'ULQNLQJ :DWHU 3HUFKORUDWH · PDF fileThis is a specialty Statement of Qualifications ......

treatmentPerchlorate

Q U A L IF IC A T IO N S

Drinking Water

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

0Pre

face

Perc

hl.in

dd 1

1201

4

p r e f a c e / c o n t e n t s

Carollo Engineers is an environmental consult-ing firm with more than 700 employees in 38 offices throughout the United States. All of our work is performed in the areas of water and wastewater, resulting in a level of understanding of key project issues that few can match. Carollo strives to maintain the tradition of using sound and proven engineering principles while moving progressively forward to keep abreast of changing times and new technologies.

This is a specialty Statement of Qualifications (SOQ) for Carollo Engineers detailing some of our experience and expertise in the field of water treatment specific to this topic.

CONTENTS

Issues and Differentiators

Key Achievements

Testing and Optimization Capabilities

Publications

Company Profile

i s s u e s a n d d i f f e r e n t i a t o r s

1

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Iss

uesP

erch

l.ind

d

PerChlOrAte COntAmInAtIOn

Detection of perchlorate in groundwater and surface water has impacted hundreds of water systems nationwide since the late 1990s. The number of contamination cases is escalating rapidly in many states as more utilities undergo sampling and testing for perchlorate in their water systems as part of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation (UCMR).

Carollo’s recent and on-going experience in pilot testing, permitting, designing treatment facilities, and brine management for perchlorate in different parts of the country is unequaled in the industry. Our team will bring and apply the latest experience acquired from perchlorate treatment projects at Castaic Lake Water Agency, CA,

Magna, UT, La Puente Valley County Water District, CA, and other places.

The majority of the contami-nation results from the manu-

facture and use of solid rocket propellants, munitions, and

fireworks over the past several decades. Perchlorate is what sci-

entists call an endocrine disrupter, a chemical that can alter hormonal balance, specifically thyroid hor-mones for the case of perchlorate. Ingestion of perchlorate impedes metabolism and brain development especially in newborns and children.

Although the federal and the state MCLs for perchlorate have not been established currently, some states have adopted advisory levels in the range of 1 to 18 µg/L to protect the pubic from potentially wide spread contamination.

Manufacture and use of

perchlorate in the U.S.


2

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Iss

uesP

erch

l.ind

d

When the perchlorate contamination problem surfaced initially, there was no proven and demonstrated technology to treat drinking water contaminated with perchlorate. Carollo’s commitment to addressing the emerging water treatment issues such as perchlorate treatment is demonstrated by our staff’s experience and active involvement in

numerous research projects in the past several years, which were directed in establishing best available tech-nologies for perchlorate treatment. In fact, our staff has been involved in five of the eight Water Research Foundation perchlorate treatment projects issued to date as well as additional perchlorate research projects for other utilities and organizations.

Technologies investigated by our team during these perchlorate treatment projects include ion exchange, electrodialysis reversal (EDR), pressure membranes (Reverse Osmosis and Nano Filtration), biological treatment, granular activated carbon (GAC), pulsed-UV redox system, and brine treatment/spent resin disposal as outlined in the table on the following page. Our staff’s broad expertise in these areas have bene-fited our clients in effectively evaluating the treatment options for their perchlorate-contaminated waters. In addition, our staff has extensive experience in treating other contaminants that may co-exist with perchlorate, such as nitrate, NDMA, TCE, PCE, as well as MTBE, TBA, and other emerging contaminants.

In September, 2002, Carollo was selected by the Water Research Foundation to evaluate innovative technologies to minimize residu-als containing perchlorate, nitrate, and arsenic. This was the latest perchlorate research project funded by Water Research Founda-tion and EPA. Carollo was chosen among 11 teams proposed for this work, which was one of the most competitive project in Water Research Foundation RFP history. Being awarded with this key project demonstrates that Carollo is well qualified to engage in such high-profile activities. This research effort has placed Carollo on the forefront of treatment technologies dealing with disposal of perchlorate laden brine, which is one of the critical issues in a perchlorate treatment project.

Carollo also maintains extensive and readily available bench, pilot, and demo equipment to be used for treatment screening tests, if necessary. The benefits of the in-house equipment for testing include customized testing and the rapid turnaround of basic process evalua-tions and water quality analyses. Ultimately, these benefits contribute

In 2002, Carollo was selected by the Water Research

Foundation to evaluate innovative technologies to

minimize residuals containing perchlorate.

reSeArCh effOrtS fOr PerChlOrAte treAtment


3

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Iss

uesP

erch

l.ind

dto the development of cost-effective treatment alternative for our clients. The detailed description of our capabilities is found in the Key Achievements Section.

Perchlorate treatment Alternatives in Drinking Water

Process Advantages Disadvantages

Carollo Staff’s Experience for

Perchlorate Treatment

Ion Exchange Adsorption

• Proven technology.• Can remove multiple contaminants.• Potentially high rate of treatment.

• Some resins contribute to NDMA formation.

• Efficiency is impacted by sulfate and other anions.

• Generates brine for regenerable type system.

Electrodialysis Reversal Filtration

• Can achieve rejection of multiple contaminants.

• Proven technology for drinking water.• Can be applied to water with high TDS

and silica.

• High capital and O&M costs.• Generates a large quantity of

concentrate waste.

High-Pressure Membrane Filtration (RO/NF)

• Can achieve rejection of multiple contaminants.

• Proven technology for drinking water.• Added benefits such as hardness

reduction.

• High capital and O&M costs.• Generates a large quantity of

concentrate waste.• High TDS and silica reduce

removal efficiency.

Biological Reduction

• Complete destruction of perchlorate and nitrate.

• Indigenous micro-organisms can be used.

• Relatively low cost for perchlorate removal.

• Public acceptance.• No current full-scale

applications in the U.S.• Requiresapost-treatment.• Acclimation period is

required.

GAC Adsorption

• No perchlorate-laden liquid waste is generated.

• Existing facility (GAC facility) may be used.

• Limited perchlorate adsorption capacity without GAC modification.

• GAC must be replaced once capacity is saturated.

• Limited field application.

Pulsed-UV/ Catalyst Reduction

• Complete destruction of perchlorate and nitrate.

• Disinfection provided by the UV process.

• High energy cost.• Still in the development.• No field application.

PerChlOrAte PrOjeCt exPerIenCe

Our objective as a company is to successfully integrate applied research and engineering so that the project solutions are tailored to specific issues. The expertise that we bring to our clients is not only limited to the perchlorate treatment technologies, but also experi-ence and insight in dealing with other issues such as, upcoming state and federal regulations, other emerging co-contaminants, special permitting such as 97-005 and discharge permit during sampling


4

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Iss

uesP

erch

l.ind

d

of contaminated water, cost estimates, coordination with multiple stakeholders including polluters, and the perchlorate brine disposal. Carollo staff’s experience on fifteen different perchlorate projects is what sets apart us from other firms in providing a complete service and identifying the critical project issues up front to minimize the project delays and costs.

In 1998, Carollo evaluated alternative treatment options for the Magna Water Company in Utah for treating perchlorate in drinking water with ion exchange, membrane process, chemical, electrochemical, and biological reduction. Carollo selected an EDR process, which was pilot tested over a four-month period to define design criteria and system operat-ing conditions for a full-scale perchlorate treatment plant. This is one of the first projects in the country to deal with perchlorate treatment for drinking water in a municipal appli-cation, and we are currently conducting pre-design for the full-scale EDR plant, based on the pilot study results.

Carollo is also providing similar services to the Castaic Lake Water Agency in Santa Clarita, California, to identify the optimum treatment process to utilize a number of wells, which had previously been shut down for several years due to perchlorate contamination. Our scope of work includes conducting water quality sampling and testing, modeling of several treatment alternatives, permit support including an impaired source use permit (DHS 97-005), bench and pilot testing of treatment process alternatives, including ion exchange and biological processes (fluidized bed reactor and fixed bed reactor), cost development, and design of the

selected treatment process. As a result of a seven-month-long pilot testing program of biological treatment, Carollo is expected to receive an acceptance letter from DHS for a new technology (fixed bed bio-logical process) to treat perchlorate in drinking water.

