Canada to offer herself to the US to be Annexed. many of the people who

supported the annexation manifestation were business leaders but there was a fairly mixed group. Even some French Canadians looked to Louisiana as an example of how they could take advantage of American democracy and independence at the same time. Not enough people supported the manifesto for it to become a powerful force in Canada. The Roman Catholic Church was also against annexation.

Elgin negotiated the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 with the United States. As a result of the parliament of 1848 and Lord Elgin was the unofficial admission by the gov’t that the French would never be assimilated.the Act of Union b/w Upper and Lower Canada was simply a prelude to Confederation. it was an idea that didn’t really work all that well. some things that it did do right was

the first formal school systemthe feudal seigneurial system in french canada was

abolishedresponsible gov’t was accomplished w/o very much blood

shed.

Nov 20, 2009

in 1821 the NWC and the HBC merged to form the new HBC. the re-invigorated HBC was very successful. it had the energy of the NWC and the capital of the HBC. there was a shift in focus of the HBC as they started to look more to the west and the pacific coast instead of Quebec and the east. the fur trade continued to be profitable for a number of generations it was investors in Britain of HBC employees that are now profiting Instead of french trappersGovernor George Simpson was governor of the new HBC and of Rupert’s Land from 1826 to his death in 1860. he was very involved with the company and tried to make it more efficient. He made an effort at great order and efficiency to the HBC.Simpson traveled extensively throughout Rupert’s Land. He wasn’t that well liked as he kept salaries down, closed posts and was a racist. he and the company were successful at keeping Rupert’s Land the sole territory of the HBC until 1869 when it was sold to Canada.Simpson was reluctant to allow missionaries into the west b/c they might try and civilize the natives. Didn’t want a railway to come through b/c that would also make it easier to settle the west.

Red River Settlement - Current day Winnipeg most of the Red River Settlements problems were environmental hardships like harsh winters, crop failures, droughts and so on. the river often flooded and swept away the colonies homes. frosts destroyed the crops once every ten years or so. by the 1840s there is a sense of stability and

prosperitythe pop started to grow, mainly from the birth rate. The pop was largely Metis (french speaking Roman Catholic) and the “Country-Born” or “Mixed-Bloods” (English speaking protestant) the County-Born were often of Scottish descent. North of the Red River towards the Lake lived the Country-Born and and Metis lived further south.the Metis had a special sense of community that was stronger than the Country-Born. Language, faith, and participation in the buffalo hunt helped keep the group together and fostered the sense of community.the buffalo hunt was a very large event with usually around a thousand participants. it was usually very well organized. A chief of the hunt was elected and he chose captains and together they organized the huntthe Metis in the Red River were Governed by the Council of Assiniboia. It was made up of community members appointed by the HBC. The settlers didn’t have representations but they also didn’t pay taxesjustice was administered by a special court made up of anglophones and francophones that met twice a yearin the early 1830s tensions rose as some european traders started to bring over their europeans wives to the colony even thought they may have had a large metis family, but it wasn’t a big issue until the 1860sthe Metis started to resent the HBC’s control over the settlement of the area and the Fur trade. during the Sayer Trail of 1849 (charged with illegally trafficking in furs) the Metis organized a defence for Sayer as this was their Litmus test for the power of the Metis. Sayer was found guilty but no sentence was handed down.the Metis saw this as a victory and it lead to the expansion of the Fur trade and the HBC accepting French as a language of the Colonyin 1851 the Metis came into conflict with the Sioux and this led to the Metis-Sioux Wars that came to a head at a battle in North Dakota in which they were victorious. the Red River Colony became less isolated as it came in contact more often with St. Paul Minnesota and it became the Red River Colonies main trading partner. mail service came to Red River through St. Paul in 1853 and the railway came to St. Paul in 1865 and even the HBC used that as a way to get supplies to the Colony.many people believe that only the American Civil war and the war b/w St. Paul and the Sioux stopped the Red River from becoming part of Minnesota.the Metis of the Red River started spawning settlement farther west along the North Saskatchewan River. St. Albert was their farthest west settlementone of the problems for the Metis was that the Buffalo was declining. the metis were also moving into native territories following the buffalo and this led to conflicts. The plains first nations was already in serious decline from the lack of buffalo and disease. in were many outbreaks of disease among first nations and some of this is attributed to the arrival of the Metis who had already had contact with these

diseases that were new to the natives. In the mid 1860 American Whiskey traders began to arrive. b/c of the collapse of the Bison pop the stability b/w plains natives and American fur traders broke down. The Whiskey traders were pushed out of the States by US Marshals so they moved into Southern AB and SASK and made fortunes but at the cost of natives.

