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The Tools of our Trade: AACR2/RDA and MARC

Ann Chapman

Policy & Advice Team



What are our Tools?• AACR/RDA = content standard for resource

description and access• MARC = communication and exchange format

providing a structure for encoding the content of bibliographic and authority data

Related to:• ISBD = rules that organise the bibliographic

description of an item in a catalogue• FRBR = a entity-relational model of the data

required to find, identify, select and obtain resources



ISBDs• International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions• Developed 1969 onwards by IFLA

• Defined seven areas of description and their order– Title– Statement of Responsibility– Edition– Resource specific information– Publication details– Physical description– Series information– Notes and standard identifiers



FRBR

• Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records

• IFLA study 1998

• Entity-relationship model that defines:– Tasks: find, identify, select, obtain– Resource relationships:

work, expression, manifestation, item– Entities: people, corporate bodies– Entities: concepts, objects, events, places



AACR

• Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules– A content standard for bibliographic

description and access– Bibliographic – not just books

• Key principles– One principle entry per resource– Catalogue from item in hand– Chief source of information



AACR timeline

• 1967 UK and US editions• 1978 2nd unified edition, consistent

with ISBDs• 1997 Toronto conference on AACR2• 1998 FRBR• 2005 Develop RDA not AACR3• 2009 RDA launch (provisional)



AACR 2• Part 1: Description

– Chapter 1: General rules– Chapters 2 -12: Resource type - specific rules– Chapter 13: Analytic entries

• Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, References– Chapter 21: Choice of access points– Chapters 22 – 26: Construction of access points

• Appendices– A: Capitalisation, B: Abbreviations, C: Numerals,

D: Glossary, E: Initial articles



What’s wrong with AACR?

• Increasingly complex• Lack of logical structure• Mixing content and carrier data• Seriality and hierarchical relationships• Anglo-American centric viewpoint• Written before FRBR• Not enough support for collocation• Unclear relationship with MARC Format



RDA – The Aims

• Rules should be easy to use and interpret • Be applicable to an online, networked environment• Provide effective bibliographic control for all types

of media• Encourage use beyond the library community• Be compatible with other similar standards• Have a logical structure based on internationally

agreed principles• Separate content and carrier data• Examples – more of them, more appropriate



How is RDA being developed?

• Joint Steering Committee (JSC)• ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC• Editor: Tom Delsey• Task focused working groups

– GMD/SMD, Examples

• Draft – responses – revised drafts – responses/acceptance

• Final product – the publishers



RDA Timelime• 2005

– Prospectus issued– Draft of chapters relating to description– Content and carrier studies

• 2006 and 2007– Further drafts of chapters on description and access– Work on appendices and glossary

• 2008– First public view of online product (in August at IFLA

conference)• 2009

– Launch of online product



What will RDA look like? - 1

• Section 1: Recording manifestation attributes– Ch. 1 General guidelines– Ch. 2 Identifying manifestations and items– Ch. 3 Describing carriers (technical description)– Ch. 4 Providing acquisition and access

information (terms of availability, etc.)



What will RDA look like? - 2

• Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression– Ch. 5 General guidelines (incl. construction of

access points for works and expressions)– Ch. 6 Identifying works and expressions (e.g.

uniform and collective titles, etc.)– Ch. 7 Describing additional attributes of works

and expressions (incl. nature and coverage of content, intended audience, etc.)



What will RDA look like? - 3• Section 3: Ch. 8, 9, 10, 11

Recording attributes of person, family and corporate body (= name headings)

• Section 4: Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16Recording attributes of concept, object, event and place (= subject headings)

• Section 5: Ch. 17Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation and item

• Section 6: Ch. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22Recording relationships to persons, families and corporate bodies associated with a resource



What will RDA look like? – 4

• Section 7: Ch. 23Recording subject relationships

• Section 8: Ch. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations and items

• Section 9: Ch. 29, 30, 31, 32Recording relationships between persons, families and corporate bodies

• Section 10: Ch. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events and places



What will RDA look like? - 5• Appendices

A: CapitalisationB: AbbreviationsC: Initial articlesD: Record syntaxes for descriptive dataE: Record syntaxes for access point control dataF: Additional instructions on names of personsG: Titles of nobility, rank, etc.H: Conversion of dates to Gregorian calendarJ, K, L, M: Relationship designatorsGlossaryIndex



RDA – What will it be?

• An online resource, potentially:– Complete text– Concise text– Tailored texts (law, medical, etc.)– Training resource– Incorporated into LMS cataloguing

modules

• Loose-leaf print version(s)



RDA and beyond

• RDA aims to be:– Independent of communication formats

• UNIMARC, MARC, MARCXML, MODS/MADS

• DC, EAD, ISBD, VRA, MPEG7

– Compatible / better aligned with other similar standards

• Archives: ISAD(G)• Museums: Cataloging Cultural Objects



RDA and MARC

• Mapping RDA and MARC 21– Report issued in Nov. 2006 and

discussed at MARBI Midwinter 2007

• How will RDA impact on MARC 21?– Are new fields or subfields needed?

• How will MARC 21 impact on RDA?– Data provisions in MARC 21 not covered

in current draft of RDA



MARC – 1960s

– Library of Congress project• Database of catalogue records• Production of catalogue cards

– US & UK versions• Reflected differing cataloguing practices• Developed in parallel but not identical ways



MARC – 1970s

Variant formats developed• Based on either US or UK formats

(AUSMARC, DANMARC, KORMARC, etc.)• USMARC developed 8 material formats

(Books, Serials, Maps, etc.)

UNIMARC developed in 1977 by IFLA• Intended as exchange format• Used as the Bib format in some countries

(e.g. France)



MARC – Recent changes• Expansion of USMARC to a family of formats

– Bibliographic, Holdings, Authority, Classification, Community Information

• Integration of USMARC bibliographic format– Previous 8 formats integrated

• Widespread adoption of MARC 21– Some countries simply adopt USMARC– 1997 – USMARC & CANMARC become MARC 21– 2003/4 – MARC 21 enhanced by UK proposals; British Library

adopts MARC 21– 2006/7 – MARC 21 enhanced by German proposals: this will

enable libraries to move from MAB to MARC 21



MARC Structure• Leader• 0xx – control numbers, coded data• 1xx – primary access point• 2xx – description, GMD, edition, publication• 3xx – physical description• 4xx – series• 5xx – notes• 6xx – subject access points• 7xx – additional access points• 8xx – series added entries• 9xx – local fields



Maintaining MARC 21

• Twice yearly MARBI meetings– Discussion papers– Proposals

• UK and MARC 21– BIC Bibliographic Standards Group– [email protected]



MARC and XML

• MARC has alpha-numeric 3-digit tags– 100.1 Personal Name– 245 $a Title $b Subtitle

• XML has element labels– <namePersonIndirectOrder>– <title> <titleSubtitle> <titleCoverTitle>



Looking into the crystal ball

• FRBR– Potential influence on cataloguing systems– Authority records, uniform titles, work records

• OPACs– Multiple interfaces for different audiences– Enhance for accessibility - supports all users– Links (actual resources, restrictions, supporting

or associated resources)• RDA

– Used outside the library domain



Contact details

• Ann Chapman

• [email protected]

• http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/

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