For low level perchlorate applications in which the contamination is not attributed to historical manufacturing activities, the perchlorate problem may be addressed by blending contaminated water with clean water supplies. Carollo is currently conducting a feasibility study for perchlorate treatment for the City of Ontario as part of the Wellhead Treatment project. In this project, blending is one of the main approaches in dealing with perchlorate and nitrate contamina-tions. We’ve developed an extensive mass balance blending model to assist the City to implement reliable blending strategies comple-mented with ion exchange treatment.

Often times, a perchlorate treatment option is challenged by the generation of waste brine or concentrate stream during a treatment process, such as ion exchange. Carollo, in collaboration with ARA,

Carollo is expected to receive an acceptance

letter from CA DHS for a new fixed bed biological

technology for treating perchlorate at Castaic Lake

Water Agency, California.


5

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Iss

uesP

erch

l.ind

dhas evaluated innovative technologies to manage and handle waste stream generated during perchlorate treatment at various locations including La Puente and Pomona in California. These perchlorate brine treatment projects will complement our treatment design work to provide a complete perchlorate service to our clients. Summaries of these and other key projects are presented in the following section.

k e y a c h i e v e m e n t s

6

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

The project profiles on the following pages present highlights of Carollo’s key achievements in perchlorate treatment for drinking water. These examples illustrate our ability to:

Implement innovative technologies to improve process design and !

performance.

Integrate engineering and research to achieve practical solutions !

tailored to specific client needs.

Involve project participants early in the pro- !

cess to “demystify” advanced technology and fully understand each other’s needs.

Offer advanced solutions that are practical, !

affordable, and reliable.

We would be happy to provide client references that can attest to the quality and responsiveness of Carollo’s services upon request.


7

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

In 1997, the Castaic Lake Water Agency detected widespread perchlorate contamination of the Saugus Aquifer, the source of which is a local explosives manufacturing facility. In addition to perchlorate, the Saugus Aquifer contains nitrate and may also be impacted by TCE and explosives such as, HMX and RDX. Consequently, three local wells have been shut down, resulting in a substantial reduction in usable groundwater supply.

In an effort to restore the impaired groundwater, the Agency selected Carollo to perform a preliminary design study. At the inception of the project, Carollo developed and executed a DHS-approved well water sampling protocol to generate a comprehensive raw water characterization. Data from this characterization were used as inputs to membrane, ion exchange, and biological treatment process models that were developed for perchlorate removal sensitivity analyses. An in-depth process selection exercise was completed with the Agency to identify favorable, site-specific perchlorate-removal technologies. As part of this evaluation, Carollo developed mass balance models for ion exchange, biological, and membrane processes. These models were used to screen process alternatives and identify treatment pro-cess for bench and pilot-scale testing. Following a process screening workshop conducted by Carollo, a seven-month bench- and pilot-testing program was initiated and completed using protocols devel-oped by Carollo and approved by CA DHS. Preliminary data have shown that perchlorate-selective ion exchange resins can achieve several months of run times even in the presence of high sulfate con-centrations (~300 mg/L). It has also been demonstrated that biologi-cal reactors can effectively reduce perchlorate and nitrate to below detection in relatively short contact times (15 minutes), and that the process is robust when subject to various operational upsets.

Results from bench- and pilot-testing were used to develop detailed cost estimates for a well-head treatment facility for both processes, thus providing the basis for final full-scale process selection and preliminary design. To obtain all necessary permits and to ensure that the final treatment process will meet all regulatory require-ments, Carollo has been interfacing frequently with several regulatory agencies and districts. Carollo is working closely with the CA DHS Los Angeles Office to obtain conditional use approval of a fixed bed biological process for perchlorate treatment.

castaic lake water agency, californiatreatment of Perchlorate Contaminated Groundwater from the Saugus Aquifer

ex-situ biological treatment (pilot testing fixed bed and

fluidized bed).

Single-use ion exchange.

Perchlorate treatment cost estimate.

97-005 permit.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Ex-situ biological pilot units (fixed-bed and

fluidized-bed) tested for perchlorate.


8

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

water research foundationInnovative treatment Alternatives to minimize residuals Containing nitrate, Perchlorate, and Arsenic

Biological treatment of ion exchange brine.

thermal treatment of perchlorate ion exchange

brine.

review of perchlorate and arsenic discharge/disposal

regulations.

Development of perchlorate, nitrate and arsenic decision tree

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo is evaluating perchlorate treatment at a wastewater

treament plant for Water Research Foundation.

Recent regulatory changes have necessitated the development and evaluation of technologies used to treat perchlorate, nitrate, and arsenic in drinking water. Currently, the most widely used and accepted treatment technologies for the removal of these contami-nants involve the generation of a concentrated waste stream, which must be further treated or disposed. Carollo’s team, including ARA, EE&T, and Caltech, was selected by the Water Research Foundation to investigate perchlorate, nitrate, and arsenic brine and concentrate treatment alternatives, which are critical waste management issues. The objectives of this proposed research are to: 1) identify different types of residuals generated and approaches required to meet overall perchlorate, nitrate, and arsenic treatment goals; 2) develop and evaluate processes to manage and treat concentrate waste streams;

3) review pertinent regulations and compare costs and implementation issues associated with various treatment and disposal scenarios; and 4) describe the results of this work in a document that will serve as a tool to help utili-ties develop residuals minimization and handling strate-gies.

A limited number of accepted treatment options are com-mercially available for perchlorate—these include direct biological treatment and ion exchange processes. Since only ion exchange has been demonstrated and validated at full-scale for drinking water, the perchlorate/nitrate por-tion of the proposed research focuses on different types of ion exchange resins and regeneration techniques available.

Different resin regenerants (e.g., NaCl and FeCl3/HCl) were inves-tigated to minimize brine regeneration volume. Various brine treat-ment technologies that include biological and thermal processes, as well as treatment at a wastewater treatment plant were also investi-gated.

This study demonstrated technologies that can be implemented for the treatment of various arsenic-, perchlorate-, or nitrate-laden concentrates. The final assessment provided a basis for utilities to evaluate overall arsenic, perchlorate, or nitrate management strate-gies and will include evaluations of various residual management costs, discharge alternatives, and regulatory perspectives.


9

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

Magna water coMpany, utahBarton Well fields Perchlorate/tCe Contaminated Groundwater remediation

Magna retained Carollo to identify and evaluate feasible alterna-tives and to develop conceptual designs and costs for perchlorate treatment of the affected groundwater basin. Carollo evaluated alternative treatment options for perchlorate including ion exchange, membrane process, chemical, electrochemical, and biological reduc-tion. Due to the water quality issue, electrodialysis reversal (EDR) was recommended and pilot tested for perchlorate removal at Magna. The project also evaluated alternatives for VOC treatment such as air stripping, GAC adsorption, and advanced oxidation processes. Carollo operated the EDR pilot system and performed sample collec-tion and analyses over the four-month pilot duration. In this study, Carollo quantified perchlorate removal rates, defined system operat-ing conditions and provided operating and maintenance training for Magna staff at the conclusion of the study. Carollo developed design criteria including equipment, production capacity, treatment facil-ity footprint, waste disposal, distribution system water quality, and cost estimates for the full-scale EDR plant for perchlorate treatment. Carollo is currently preparing preliminary designs for the plant, based on the pilot study results.

evaluation of alternative treatment options

including ion exchange, membrane process,

chemical, electrochemical, and biological reduction.

Operation of eDr pilot system for perchlorate

treatment over a four-month pilot duration.

Developed conceptual designs and costs for perchlorate treatment.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo’s EDR Pilot Study for perchlorate

treatment. Magna, Utah.


10

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

city of ontario, californiaDry-Year Yield Wellhead treatment for nitrate and Perchlorate

The City of Ontario selected Carollo to evaluate alternatives for treating nitrate and perchlorate in the contaminated groundwater in order to meet production goals as part of the Dry-Year Yield (DYY) Program.

The DYY program is a conjunctive use program between Metropoli-tan Water District of Southern California, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, Chino Basin Watermaster, and Chino Basin appropriators (eight agencies throughout the basin, including the City of Ontario). This program is implemented under the Chino Basin Optimum Basin Management Program (OBMP). Phase I of the OBMP deals with characterizing the water quality of the Chino Basin, and Phase II deals with implementing OBMP facilities to secure safe yield of the basin.