the perceptions of the North West were also changing at this time in the Canada’s. Palliser’s and Hinds expedition’s to the North West had changed the idea that the North West was an extension of the Deserts in the American south Westthese were the first official exploratory trips by Canadian and British officials. they were meant to survey the land and see if it could be used for agricultural productionthe expeditions were also to confirm British North America’s claim to the territory. both expeditions came back with similar findings and both reported on the magnificent possibilities of the region for ag production. They also made the recommendation of a railroad to open up the territory

Nov 27, 2009

Vancouver Island was primarily developed b/c of worries about americans would take it first1840 - about 1000 Americans settled there and more and more began settlingfort Victoria was called a perfect Eden1844 James Polk elected president54-40 organ fight - expansionist mood in the states in negotiations b/w the British and the American’s over the Oregon territory the boarder of the two nations was agreed upon at the 49th Parallel. b/c of fort Vancouver all of Vancouver Island was to be British.the British Gov’t asked the HBC to colonize Vancouver Island. Fort Victoria became the capital of the island and later of the Queen Charlotte Island as well. It was also the HBC headquarters in the west. the discovery of coal in Nanimo led to a small european community there

James Douglas was the First Governor of Vancouver Island which at the time was mainly inhabited by NativesDouglas had somewhat greater leniency when dealing with punishment of Natives and appropriation of their lands. Douglas tried to understand first nations society and tried to be fair with them. Douglas did have problems purchasing lands form the natives for new settlement b/c of a lack of available funds as he didn’t want to use HBC funds anymore. he did purchase about 3% (1000 km squared) of the Island. He also allowed the natives to choose their own reserves. but these reserves were often small

there were complaints from settlers complained that Douglas was running an autocratic gov’t with high land prices and “Family Compact, Compact” as much of the gov’t was made up of Douglas’s relatives and HBC employees that Douglas used to work with. After 1859 there was no more treaties or buying of Native lands, Europeans just settled there.

fear of American expansion and complaints with the HBC and their running of the Island were reasons that led to Vancouver Island being turned from a fur trading territory to a Crown Colony

British Columbia Gold Rush1857 - Gold is discovered in the Fraser Valley1858 - British Columbia becomes a British Colony1860 - Gold Rush moves to the Caribou region1866 - the Union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia into one colony

First nations had known of the gold in the area and had traded it with the HBC. Douglas was worried about having all this gold in one place so he sent 800 ounces to the mint in the US and word got out about this. around the same time gold was discovered in the Fraser Valley. Many miners left California and headed northby Mid summer the pop of Victorian had ballooned to 30,000 people. thousands of men came through Victoria and traveled into the British Columbian interior. prospectors were not all American in fact it was made up of virtually all ethnicities and nationalities.Fort Yale an HBC trading post became a large city within a year. Victoria was transformed from a sleepy town to a bustling city in 1858. the price of building lots went from $50 to $3000. Victoria was the main port of arrival and then prospectors had to cross the Straight of Georgia to the mouth of the Fraser river. they had to travel 250 km up the river to Yale and then farther north to the gold strikes

There was a fear that now that there were thousands of Americans in BC that the US would Annex the colonies. James Douglas also recognized that he was governor of Vancouver Island only so without a mandate he took charge and claimed the mainland and all interior minerals were property of the British Crown. He made all prospectors purchase a license and set up a police force and a sense of Law and Order. The British colonial office praised Douglas for taking charge and they decided that they should establish BC as its own colony.

Dec 2, 2009

After the formation of BC, Britain sent Richard Clement Moody and a troop of Royal Engineers to support Douglas. They were to help with the infrastructure and to provide a show of military presence.Moody became the first Lieutenant Governor and the engineers were given land grants and after their service they all chose to stay in BC.Moody chose New Westminster to be the new capital of the colony of BC. it was generally referred to as Stumpville. New Westminster wasn’t given an elected assembly as there were so many Americans in the colony and Douglas could rule by proclamationDouglas and Matthew Baillie established a uniform judicial system in BC. Baillie came to the colony in 1858 to serve as its first and only judge. He was a tough man and was called the “hanging judge” Baillie believed that a sense of ceremony was very important and his circuit court established a sense of justice on the frontier.