The DYY program will help the City to ensure that local water sup-plies meet the demand of a growing community by reducing reliance on imported water during dry years. The new Well No. 44, wellhead treatment, and construction of a central treatment facility are neces-sary to provide a safe and reliable water supply for the City. This project includes:

Source water characterization. !

Identification and systematic evaluation of feasible !

treatment alternatives for perchlorate and nitrate.

Selection and demonstration of the appropriate !

treatment technology.

Design and construction of a wellhead treatment !

system.

The project also includes pre-design of a central treat-ment facility for a number of wells. The primary subject well is a new Well No. 44, but other impacted wells in the surrounding area (Wells 3, 4, and 9) are included as part of the initial evaluation. A preliminary test on Well No. 44, showed an average nitrate concentration

of 51 mg/L and a perchlorate concentration at 4.7 µg/L. The nitrate concentration for other surrounding wells ranges from non-detect to 58 mg/L and perchlorate from non-detect to 12 µg/L. The presence of perchlorate in these wells implies that the treatment, permitting, and disposal issues associated with perchlorate will be the critical fac-tor in this project despite the high nitrate concentration.

Pre-design perchlorate and nitrate treatment system.

Developed detailed cost estimates for perchlorate and nitrate treatment (ion exchange and biological).

Developed mass balance for model perchlorate and

nitrate blending.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo is helping the City to evaluate alternatives to treat

nitrate and perchlorate in contaminated groundwater in order to

reduce reliance on imported water during dry years.


11

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

Magna water coMpany, utahPerchlorate and Arsenic treatment Alternatives evaluation

Magna Water Company (MWC) retained Carollo Engineers to provide engineering services to evaluate the potential synergies of removing perchlorate and arsenic in one facility using electrodialysis reversal (EDR) or other viable technology. Carollo reviewed prior perchlorate removal/treatment alternatives evaluated in the Well Water Treatment Alternatives, 2000 report including reverse osmosis (RO), EDR, and ion exchange (IX) in order to evaluate the most viable/economical process for combined perchlorate and arsenic treatment. A series of workshops were conducted where Carollo and MWC staff reviewed possible treatment processes and worked together to develop three different alternatives for treating perchlorate and arsenic at Magna’s well fields. Using updated water demand projections, a treatment facility plan was developed for each alternative incorporating the flow capacity of both of MWC’s well fields. A phasing plan for the water treatment plant and ancillary facilities was developed for the next 20 years to incorporate future water demands and the need for increased perchlorate removal based on groundwater model projections and blended arsenic water quality goals. Capital, operating, and lifecycle costs were developed for each alternative in order to evaluate the least cost alternative for treating perchlorate and arsenic.

As part of this project, IX computer modeling (IX Pro) was conducted to simulate the performance of selective (throw-away) IX resins for removing perchlorate only at Magna’s Barton Well Field. Carollo compiled recent physical/chemical data, conducted modeling analysis and coordinated modeling results with IX equipment suppliers to determine recommended facility layouts, and equipment/operating costs.

Future water demands and the need for increased perchlorate

removal based on groundwater model projections wer

performed by Carollo’s team.

evaluation of ion exchange, rO, and eDr for

perchlorate treatment.

Detailed perchlorate cost estimates.

evaluation of negative impact of in-situ biological perchlorate treatment for

downstream wells.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS


12

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

applied research associates, floridamembrane Bioreactor technology Demonstration for Perchlorate Destruction and Brine recovery

Carollo is supporting Applied Research Associates (ARA) to inves-tigate perchlorate brine treatment and reuse for the full-scale appli-cation at the ion exchange treatment facilities in the San Gabriel Valley, California. This is a second partnership between ARA and Carollo in collaborative research after a successful Water Research Foundation project “Innovative Treatment Alternatives to Minimize Residuals Containing, Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Arsenic” in 2002. For this project, Carollo is providing expertise in high-pressure mem-branes to reuse regenerated ion exchange brine from ARA’s biologi-cal perchlorate treatment system. Carollo has conducted bench-scale tests with biologically treated ion exchange brine to screen NF and RO membranes to be evaluated at the pilot-scale, and developed cost estimates for perchlorate brine reuse with membranes. Successful demonstration of the biological treatment by ARA and the mem-brane reuse by Carollo will result in pilot validation and eventually full-scale brine treatment and reuse system design and construction at a number of utilities including La Puente Valley County Water District, San Gabriel Valley Water Company, and other utilities in the San Gabriel Valley, California.

Perchlorate brine treatment.

Demonstrated brine treatment for a full-scale

ISeP process.

membrane testing (nf, rO) for brine reuse.H

IGH

LIG

HT

S

ARA’s suspended biological

treatment pilot unit treating ion

exchange brine.

Carollo’s flat sheet membrane test unit to screen

NF and RO for perchlorate brine reuse.


13

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

city of redlands, californiahinckley Water treatment Plant feasibility Study

Carollo was selected by the City of Redlands to carry out a feasibility investigation to evaluate ways to address the City’s water demand needs using its available water resources. The City has a number of water resources available including both groundwater and surface waters of various qualities. As part of the investigation, Carollo evaluated the extent to which the new perchlorate Public Health Goal would impact the availability of water from certain City’s wells that are contaminated with perchlorate. This evaluation included an assessment of perchlorate treatment technologies that would be suit-able for the well water, and in particular, the technologies that would be suitable for use as wellhead treatment facilities for the range of perchlorate and nitrate present. Due to the short term water require-ments by the City, the evaluation also included an assessment of which perchlorate technologies could best be applied within existing onsite treatment facilities at certain affected wells.

evaluated perchlorate treatment technologies.

Assessed impact of water quality change on perchlorate treatment

efficiency.HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo evaluated perchlorate treatment technologies as

part of a water feasibility investigation.


14

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

city of gilroy, californiaWater, Sewer, and Storm Drain master Plan

Water sewer, and storm drain master plans.

hydraulic modeling.

Conceptual design and site plan for perchlorate treatment at four well

sites.HIG

HL

IGH

TS Due to progressive growth, the City of Gilroy hired Carollo to prepare

water, sewer, and storm drain master plans. Gilroy will use the new documents as a principal guidance tool for expanding municipal facilities and enhancing operation of existing systems. In addition to recommending infrastructure improvements to mitigate existing deficiencies, these master plans will include improvements for servic-ing anticipated short-term and long-term growth within the urban service area, and maintaining consistency with Gilroy’s General Plan.

Carollo developed state-of-the-art hydraulic models for use as the central tool to evaluate existing water, sewer, and storm drain sys-tems. These models are currently assisting in the development of recommendations for enhancing system operations, and for identify-ing improvements to serve anticipated growth.

As part of this comprehensive master plan, Carollo provided a con-ceptual design and site plan for perchlorate treatment at four well sites. The site layouts were prepared for both single use ion exchange systems and fixed-bed biological systems to allow the City to acquire necessary lands to build treatment facilities. Carollo also provided detailed cost estimates for both single use ion exchange and biologi-cal systems.

As part of a comprehensive master plan, Carollo provided

a conceptual design and site plan for perchlorate treatment

at four well sites.


15

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

applied process technology, californiaProcess and Performance Analysis of the APt Ozone/hydrogen Peroxide reactor for Indirect Potable reuse

evaluate the process and performance of the hiPOx

reactor.

Determine the relationship between disinfection

and microcontaminant destruction.

California DhS regulatory approval.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Draft indirect potable reuse regulations in California require an advanced oxidation step following reverse osmosis, providing two critical public health barriers—high-level disinfection and oxidation of microcontaminants. Applied Process Technology’s (APT) HiPOx ozone/hydrogen peroxide reactor has documented performance for microcontaminant destruction, including TCE, PCE, and 1,4 dioxane. Further, the use of the hydroxyl radical is effective for the destruction of NDMA. What was not fully understood by the manu-facturer, was the ability for the HiPOx reactor to disinfect and what dose would be needed, relative to conventional microcontaminant destruction doses.

Carollo was hired by APT to evaluate the process and performance of the HiPOx reactor and to determine the relationship between disinfection and microcontaminant destruction. This information will be combined with additional data from other California testing sites and submitted to the California DHS for technological acceptance of the reactor.

Carollo researched the performance of this patented reactor.

The data will be used for regulatory approval of the system for

indirect potable reuse.


16

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

san Bernardino Municipal water departMent, californianewmark Groundwater Contamination remediation facility

eight City wells with high concentrations of tCe and

PCe.

Construction of a large-scale, pilot, air stripping tower led to preliminary design of newmark air

stripping towers.

Construction of the facility funded under a grant from

the California DhS.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

The California DHS conducted a survey and found eight of the City of San Bernardino’s wells to have high concentrations of TCE and PCE which resulted in the eventual closure of the wells. The City retained Carollo to evaluate possible treatment options and to deter-mine a cost-effective method for recovering the valuable groundwa-ter resource.

The alternatives studied were air stripping, oxidation, and GAC adsorption. Conventional air stripping, where land use permitted, was determined to be a cost-effective alternative. The study included the construction of a large-scale, pilot, air stripping tower to test various tower packing for VOC removal efficiencies and to verify operating costs.

The pilot study by Carollo led to the preliminary design of the New-mark air stripping towers, the completion of air dispersion analysis and health risk assessment, the compliance with requirements, and the acquisition of a SCAQMD permit to construct a 6,000-gpm air stripping facility at the Newmark site.

The Newmark facility consists of two 12-foot diameter, 50-foot high fiberglass stripping towers; two 40-hp 20,000-scfm air blowers; about 800 feet of 12-inch and 16-inch transmission main to intertie four wells; and an automated metering and process control center. Each tower is rated to treat 3,000 gpm of water with PCE and TCE concentration of 150 µg/L and 50 µg/L respectively. Carollo also designed vapor phase carbon adsorption facilities to treat the air leaving the columns at the Newmark site and at the City’s 10,000-gpm Waterman Stripping facility. Design was based on treating water with up to 150 µg/L of PCE and 50 µg/L of TCE.

Construction of the facility was funded under a grant from the DHS.Major equipment was prepurchased to compress the construction schedule and to maintain greater control of equipment quality.

Carollo designed a 6,000-gpm air stripping

facility at the Newmark site in San

Bernardino, California.


17

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

Carollo was selected to recommend a process and design facilities for treating groundwater contamination found at the San Bernardino Municipal Water Department 19th Street potable water supply wells.

It was found that conventional air stripping would create a visual nuisance to the surrounding neighborhood and would require costly treatment of emissions to meet stringent VOC emission standards. For these reasons, Carollo selected granular activated carbon (GAC) to remove the groundwater contaminants. Eight GAC contactors were specified for treatment of up to 5,600 gpm (8.0 mgd) of raw water. Each contactor has a capacity of 20,000 pounds of GAC. The raw water contains up to 20 parts-per-billion (ppb) of TCE, PCE, and Freon 11 and 12. The project included site improvements, includ-ing utilities and foundation structures. The City was responsible for all onsite construction and installation of the carbon contactors and process piping.

The project also included installation of a treated water pumping sys-tem and a chlorination system. This system included gaseous chlorine disinfection together with leak detection and scrubbing equipment.

san Bernardino Municipal water departMent, california19th Street Wells

Groundwater contamination at potable

water supply wells.

Air stripping not visually acceptable.

eight GAC contractors were specified, including installation of a treated water pumping system

and a chlorination system.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo selected granular activated carbon to treat groundwater

contamination in potable water supply wells.


18

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

Carollo designed a groundwater remediation program for the San Bernardino Municipal Water Department. Liquid phase granular activated carbon (GAC) was selected for treating the groundwater supplied by the 17th and Sierra Street wells. A large air stripping column was determined to not be compatible with the residential neighborhood where the wells are located, and restrictions on emis-sions of volatile organic carbons would require costly treatment of off gas from an air stripping column.

Six GAC contactors, each with a capacity of 20,000 pounds, were specified for treatment at a capacity of 3,100 gpm (4.5 mgd). The raw water contained up to 20 parts per billion each of tetrachloroethyl-ene and TCE. The specification required the carbon system supplier

to have unit responsibility for the carbon contactors, initial carbon fill, and supervision of the installation of interconnecting piping and contactor.

Site improvements, utilities, and foundations for the carbon system were designed for the project. The units were set six feet below grade, in a pit, to reduce visual impact. These were the first designed in this manner in California. All onsite construction as well as installation of the contactors and process piping was performed by the City. The plant is currently in service. The system was funded by a grant from the California DHS.

san Bernardino Municipal water departMent, california17th and Sierra Street Wells - Groundwater remediation

Design of a groundwater remediation program

Six GAC contractors were specified.

System was funded by a grant from the California

DhS.HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo designed a groundwater remediation

program for the 17th and Sierra Street Wells.


19

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

city of redlands, californiatexas Street - Groundwater remediation

Design of a carbon adsorption system

to remove hazardous contaminants from local groundwater sources.

Protects downgradient municipal water supplies and allows the City use of

lost water supplies.

Included sound attenuation facilities, well pump

upgrades, and chlorine disinfection facilities together with leak

containment and scrubbing equipment.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo designed a carbon adsorption system to remove hazardous contaminants from local groundwater sources. The project protects downgradient municipal water supplies and allows the City use of lost water supplies.

The California Department of Health Services determined that TCE and DBCP contamination of local water supplies posed an imminent danger to the health and welfare of the community. Several of the municipal wells were closed due to TCE and DBCP contamination. Carollo evaluated several alternative groundwater treatment systems. The project required the use of a system that would address both TCE and DBCP contamination. The study determined that granular activated carbon would be the most effective treatment alternative. The granular activated carbon system is able to treat contaminated groundwater at a rate of 8.6 million gallons per day. The spent carbon is reactivated or destroyed offsite. Prior to distribution, the treated water is stored in a 1-million-gallon reservoir, located at the treat-ment site. The system can provide approximately 30 percent of cur-rent municipal average daily water needs.

The project also included sound attenuation facilities, well pump upgrades, and chlorine disinfection facilities together with leak containment and scrubbing equipment. The $4 million project was financed through Toxic Substances Control Department and Califor-nia Water Resources Control Board assistance.

Carollo designed several GAC wellhead treatment systems in Redlands, California.


20

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

Mesa Consolidated Water District (Mesa) selected Carollo to prepare Design-Build (D-B) Plans and Specifications for a new ozone treat-ment facility to remove natural color from groundwater.

The new ozone facilities include an installed capacity of 3,000 lb/d with space provided for a third 1,500 lb/d ozone generator. The oxygen source for the project was chosen as liquid oxygen (LOX), and the plant includes one 13,000 gallon LOX storage tank and three ambient vaporizers. Ozone is generated at a concentration of 10 percent by weight and contacted with the colored groundwater using vacuum injectors. The design also incorporates the use of standard diffusers to allow a second stage of ozone contacting if required. Off-gas destruction is by dual-catalytic-destruction units (one standby) and potable water from the plant is used as cooling water in a once-through circuit. The product water is warm (around 80 degrees F) and the use of a separate “cold” water system was evaluated during the preliminary design.

Carollo prepared a Request for Proposals D-B package of approximately 30 percent design level. This package included a number of preliminary drawings: conceptual layouts, building requirements, conceptual process flow diagram, SCADA system basic design, and concep-tual P&IDs. We prepared a design criteria report and technical specifications tailored to meet the client’s specific requirements in terms of ozone equipment and control and monitoring capabilities for the new facility. Pre-qualified ozone equipment suppliers were included in the specifications for equipment procurement.

Carollo was retained by Mesa to provide engineer-ing services during the final design, construction, and

start-up phases of the project. Carollo’s scope included participation in the HAZOP and C-HAZOP studies, evaluation of the Func-tion Design Specification, preparation of an Operational Plan for the plant, and assistance to Mesa in discussions with the California Department of Health Services to obtain a permit to operate the new facility. Construction of the facility is now complete.

Mesa consolidated water district, californiaColored Water treatment facility

new ozone treatment facility to remove natural color from groundwater.

Design incorporates the use of standard diffusers to allow a second stage of ozone contacting if

required.

Potable water from the plant is used as cooling

water.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Illustration of liquid oxygen tank (LOX) and vaporizers

at the Mesa Consolidated Water District Colored Water

Treatment Facility.


21

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

2Key

Achi

eveP

erch

l.ind

d

city of santa BarBara, californiaOrtega Well treatment Plant

Identification of the optimum treatment

alternative that will allow use of the aquifer and five wells contaminated with

iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide.