the Caribou became the next big gold strike in 1861 pushing the miners farther inland and northward. this new field exaggerated the need for a road into the interior as there was nothing to get goods and supplies into the new field or anyway to get the gold outin 1863 the Caribou wagon road was completed connecting Yale and Barkerville. It was built partially by the royal engineers and partially by private contractors. the endpoint of the Caribou road was Barkerville and went from pop 0 to 10000 in about a year. most of the people who made it to Barkerville didn’t make a lot of money. there was no doubt that the gold was there but it was very difficult to get to and required large machines and lots of capital to get to.

the effect of miners on first nations in the interior was usually negative. First nations didn’t get any economic benefit from the gold rush. there were no treaties made with the natives on the mainland and thus there land was expropriated and they weren’t paid. the increased number of non-natives lead to outbreaks of disease among the native pop. the Europeans in BC before the gold rush were mostly fur traders and had greater respect and interaction with the natives that the miners and other who came during the gold rush and were often more racist than the fur traders.There were no major acts of First Nations armed resistance mostly because they were a very dispersed and not culturally unified either.

as the gold started to run out, the miners and their money began to leave as well. Victoria’s pop went from 10,000 to 3000. The two colonies slipped into an economic depression as they had spent lots of money on infrastructure and now had very little tax income.

to cut costs Britain united the two colonies in 1866 and the capital of the two was placed permanently in Victoria.The new colony of BC was still deeply in debt and there was talk of annexation with the US as a solution. with the american purchase of Alaska in 1867 many colonists felt sandwiched by the States.

many people didn’t like the shape of the gov’t and were upset with the gov’t. there wasn’t an elected assembly. in 1867 the united colony of BC was only 1 year old and had 8000 europeans and with the exception of a few fur traders non had lived there for less than 20 years.

Urbanization and ReformBNA and the province’s of the united Canada’s were going through a period of intense transition in the mid/late 19th C mostly b/c they were industrializing.the dissatisfaction with the repeal of the British Corn Laws did have some negative economic and psychologic effects on BNA. to fill the gap trade increased with the US. The canals in the colony had facilitated east-west trade and with the increase in trade with the US we see many railways being built north south. both US and Canada were industrializing and needed Canadian raw materials.trade with the US seemed to being going so well that many merchants and politicians agreed that there should be free trade and thus the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854. it allowed the free trade of natural products (raw materials). It was agreed upon of a 10 year period ending in 1865. this treaty bolstered Canadians and they tended to do well under the treaty.

This was a time of change in Canada as well. one of the clearest examples of these changes was the urbanization of Canada. b/w 1840 and 1870 larger cities became industrial cities with manufacturing and commerce and many towns are springing up along the new railways.part of the reason for this urbanization was b/c of the massive influx in railway construction in the 1850’s. It changed the shape of politics, economics, cities, and human geography in the 50s. New Industries sprang up to support the railway construction and operations. new towns also sprang up to support the agricultural hinterland that needed the railway to transport goods.Toronto with its good Harbor and transportations links began to grow in importance and stature. it became the regional center of Canada west and the rivalry b/w Toronto and Montreal began to emerge. Most of the cities were still fairly small (both pop and area). The first fire departments and police forces are created at this time. the first street rail lines, water and sewer services are developed in the mid 50’swith industrialization we see a physical change of the shape of cities. The

classes start to separate out from each other. Part of this is b/c of improved transportation in the cities and partly b/c it’s not very nice to live by a factory so wealthy people moved away from them.

the home started to be a place of refuge away from the stresses and corruption of the world. Middle class women were expected to stay at home and run the private sphere of the home.there was a strong class structure developing in Canada with industrialization. Over half of the male pop of Hamilton couldn’t vote b/c they didn’t meet the property requirement.

Dec 4, 2009

since American Independence there had always been a small active voice pushing for an Independent Canada. the American Civil War was one of the pushes to unification b/c there was a strong fear that the Union would annex BNA either during the war or immediately after it. relations b/w the two nations were very strained as some people in Canada supported the Confederate States. Even though Britain and Canada were neutral Britain did need cotton from the Southern States and seemed to support the south a little morethe Confederacy had a ship built in Britain which was technically illegal. The CSS Alabama sailed in 1862 and in the next 22 months it sailed around the world and burned or captured 74 northern vessels and one Union war ship. Northern leaders held Britain responsible for all damaged that the Alabama caused during the war. One idea by Northern leaders was that BNA would cover the damages cased by the Alabama.