Study conducted in three phases: preliminary

investigation, pilot testing, and design.

HIG

HL

IGH

TS

Carollo was selected to identify the optimum treatment alternative that will allow use of the aquifer, specifically the use of five wells located in the Downtown Wellfield. The wells are mainly contami-nated with iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide. As a result, the existing Ortega Well Treatment Plant which incorporates a Green-sand filtration process has been shut down for several years. The study will be conducted in three phases: Preliminary Investigation, Pilot Testing, and Design.

During Phase I Investigation and Preliminary Analysis, the following issues will be addressed:

Assess the condition of the existing wells. !

This task includes video well monitoring and production testing to verify the yield.

Overview of water quality in the wells with !

respect to current and upcoming regulations. Both Radon and TCE are of concern.

Evaluate the current situation of the Ortega !

Water Treatment Plant which has been shut down since 1991.

Conduct additional water quality testing, !

including emerging chemicals.

Identify design flows, conduct modeling of several blends of water, !

and analyze the treatment alternatives and their impact on the distribution system.

During Phase II Pilot testing, one or more candidate treatment alter-natives will be tested at pilot-scale to verify the design parameters and generate cost data. One or several wells will be subjected to the treatment alternatives.

Phase III will result in the preparation of plans and specifications to implement the recommended alternative. The design will use City standards project steps that Carollo has recently used for the Cater Water Treatment Plant improvements design. Features include:

Scheduled progress meetings and review submittals. !

Preparation of construction cost estimates at the 50 and 90 per- !

cent design levels.

Full discipline services. !

Corporation Yard Well located at the

City of Santa Barbara yard.

t e s t i n g a n d o p t i m i z a t i o n c a p a b i l i t i e s

22

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

hl.in

dd

treAtment PrOCeSS mODelS

Numerous technologies are available to treat perchlorate, and process selection for a given site can be complex, as a wide variety of criteria must be considered. These issues may include availability of brine disposal options, discharge regulations, water quality character-istics, permitting, cost, and others.

To aid in the preliminary screening of perchlorate treatment tech-nologies, Carollo has developed empirical models for a high-pressure membrane process, an ion-exchange process, and a biological treat-ment process. Raw water quality and operational parameters serve as inputs to the models, and outputs include effluent water quality and quantity as well as a residuals characterization. The models offer the following benefits:

Allow for the rapid evaluation of !

“what-if” scenarios, including changes in raw water quality or variations in opera-tional strategies.

Takes into consideration other con- !

taminants of concern co-existing with perchlorate

Incorporate unit processes from raw !

water to distribution, thus allowing full treatment trains to be evaluated.

Assess the quality and quantity of !

treatment residuals, which enables the identification of appropriate disposal options.

Carollo has successfully utilized these process train models for a num-ber of projects to quantitatively evaluate performance of selected perchlorate treatment alternatives.

BenCh SCAle

Our bench-scale testing capabilities are tailored to our clients’ needs for cost-effective on-site evaluation and optimization of treatment

Carollo has developed empirical mass balance models (biological,

ion exchange, and membrane) for perchlorate treatment that

have been used successfully for a number of projects for process

evaluation and residual characterization.

EBCTBAC 35.0 minutesInfluent OxidantLevel HighDO (mg/L) 6.0NO3 (mg/L) 20.0ClO4 (mg/L) 50

BAC EFFLUENT AEROBIC FILTER EFFLUENT

PRODUCT WATER

BDOC (mg/L) 14.2 BDOC (mg/L) 0.7 BDOC (mg/L)

BDOC (mg/L)

ND

ND

DO (mg/L) 6 DO (mg/L) 0.3 DO (mg/L)

DO (mg/L)

5-8

5-8

NO (mg/L)3 20 NO (mg/L)3 0.1 NO (mg/L)3

NO (mg/L)3

0.1

0.1

ClO (mg/L)4 50 ClO (mg/L)4 ND ClO (mg/L)4

ClO (mg/L)4

ND

ND

NDMA (ng/L) 500 NDMA (ng/L) 500 NDMA (ng/L)

NDMA (ng/L)

500

0

Raw water

Aeration

Backwash

10-minute EBCT

Biosolidsdisposal only

TreatmentEffluent

ND = Non-Detect

INFLUENT

BackwashFilter

GranularMedia Filter(biological)

UV/AOP

Direct Biological filtration


23

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

h.in

dd

processes. We use innovative bench-scale tools developed to minimize time-consuming and expensive pilot studies. These include column testing for various ion exchange resins with the clients’ water, NDMA leaching and formation testing, and other DBP testing for various treatment processes and disinfectants including ozone using our small scale ozone equipment.

PIlOt/DemO SCAle

In some cases when bench-scale testing cannot reflect full-scale process performance or in cases where design parameters need to be developed, such as fixed-bed biological filter applications, pilot testing is recommended. Similarly the optimization and final develop-ment of design criteria for reverse osmosis and nanofiltration facilities may require pilot testing. Our pilot facilities relevant for perchlorate treatment project may include:

Ozonation and biological filtration. (Similar to the bench-scale !

ozone testing unit, our ozonation pilot plants provide full-scale contactor hydraulic efficiency.)

Two-stage demonstration-scale nanofiltration/reverse osmosis. !

Single-element nanofiltration/reverse osmosis. !

Custom membrane filtration. !

In addition to these systems, Carollo tests various UV reactors for validation and optimization. Carollo also utilizes state of the art data acquisition and process control units. These units are designed to operate multiple pilot plants side-by-side and to log all hydraulic performance and water quality data. Remote operation and access to data is also available to facilitate conducting multiple studies at various sites and allow project stakeholders to access data real-time. Detailed description of selected equipment is included here.

Equipment List (RSSCT, Bench Ozone, Filter Skid, Single Element Skid, Pilot Ozone)

rAPID SmAll SCAle COlumn teStInG

Carollo Engineers maintains rapid small-scale column testing (RSSCT) equipment for evaluating the removal of contaminants by a range of adsorptive media. This equipment can be used to determine performance and cost data for adsorptive media such as granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange resins, activated alumina, and granular ferric hydroxide. Applications include the removal of natu-ral organic matter to minimize by-product formation during down-stream chlorination, and arsenic removal optimization studies.

Scaling equations, which are used to design the RSSCT tests are based on a dimensional analysis which maintains


24

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

hl.in

dd

similitude with the full-scale process. In the case of GAC testing, carbon for the small-scale columns is obtained by grinding GAC from the full-scale application to a smaller size. Specific techniques are used for grinding, sieving, and washing the media to provide a uniformly ground GAC with a low fines content. In the proportional

diffusivity design approach, the ratio between the full-scale and the small-scale contact times equals the scaling factor. The ground GAC is typically 1/10 to 1/20 the size of the full-scale carbon. Therefore, the length of time required to develop a breakthrough curve at the small-scale is 10 to 20 times shorter than at the pilot- or demonstration-scales.

The RSSCT columns are made of glass with inner diam-eters in the range of 4 to 15 millimeters. The media is carefully installed in the columns to avoid packing the media too densely, and to prevent the formation of air spaces within the bed. The media is supported with either glass beads or glass wool. The test water is pumped through the column in a down-flow mode at the specified flow-rate for the given conditions of contact time and temperature.

The effluent water from the RSSCT column is sampled for vari-ous parameters. Typically, the target contaminant is measured at a frequency ranging from once per day to once per week. The effluent contaminant concentration data are plotted to monitor breakthrough as the study progresses. Samples may be collected to determine the potential downstream formation of by-products.

For a given application, Carollo prepares an experimental testing matrix and sampling and analysis plan at the start of the study. We then design the small-scale columns to simulate a range of possible full-scale designs. Typically, a 50- to 200-gallon batch of test water is collected as the feed water for the RSSCT system. Water quality parameters in the batch may be adjusted to reflect historical values. Testing can normally be completed in two to six weeks.

COntInuOuS flOW BenCh SCAle OzOne teStInG

The information required to develop design criteria for ozone facili-ties includes ozone demand, ozone decay, and screening of ozone application points. Traditionally, this information has been developed using pilot-scale facilities, semi-batch bench-scale testing units, or modeling techniques. The major drawbacks of ozonation pilot studies include the tendency to overestimate the hydraulic efficiency and the high cost and time commitment required to mobilize the equipment. Semi-batch reactors and the use of mathematical models do not provide sufficiently reliable data for extrapolation to full-scale design. To address these drawbacks, Carollo has developed a continuous-flow bench-scale ozone testing unit which combines the reliability of pilot-scale testing and cost-effectiveness of bench-scale methods.