Another cause of strain was the St. Alban’s raid. In october 1864 a group of confederate sympathizers attacked the the town of St. Alban burning and robbing the village. They then fled to Canada where they were arrested but they were released on a legal technicality. This infuriated Northerners and they threatened to invade Canada. Legislature was passed to allow for the deportation of aliens after that.

Another strong reason for Confederation in Canada was Britain’s push to unite Canada. Colonies were expensive and having these colonies exposed Britain to threats. the Imperial Admins at the colonial offices and British leaders in Canada openly advocated confederation. The Reciprocity agreement was expiring in 1865 and it was likely that the agreement wouldn’t be renewed. Canadians saw that they needed new trading partners and who better than the rest of BNA.

In the Canadas there was political deadlock. b/w 1861-64 there were 2

election and 3 different administrations. then on June 14 1864 the Macdonald-Tache gov went down in defeat John A. Macdonald helped form the Liberal-Conservative Party and acted as co-premier first with Etienne-Paschal Tache, and then with George-Etienne Cartier b/w 1856 and 1862. Macdonald asked for an election but the Governor said no and told him to open negotiations with the leader of the opposition George Brown. Brown was a reformer from the Clear Grit Party. His party supported representation by pop, the separation of Church and State and the annexation of the North Western Territory (Rupert’s Land)The Great Coalition of 1864 was made up of Macdonald, McDougall, Mowat, Brown, and Cartier. These men realized that they were moving towards a confederated BNA.The union of BNA had great political appeal across party lines. It seems that to a small degree there was a small sense of Canadian Nationalism. Thomsas D’Arcy McGee - a catholic irishman and a Canadian journalist and statesman. he was a leader in the movement for confederation. He believed that in Canada, minorities could survive and flourish. from the beginning he made it clear that his ultimate goal was a union of BNA. He was assassinated in 1868, it is suspected by a member of the Fenian movement whose tactics McGee had denounced.

in the maritimes in the 1860s confederation was being talked about but it was a confederation b/w the maritime colonies not with the Canadas. there was a meeting in Charlotte town in 1864 to discuss confederation of the maritime. the Gov’t of the Canadas asked to attend to talk about a larger confederation. The maritimers agreed and let them comethe Canadians made their argument for a union of all of BNA and also the shape that the union and its gov’t would take. a central element of the union would be to allow the survival and separation of different ethnicities. they thought that Canada east and west would be made into their own provinces and the maritime colonies would also become their own provinces and then later on the nation would expand westward. they wanted to remain loyal to the British Crown. the proposal called for a strong central gov’t partly b/c of the belief that each state in the US had to much power and that caused the Civil Warthere would be two houses one with re by pop and the other by region. the maritime delegates were convinced by the Canadian arguments and gave up their idea of maritime union and agreed to meet in Quebec in Oct.

the Canadians rewrote the general ideas they had proposed into the 72 resolutions and took them to the Quebec Conference. Their system combined the US and the British system. the maritimers and Canadians debated the resolutions and eventually (with a very few changes) these 72 resolutions became the British North America Act.

Maritime delegates feared the loss of identity and independence in a strong central gov’t as did the French. so a compromise was reached, provinces were given many powers while the Federal gov’t was given residual powers. the fed gov’t also gained the power of disallowance. now it was the job of the delegates to go back home and convince the people.

Dec 7, 2009

Arguments against Confederationthe resolutions had been drafted by politicians in Canada West and they stood the most to gain from confederation so most of the dissent against confederation came from other area’s of BNAthere was considerable support in the abstract for confederation but it was tempered by the belief that confederation couldn’t be a detriment to individual colonies or the group as a whole.

the Maritimes thought they we doing not to bad in the system that they had and the maritimes traded mostly with the British empire and Canadians had to come up with a way to prove to the maritimes that trade with Canada could replace trade with BritainFor the most part confederation was supported by conservatives and not the LIberals

NFLDNFLD’s economic interests were virtually wholly transatlantic and the powerful merchants were worried about what would happen economically in confederationThe Islands Irish Catholic population was also worried that they would be absorbed into Canada and lose some of their rights and independence. while legislators were divided on the idea the majority of the pop was rather apathetic of the idea. They thought that Canada was to far away to do any good for them.