Carollo’s RSSCT equipment provides an inexpensive and

scalable methodology to easily simulate a wide range of water

quality and operating conditions for each media type.


25

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

h.in

dd

Carollo’s bench-scale unit consists of a six-stage ozone contactor with three chambers operating in counter-current flow for ozone transfer and three chambers operating without gas transfer for ozone con-tacting. The volume of each chamber available for ozone contacting

is adjustable to achieve detention times ranging from 3 to 40 minutes. The ozone concentration in the feed gas is monitored by an ultraviolet (UV) light absorption spectrophotometer. Ozone residuals in the liquid phase are analyzed by collecting grab samples at the effluent of each of the columns.

System hydraulics

In order to ensure the applicability of the results, we have designed this system so that the hydraulics are characterized with a T10/T ratio of 0.6 to 0.7. This hydraulic behavior is mod-eled by seven to nine completely stirred tank reactors (CSTR) in series, corresponding to Peclet numbers of 12 to 16, respec-tively. This hydraulic characteristic is maintained in Carollo’s pilot-scale ozone systems.

ease of mobilization

The ozone system resides in a shipping container for easy transport to various sites for ozone testing. Associated equipment includes ozone contactors, rotameters for measuring liquid and gas flow rates, valves and tubing, and sample taps. This unit also includes a 0.08 lb/day ozone generator. Other equipment required to perform ozone evalua-tions, such as a feed water pump, UV spectrophotometer, and ozone residual measurement kit, is shipped with the system.

Mobilization and testing can begin within a half-day of arrival on-site. Only a small sample volume (approximately 5 gallons) is required in order to develop key design data such as ozone demand and decay relationships, by-product formation, and ozone quenching alternatives.

reVerSe OSmOSIS/nAnOfIltrAtIOn SInGle-element PIlOt PlAnt

Carollo Engineers’ single-element reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) pilot plant provides a fast, cost-effective way to screen membranes and pretreatment chemicals. This pilot plant requires only one membrane element for each test, in comparison to the demonstration-scale pilot equipment which requires 21 mem-brane elements. For screening tests, where the results are not cer-tain, the cost of the membranes and the rental fee for the two-stage demonstration-scale equipment is not justified. Cost-effective screen-ing is accomplished with this pilot by using one membrane element, and simulated full-scale operational settings such as hydraulics and recovery.

Carollo's continuous-flow bench-scale ozone system

easily simulates a wide range of water quality and

operating conditions.


26

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

hl.in

dd

Critical to the successful screening of membranes and pretreatment chemicals is an accurate simulation of the full-scale design condi-tions. Flux, recovery, and cross-flow velocities are important param-eters in these evaluations and must represent full-scale conditions to provide an appropriate evaluation. The pilot plant is equipped with a programmable logic controller (PLC) system capable of controlling feed water pH, permeate water flow (i.e., flux), and recovery. Full-scale cross flow conditions are created through concentrate stream recirculation, which provides adequate flow into and out of the mem-brane element. The system is also equipped with a data acquisition system that is accessible by remote telemetry.

A low head feed water booster pump is provided, operat-ing at approximately 5 gallons per minute (gpm) at 30 to 60 psi. As water flows through the pilot plant, pretreat-ment chemicals (i.e., acid and scale inhibitor) are added and the water is passed through cartridge filters. Car-tridge filtered water is mixed with recycled concentrate water and the pressure is boosted using a high-pressure RO feed pump. Flows and pressures are metered at all critical locations. The permeate flow rate is controlled by metering permeate water flow rate and varying the speed of the high-pressure pump variable frequency drive (VFD). The recovery is controlled by metering concen-trate flow rate and adjusting it with a control valve. A sample tap panel is provided to gather water from all points throughout the process. Manual flow measure-

ments can be taken to verify electronic meter calibration.

Carollo has used this pilot plant to screen membranes and to develop initial design criteria in Florida, Kansas, Missouri, South Carolina, and Utah. It is sufficiently flexible in design to be housed in filter galleries, maintenance sheds, and temporary storage trailers. O&M manuals and standard operating procedures (SOP) are available. Data spreadsheets are also available to generate report-quality graphics.

OzOne SKID

Carollo Engineers’ standard ozone skid may be operated indepen-dently, or easily integrated with other skids to evaluate the impact of ozonation on other treatment processes. This type of skid is generally used to evaluate intermediate ozonation. The rugged metal outer frame of the skid is polymer coated to provide a durable finish and prevent corrosion. The three ozone columns can be easily disassem-bled and crated for transport.

The ozone contact columns provide a theoretical contact time of 10 minutes at a flow rate of 6 gpm. The skids come fully equipped for complete ozone evaluations, including the following components:

Carollo’s single element RO/NF pilot plant includes PLC and

data acquisition to provide a high level of automation and

quality data production.


27

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

h.in

dd

Air compressors to provide feed gas. !

Complete air preparation, including drying and filtration. !

Ozone generation equipment. !

Ozone contacting. !

Ozone quenching. !

Off-gas ozone destruction. !

Instrumentation and control. !

Ozone Generation

The on-board, water-cooled PCI WEDECO GLS-3 provides up to 3 lbs/day ozone generation capacity. This generator allows a full range of ozone dosages (i.e., 0.2 to 20 mg/L) so that various applications may be examined.

Ozone Contacting

The three ozone contactors are 8 inches in diameter and 8 feet in height. Carollo has specifically designed the columns to match full-scale ozone contactor hydraulics with a T10 to T ratio in the range of 0.6 to 0.7. Matching full-scale hydraulics is important for developing proper design criteria for ozone system siz-ing, and to accurately determine ozone demand and by-product for-mation, such as bromate or assimilable organic carbon. Fine bubble diffusers, common in full-scale design practice, provide ozone transfer within the columns. Multiple sample ports allow detailed analysis of ozone residual, ozone decay kinetics, and disinfection by-product formation.

Instrumentation

The gas feed flow rate, the ozone concentration in the gas, and the water flow rate through the system are continuously monitored. The transferred ozone dose can be calculated directly by Carollo’s data acquisition and control (DAC) system or using an on-board pro-grammable logic controller (PLC). Ozone residual is monitored at the effluent of the second ozone contactor, although multiple ports are available to monitor residuals at other locations.

Ozone Quenching

The skid includes a low-pressure UV reactor (Wedeco-Ideal Hori-zons) for quenching ozone in order to avoid carry-over of ozone residuals to downstream processes.

GrAnulAr meDIA fIltrAtIOn SKIDS

Carollo Engineers’ granular media filtration skids may be operated independently to evaluate the filtration process, or integrated with

Carollo's modular 10-gpm ozone skid

efficiently collects data representative of

full-scale processes.


28

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

3tes

t&Op

tCap

Perc

hl.in

dd

other pilot units to evaluate a complete conventional treatment train. The filter skids feature a rugged metal outer frame, which is polymer coated to provide a durable finish to minimize corrosion. The frame also facilitates crating, transport, and set up.

filter Columns

Carollo’s standard skid includes three filter columns, which are 4 inches in diameter and 14 feet tall. The column height allows the flexibility to operate in gravity-feed filtration mode, or in pressure filtration mode, using the on-board feed pumps. The 4-inch column diameter provides performance representative of full-scale filters, while minimizing the volumetric flow of the water required. Carollo designed the filter skids to test a wide range of hydraulic loading rates (i.e., in the range of 2 to 17 gpm/sq ft). The filters are flanged at approximately the middle of the column to allow convenient disas-sembly for transport.

The columns allow a wide range of filter media types and depths (as high as 8 feet) to be evaluated. A media retention plate is used for media support to eliminate the inconvenience of a gravel support system, and also to be more representative of full-scale underdrain systems. The backwash protocol may include both air and water at a wide range of flow rates to optimize backwashing conditions, and to ensure restoration of appropriate clean bed head loss. Each skid includes a backwash water storage tank to allow optimization of the chemical dosing strategy of the backwash water (i.e., chlorination, polymer addition, etc.).

Instrumentation

The filter effluent turbidity is monitored by dedicated turbidimeters on each filter column. Filter effluent particle counts are monitored by a single particle counter, which samples the three filters in sequence via a sampling manifold with solenoid valves. Samples are automati-cally collected from each filter effluent, based on an adjustable timing scheme. Because a single particle counting instrument is used, data variability among instruments is eliminated. Another benefit of this approach is that all relevant data are collected with the minimum amount of instrumentation. This approach also reduces maintenance requirements on the skid and provides greater reliability. A pressure transducer is used to monitor head loss development during filter runs.

Data may be acquired using Carollo’s remote data acquisition and control (RDAC) system, or using an on-board RDAC. This system stores and handles data in convenient formats for easy download and analysis.

Carollo’s filter skids provide continuous

monitoring of relevant data for complete

filtration evaluation.

p u b l i c a t i o n s

29

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

4Pub

licat

ions

Perc

hl.in

dd

SELECT PErChLoraTE PubLiCaTionS - PEEr-rEViEWED1. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Raskin. L.M., and Lin, R. 2003. “Sensitivity of Fixed-Bed Biological

Perchlorate Removal to Changes in Operating Conditions and Water Quality Characteristics.” Water Research, 37(1): 206-214. Selected to the Faculty of 1000 Research Literature List, 2003.

2. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., and Kirisits, M.J. 2002. “Removal of Perchlorate at Low µg/L Concentrations by Sorption and Biological Reduction in an Activated Carbon Filter.” Journal AWWA, 94(2): 70-79. Received the 2003 AWWA Water Science and Research Division Best Paper Award.

3. Roquebert, V., Booth, S., Cushing, R., Crozes, G., and Hansen, E. 2000. Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) and Ion Exchange as Polishing for Perchlorate Treatment. Desalination, 131: 285-291.

4. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Chee-Sanford, J.C., Raskin, L.M., Lin, R., and Kirisits, M.J. 2001. “The Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Nitrate on Perchlorate Reduction in a Biologically Active Carbon Filter.” Journal AWWA. Submitted.

5. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Lin, R., Raskin, L.M., and Chee-Sanford, J.C. “Isolation and Characterization of Perchlorate-Reducing Organisms from a Biologically Active Carbon Filter.” In preparation.

6. Liang, S., Min, J.H., Brown, J.C., Kirisits, M.J., Snoeyink, V. “Biological Reduction of Perchlorate and Bromate in Pilot Scale Conventional Ozone/Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Systems.” Journal AWWA. In preparation.

SELECT PErChLoraTE PubLiCaTionS - rEPorTS1. Min, J., Boulos, L, Brown, J., Le Gouellec Y., Cornwell, D., Coppola, E., Baxley, S., Rine, J., Hering, J.,

Vural, N. “Innovative Treatment Alternatives to Minimize Residuals Containing Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Arsenic”, AwwaRF Final Report, June 2004

2. Anderson, R.D., Brown, J.C., Min, J.H., Boulos, L., Juby G.J.G., Prasifka, D., Fluidized-Bed Biological Treatment of Perchlorate Contaminated Saugus Aquifer Water. Engineering report prepared for the California Department of Health Services, May 2004.

3. Brown, J.C., Anderson, R.D., Min, J.H., Boulos, L., Juby G.J.G., Prasifka, D., “Fixed-Bed Biological Treatment of Perchlorate-Contaminated Saugus Aquifer Water.” Engineering Report prepared for the California Department of Health Services’ Technology Acceptance Program, May 2004.

4. Kirisits, M.J., Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Raskin, L.M., Chee-Sanford, J.C., Liang, S., and Min, J.H. “Removal of Bromate and Perchlorate in Conventional Ozone/GAC Systems.” AwwaRF Final Report (RFP 2535), 2001

p u b l i c a t i o n s

30

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

4Pub

licat

ions

Perc

hl.in

dd

SELECT PErChLoraTE PubLiCaTionS/PrESEnTaTionS - oThEr1. Boulos, L., Min, J.H., Juby, G., McLean, S., Prasifka, D., and Brown, J., Anderson, R. “Dealing with

Perchlorate in the Santa Clarita Valley, CA”, Awwa CA-NV Fall Conference. Sacramento, CA, Oct 11-15, 2004

2. Min, J.H., Boulos, L, Brown, J., Le Gouellec Y., Cornwell, D., Coppola, E., Hering, J., Cushing, R., “Innovative Treatment Alternatives to Minimize Residuals Containing Nitrate, Perchlorate, and Arsenic”, (poster) Awwa Annual Conf., Orlando, FL, June 2004

3. Brown, J.C., Anderson, R.D., McLean, S.J., Min, J.H., Prasifka, D., and Juby, G.J.G. “Fixed- and Fluidized-Bed Biological Treatment of Perchlorate-Laden Groundwater from the Saugus Aquifer.” American Water Works Association Annual Conference. Orlando, FL, June 2004.

4. Boulos, L., Min, J.H., Juby, G., McLean, S., Prasifka, D., and Brown, J., “Dealing with Perchlorate in the Santa Clarita Valley, CA” Joint Assembly, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Montreal, Canada, May 17-21, 2004

5. Brown, J.C., Anderson, R.D., McLean, S.J., Min, J.H., Boulos, L., Prasifka, D., Juby, G.J.G. “Biological Treatment of Perchlorate-Laden Groundwater from the Saugus Aquifer: Pilot-Scale Fixed- and Fluidized-Bed Reactor Performance.” American Water Works Association 2004 Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, Reno, NV, February 1-3, 2004.

6. Min, J.H., Boulos, L., Brown, J., Juby, G. and Meyerhofer. J. “Perchlorate Treatment Options and Implementation Issues to Consider”, Tri-State Conference, Laughlin, NV., September 2003

7. Brown, J.C., Lin, R., Snoeyink, V.L. and Raskin, L.M. “BAC Filtration for Perchlorate Removal.” Water Quality Technology Conference. Seattle, Washington. November 10-13, 2002.

8. Brown, J.C., Lin, R., Snoeyink, V.L. and Raskin, L.M. “A Comprehensive Examination of Perchlorate Reduction Using Biologically Active Carbon Filtration.” Perchlorate Conference. Ontario, California. October 16-18, 2002.

9. Brown, J.C., Lin R., Snoeyink, V.L. and Raskin, L.M. “Perchlorate Reduction Using Biologically Active Carbon Filtration.” Rocky Mountain Section AWWA Conference. Steamboat Springs, Colorado. September 15-18, 2002.

10. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Raskin, L.M., Chee-Sanford, J.C., and Lin, R. “Perchlorate Removal Using Bench-Scale Biologically Active Carbon Filtration.” IWA-sponsored BAC Filtration Workshop. Delft, Netherlands. May 2002.

11. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Raskin, L.M., Chee-Sanford, J.C., and Lin, R. “The Effect of Various Operating Conditions on the Removal of Perchlorate in a Biologically Active Carbon Filter.” IWA 2nd World Water Conference. Berlin, Germany. October 2001.

12. Brown, J.C., Snoeyink, V.L., Raskin, L.M., Chee-Sanford, J.C., and Lin, R. “The Effect of Various Operating Conditions on the Removal of Perchlorate in a Biologically Active Carbon Filter.” American Water Works Association Annual Conference. Washington, D.C. June 2001.

13. Booth, S., Cushing, R., Hansen, E., and Ford, L. “Evaluating Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) for Perchlorate Treatment.” American Water Works Association Annual Conference. Denver, Colorado. 2000.

,

c o m p a n y p r o f i l e

31

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

5Com

Prof

Perc

hl.in

dd

UsmapWaterProj-CoProf-Green.ai (Text list for this map is on V:\CompanySOQs\GeneralWtr&WWSOQ\Sections\03WtrTreatment\CaliforniaWaterMap.doc)

WATER AND WASTEWATER EXPERTS

Carollo is an environmental engineering firm specializing in the planning, design, and construction of water and wastewater facilities and infrastructure. Carollo’s reputation is based upon client service, a continual commitment to quality, and technical leadership.

During our 82-year history, Carollo has successfully completed more than 20,000 projects for public sector clients. Carollo is currently ranked within Engineering News Record's top 500 design firms. More importantly, ENR’s annual Source Book ranks Carollo among the top 20 firms for water and wastewater treatment plant design. Unlike many of our competitors, Carollo provides only water and wastewater engineering services.