PEIPEI was small with a small pop and they worried about a lack of representation in the Federal Legislature and that was the main reason for dissent against confederationthere was a sense of antipathy towards the British Colonial Office as nothing had been done about the absentee landlord issue which was very important to islanders many islanders thought that confederation would simply replace one set of landlords from Britain with another set of distant landlords in Ottawa

NBSamuel L. Tilley was the priemer of NB and a strong proponent of Confederation. He argued the advantages of confederation mainly in an economic sense. he believed that St. John would become Canada’s main Atlantic port. he also believed that the west would be a lucrative market for NB natural resources such as coal and timberat the Quebec conference an intercolonial railway was also guaranteed thus NB would be physically linked to the West.

opposition was also economic as traditional NB trade patterns had been North South not East WestNB’ers feared that their market would be flooded by Canadian goodsNB’ers feared that they would have to share in the Canadas’ debt and that they would lose political power because of their small populationRoman Catholics in NB feared that NB would be dominated by “Protestant Extremists” such as George Brown and his Clear Grits

Tilley held a vote on the issue and he lost on confederation (re-elected less than a year later as the opposition gov’t couldn’t maintain control) once re-elected Tilley held another vote on confederation and this time the people voted for it. the vote was set against the backdrop of feared invasion of NB and NS by Fenians.Fenians were Irish Americans that believed that if they captured NB and NS they could hold them ransom until Ireland was given independence. Many of the Fenians were vets of the American Civil war and that is why people in BNA were worried as they saw them as a viable threat. the American gov’t was apathetic towards the Fenians.the Fenians thought that Irish catholics in Canada would rise up and join them but this didn’t happen. Most of the Fenians actions were small scale raids with a greater psychological effects. in NB april 1866 small bands of Fenians moved into coastal towns and NB organized it’s militia. it was a small scale battle an no one died.1500 Fenian’s crossed the Niagara and defeated the Canadian Militia on the Niagara plains but then had to withdraw and never came back.

it was this Fenian threat that pushed many NB’ers to vote for and push for the Confederation. In April 1866 NB legislature passed the Quebec resolutionsRemember that Britain wanted them to join confederation and that removed many of the options for dissenters against confederation as they could maintain the status quo.

NS

Charles Tupper was the premier of NS and he was pro-Confederation. Joseph Howe was a strong voice against Confederation. Howe was one of the most influential figures in the colony even though he wasn’t in politics anymoreHowe believed that confederation would restrict NS’s potential as they would be a small part of a backwards nation. he favoured NS’s autonomy even though he did really want the intercolonial railway. He argued that if NS joined the confederation it would lose its identity and its importance . he objected to Confederation w/o a referendum.

Canada East George-Etienne Cartier (pro) vs Antoine-Aime Doiron (against)there was a focus on the centralization of the gov’t and the argument over how limiting or freeing it would be. Doiron thought that there would be to many limitations on Canada East’s power. Doiron was worried that french seats would now be vastly outnumbered by english seats in the legislature. Cartier argued that in the new union Canada East would get to be their own province and would have greater control of their own affairs. The French Language was to be official in Quebec and they could keep their Catholic School system and civil systemCartier called confederation a “Political Nationality” not a “Cultural Nationality”Cartier reminded people of Canada East that they had to do this so they wouldn’t be annexed by the USA Cartier argued that confederation was the best option to preserve their identity and their culture. he believed that there was a lack of options for French people in BNACartier was a director of the Grand Trunk Railway and the idea of an intercolonial railway was exciting to him as he stood to gain a lot of money from it. Cartier looked to the Roman Catholic Church for support but their support was tepid at best.

the confederation debates in the Canadian legislature lasted for about a month and in a final vote 92 favoured and 33 opposed. 27 of the french canadian MP’s voted for confederation making it a vary narrowly supported idea in Canada East

British Support and fear of invasion from either the Fenian’s or the Americans were two driving factors in Confederation.many people wanted a confederation but they had a problem with this particular form of confederation and it’s strong central gov’t

in the Autumn and Winter of 1866 Delegated from BNA met in London to prepare and write the British North America Act.