With our focus on water and wastewater, we recruit nationwide and hire technical staff who have the extensive background and train-ing specific to this field. For that reason, the quality and professional standing of our core group of water and wastewater professionals equals or exceeds that provided by some of the largest engineering firms in the U.S.

Resources

Carollo’s staff numbers more than 700 employees,

including more than 325 registered engineers. We are a

full-service water and wastewa-ter engineering company with

the experience and qualified professionals to successfully manage

projects of any size. Our staff includes civil, sanitary, electrical, environmen-

tal, mechanical, chemical, structural, instrumentation, and corrosion con-trol engineers, as well as architects,

planners, and specialists in other areas. These individuals perform work solely on water and wastewater related facilities.

Carollo is currently

ranked within Engineering

News Record's top 500 design

firms . . . ENR's annual Source

Book ranks Carollo among the

top 20 firms for water

and wastewater treatment

plant design.

Carollo has engineered water

projects across the country.


32

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

5Com

Prof

Perc

hl.in

dd

Carollo’s state-of-the-art computer

network allows us to effectively

communicate between offices and

interface with almost any engineering

software on the market today.

management philosophyCarollo’s management philosophy and the success of our company are founded on simple precepts:

! Seek out, hire, and hold onto the best people in the business. We recognize that the most critical element for a suc-cessful project is the project team. Carollo aggressively recruits the top candidates from the leading engineering schools across the country. We train and mentor these engineers

to become the next generation of leaders for Carollo and the industry. This long-term com-

mitment to developing excellent engineers has resulted in a depth of talent unmatched by other

consulting firms.

! Specialize in the planning, design and construction manage-ment of water and wastewater projects. This is our business. Our success hinges solely upon our ability to provide responsive service to our municipal clients.

! Commit our partners to an active role in every project. This provides our clients with top management interest, clear account-ability, responsiveness, and talent—and helps to ensure that the necessary staff and resources are committed to each assignment.

! Focus on client service. Carollo knows the value of listening to our clients and recognizes that successful projects result from the combined expertise of our staff and the client’s staff. This commitment to understanding client needs and valuing their input is one of the cornerstones of Carollo’s success.

leaders in water engineering

Carollo has provided design and construction management services for more than 100 water treatment plants with a total capacity of more than 3.5 billion gallons per day, more than 1,000 miles of water pipeline ranging in size from 6 to 108 inches in diameter, and more than 100 water pumping stations with capacities as high as 600 mgd. We have recently completed or are performing ongoing water projects for many of the country’s major municipalities or special districts. A few examples of Carollo’s achievements include:

! Conceiving and developing the custom design approach for low-pressure membrane water treatment plant design. Carollo devel-oped our own custom, nonproprietary, non-packaged pilot plant unit, which has been successfully tested in Kansas City, MO.

Carollo provides only water

and wastewater engineering

services, resulting in a level of

understanding of key project issues

that few can match.


33

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

5Com

Prof

Perc

hl.in

dd

! Engineering the fast-paced design/build expansion of the Palm Coast, FL, reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plant from 3.2 to 9.6 mgd. Carollo completed preliminary design and obtained all permits just eight weeks after beginning work to help facilitate successful completion of this project in just 15 months.

! Conducting the first U.S. testing and evaluation of electrodialysis reversal (EDR) for perchlorate treatment.

! Achieving leadership in ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, first for wastewater applications in the western United States and now for UV drinking water applications. Carollo was the primary author of the USEPA UV Disinfection Guidance manual. We also developed and operate the world's largest UV validation facility in Portland, OR.

! Designing the preozonation and intermediate ozonation at two water treatment facilities for the City of Arlington, TX, using our computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to optimize ozone contactor design. Carollo also conducted a joint research project with various utilities in the Phoenix, AZ, area to evaluate ozonation and biological filtration to meet long-term finished water quality goals, leading to design and construction of ozonation facilities in Gilbert and Peoria, AZ.

! Designing, in a joint venture, the world’s largest ozone generation system at a water treatment facility in Las Vegas, NV.

FormUla For sUCCess

Much of our success as an industry leader is based on our ability to offer advanced solutions that are practical, affordable, and reliable. We strive to maximize the use of existing infrastructure whenever possible, promote environmental conservation, and make the best

technologies available at a competitive cost.

A major factor in maintaining Carollo's ability to integrate new technology is the Carollo Water Research Group (CWRG). The relationship between our design engineers and the CWRG is unique in the industry and serves as a company-wide resource for evaluating water quality and treatability data, performing pilot studies, developing design criteria, tailoring design solutions to water quality issues, and addressing regulatory compliance concerns.

our client list includes the following:

! City of Phoenix, AZ

! East Bay Municipal Utility District, Oakland, CA

! Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

! Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District, CA

! City of San Diego, CA

! City and County of San Francisco, CA

! City of Sacramento, CA

! Denver Water Department, CO

! City of Minneapolis, MN

! Kansas City, MO

! City of St. Louis, MO

! City of Las Vegas, NV

! Southern Nevada Water Authority, NV

! City of Arlington, TX

! City of Austin, TX

! Upper Trinity Regional Water District, TX

Carollo designed the 624-mgd Alfred Merritt

Smith Water Treatment Plant ozone contactor

for the Southern Nevada Water Authority. It is

the world's largest ozone system at a water

treatment facility.


34

V:\C

ompa

nySO

Qs\P

erch

lora

te\In

dd\0

5Com

Prof

Perc

hl.in

dd

Cap

acity

(m

gd)

Con

vent

iona

l Tre

atm

ent

Mem

bran

esO

zone

UV D

isin

fect

ion

Aut

omat

ion

Solid

s H

andl

ing

Che

mic

al H

andl

ing

Project Elements

Our firm takes pride in the large number of clients with whom we have maintained continuing working relationships. We have worked with some clients for more than 70 years—a clear indication of the quality of our work, our control of costs, and our ability to meet schedules. This dedication to quality has resulted in a long list of suc-cessful projects and satisfied clients, some of which are highlighted in the table below.

Client/Project

Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, Nevada - Southern Nevada Water System Improvements Project

624 l l l l l

City of Phoenix, Arizona - Val Vista Water Treatment Plant 220 l l l l

City of Phoenix, Arizona - Union Hills Water Treatment Plant 160 l l l l

City of Sacramento, California - E.A. Fairbairn Water Treatment Plant 160 l l l l

City of Sacramento, California - Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant

160 l l l l

Metropolitan Water District of Salt Lake City and Sandy, Utah - Point of the Mountain Treatment Plant

150 l l l l l l

City of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma - Draper Water Treatment Plant 150 l l l l

East Bay Municipal Utility District, California - Walnut Creek Water Treatment Plant

120 l l l l l

Santa Clara Valley Water District, California - Santa Teresa Water Treatment Plant

100 l l l l

Santa Clara Valley Water District, California - Rinconada Water Treatment Plant

75 l l l l

City of Arlington, Texas - Pierce-Burch Water Treatment Plant 68 l l l l

City of Arlington, Texas - John F. Kubala Water Treatment Plant 65 l l l l

Santa Clara Valley Water District, California - Penitencia Water Treatment Plant

42 l l l l

City of Vallejo, California - Fleming Hill Water Treatment Plant 42 l l l l l

Town of Gilbert, Arizona - Gilbert Water Treatment Plant 30 l l l l

City of Peoria, Arizona - Greenway Water Treatment Plant 16 l l l l l

Upper Trinity Regional Water District, Texas - Tom Harpool Water Treatment Plant

16 l l l l

Brazos River Authority, Texas - Brazos River Authority Water Treatment Plant

15 l l l

City of Lake Forest, Illinois - Lake Forest Water Treatment Plant 14 l l l l

City of Neenah, Wisconsin - Neenah Water Treatment Plant 12 l l l l

United Water Missouri - United Water Missouri Treatment Plant 8 l l

City of South Bend, Washington - South Bend Water Treatment Plant 2 l l l

representative water treatment projects

carollo.com

'ULQNLQJ :DWHU 3HUFKORUDWH · PDF fileThis is a specialty Statement of Qualifications ......

Documents

Transcript of 'ULQNLQJ :DWHU 3HUFKORUDWH · PDF fileThis is a specialty Statement of Qualifications ......