there were very few changes made to the original 72 resolutions.Provinces got a bit more money from the federal gov’t and the name was changed from a federation to a confederation.The clause of the Intercolonial railway was written in and it would be built by the gov’tEnglish and French were made the official languages and there would be separate schools but there weren’t provisions for how this would work in new provinces. These two ideas were debated right up to the end in London. religions minorities were given the right to appeal to the Federal gov’t if they thought their rights were being suppressed by the provincial gov’t Joseph Howe was also in London trying to lobby British MP’s to reject the BNA Act. He argued that as there were no plebiscites about confederation, no women were included in the debate and no first nations groups were consulted and that Confederation was being forced upon the people by the elite and the British Colonial Office. John A MacDonald wanted to call the new nation the Kingdom of Canada but the British rejected this name. Lenord Tilley came upon the name the Dominion of Canada while reading in Psalms. no one was surprised when the governor called on John A MacDonald was called upon to be the new nations first PM. He and the rest of his gov’t took office in the newly completed parliament buildings on 1st July 1867 and all received a Knighthood.

Dec 9, 2009

Montreal, Toronto and Hamilton are the largest cities. Montreal as the first city to industrialize in Canada. These cities were the first to begin to show greater stratificationwe consider industrialization to begin with the introduction of machines, an assembly process and the intro women and children into the manufacturing workforce.for some families it was good that the women and children could work in the factories as then the whole family could work together. the main reason that women and children worked was to supplement a meager family income. Industrialization led to

vulnerability inequalities of wealth and income“deserving” and “undeserving” poor - success was thought to come

to those that worked hard. So if you were poor it was thought to be your own fault.

the mid nineteenth century saw the rise of the working class and a working class conscience. not in the form of unions as those were illegal until 1872 but through riots and illegal strikes. Business and gov’t didn’t look upon these actions as legitimate.

Victorian Canadathe ideal of self help was very important. Independence, work ethic, and Christian duty are the ingredients for success. again we see the separation of the public spheres and the private spheres and gender roles within those spheres. It is an ideology rather than an actuality. there were various social reforms during this time. an example of these movements was the Temperance movementTemperance was the total rejection of alcohol. Public drinking at the time was a prominent factor of a mans life (but not usually a women’s). Alcohol was prevalent throughout society. almost any town had a large number of drinking establishments. ranging from the living room in your house to large taverns. Friendly societies were formed to push the Temperance movement. They fought for the abstinence of alcohol and the prohibition of sales and consumption. Friendly societies were more prevalent in urban areas. many politicians were members of the temperance movement. there was a huge amount of immigration and some people tie the temperance movement and the influx of Irish Catholic immigrants. aka Nativism (favoring one born in your country rather than someone who didn’t). there was terrible poverty and sickness and people who took part in the temperance movement thought that is was alcohol that caused these conditions and that if it could be removed, then the poors lot in life would improve. women took an active role in the temperance campaign and some historians see this as the first step in Canada to womens suffrage.

Canada in 1867the new nation of Canada lacked a strong sense of unity or common history. this was a problem for the fathers of confederation. their early efforts included making peace b/w English and French, Protestants and Catholics, urban and rural. nationhood didn’t mean independence as the British Parliament still controlled external affairs and most Canadians wanted this as they saw being part of the Empire as something to be proud of and an advantage.

Final Exam same as midterm20 matching question30 marks id significant people 5 for 6 marks 2 shorter essays - choose from list

Essay ?’sWhat were the arguments for and against confed?What contributed to the development of the North WestWhat were the causes of the rebellions in 1837

Impact of the Fur trade on Western CanadaHow did the US influence Canadawhat were the events leading up to ConfedExplain the significance of the war of 1812Explain the Significance of the BC Gold rushExplain how Upper Canada was a frontier society Discuss the political relationship b/w the French and English prior to confedDefine responsible gov’t and explain how the maritimes and the Canada’s achieved itHow and why did the NWC and the HBC Unite and what was the effect on natives and their role in the fur tradeCompare the 2 dominant political parties in the Canadas in the 1800Explain the significance of the railways in Canada.What did the Durham report signify for Canada

ID ?’sGeorge BrockFenian'sRed River SettlementHBC/NWCManifest Destiny 54-40George SimpsonJohn A MacdonaldLaura SecordJoseph HoweWar of 1812ReciprocityIrish immigrantsrebellions of 1837act of union 1841treaty of GhentLord SelkirkTecumsehThe Great coalitionQuebec Conference Lord DurhamTemperance John Douglas Alex MackenzieJoseph Papineaucorn laws Paliser and Hind ExpeditionCaribou Wagon road