UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop MUST, 6 -10 August ... · UK - Malawi Disaster Research...
54
UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop MUST, 6 -10 August 2018 Un update on the seismic vulnerability of the Malawian constructions Challenges, Approaches and Future Outcome by Dr Viviana Novelli and Dr Raffaele De Risi
Transcript of UK - Malawi Disaster Research Workshop MUST, 6 -10 August ... · UK - Malawi Disaster Research...
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
Un
upda
te o
n th
e se
ism
ic v
ulne
rabi
lity
of th
e M
alaw
ian
cons
truc
tions
Cha
lleng
es, A
ppro
ache
s an
d Fu
ture
Out
com
e
byD
r Viv
iana
Nov
elli
and
Dr R
affa
ele
De
Ris
i
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
Why
is d
iffic
ult t
o as
sess
the
seis
mic
vul
nera
bilit
y of
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s?
Littl
e kn
owle
dge
on th
e se
ism
ic b
ehav
ior o
f the
se c
onst
ruct
ions
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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Loca
l sta
ndar
ds o
f des
ign
MS
791-
1:20
13,
The
stru
ctur
alus
eof
mas
onry
–Pa
rt1:
Unr
einf
orce
dm
ason
ryw
allin
g”.
from
BS
8S39
21(1
985)
MA
LAW
I
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
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US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
KA
RO
NG
A E
arth
quak
e -6
-19t
h D
ecem
ber 2
009
Four
ear
thqu
akes
of M
w >
5.5
O
ver 1
000
hous
es c
olla
psed
, 290
0 w
ere
dam
aged
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
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ST,
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ugus
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Afte
r Ear
thqu
ake
in 2
009
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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ugus
t 201
8
(Nub
ian)
Available da
ta
2008
cen
sus
data
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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ugus
t 201
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(Nub
ian)
Prel
imin
ary
inve
stig
atio
ns
with
the
supp
ort o
f the
Pol
ythe
tic o
f Bla
ntyr
e
2017
in E
As
mos
t rep
rese
ntat
ive
of th
e M
alaw
ian
urba
n co
ntex
t
SCO
PE: I
dent
ify B
UIL
DIN
G fe
atur
es
ÎC
ON
STR
UC
TIO
N D
ETA
ILS
that
mos
t affe
ct th
e se
ism
ic v
ulne
rabi
lity
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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ugus
t 201
8
Ram
med
ear
th
RC
floo
rs
Gab
lela
ck o
f co
nnec
tions
Bric
ksS
tone
sB
ricks
Bric
ks w
ith c
orru
gate
d m
etal
roof
ing
shee
t and
chi
mne
y
DEF
ICIE
NC
IES
DIF
FER
TH
E SE
ISM
IC
PER
FOR
MA
NC
E O
F A
BU
ILD
ING
TYP
E
Sho
ps w
ith
porti
co
Lack
of
mor
tar
poor
m
ater
ial
IDEN
TIFICA
TION OF TY
POLO
GIES AN
D CO
NSTRU
CTION DETAILS
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
t 201
8
In plane
failure
Corner failure.
Overturning of
two facade
s
Kar
onga
Ear
thqu
ake,
Mal
awi (
2009
)
Bric
ks w
ith th
atch
roof
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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EXIS
TIN
G V
ULN
ERA
BIL
ITY
MO
DEL
S H
azus
‘99,
EM
S ‘9
8, A
ED
ES
, PA
GE
R, S
o-S
penc
e, S
penc
e-Fo
ulse
r
Thes
e M
OD
ELS
are
deve
lope
d to
der
ive
empi
rical
frag
ility
curv
es
for S
PEC
IFIC
CO
UN
TRIE
S an
d ar
e N
OT
suita
ble
for M
alaw
ian
hous
es
How
can
we
char
acte
rise
build
ings
?
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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Dr.
Vivi
ana
Nov
elli
Free
war
e-O
pen
Sour
ce s
oftw
are
In d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es, c
ompl
icat
ed a
nd e
xpen
sive
sof
twar
e ar
e no
t affo
rdab
le fo
r eco
nom
ic
reas
ons,
ther
efor
e an
alte
rnat
ive
solu
tion
need
s to
be
adop
ted.
PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT Th
e m
echa
nica
l app
roac
h Fa
MIV
E
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT Th
e m
echa
nica
l app
roac
h Fa
MIV
E
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
nJo
int l
ogno
rmal
fitti
ng o
f the
dim
ensi
ons
in p
lan
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT Th
e m
echa
nica
l app
roac
h Fa
MIV
E
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
nJo
int l
ogno
rmal
fitti
ng o
f the
dim
ensi
ons
in p
lan
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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ugus
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PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT
With
the
aid
of a
n in
spec
tion
form
to
colle
ct
data
of t
he M
alaw
ian
cons
truct
ions
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
teB
uild
ing
typo
logi
es
Geo
met
ry in
pla
n an
d el
evat
ion,
roof
/mat
eria
l typ
e,
vuln
erab
ility
ele
men
ts, d
efic
ienc
ies,
leve
l of m
aint
enan
ce.
The
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
nJo
int l
ogno
rmal
fitti
ng o
f the
dim
ensi
ons
in p
lan.
Def
initi
on o
f mec
hani
cal p
rope
rtie
s at
mac
rosc
opic
leve
l (e
.g. t
0 sh
ear s
treng
th, m
fric
tion
coef
ficie
nt, e
tc.)
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
n
Ana
lysi
s
Fini
te e
lem
ent c
odes
on
and
equi
vale
nt c
ontin
uum
mod
el
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Bui
ldin
g ty
polo
gies
The
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
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ugus
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8
OPE
NSE
ESA
naly
sis
Pus
hove
r ana
lysi
s
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
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ugus
t 201
8
PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT Li
mit
stat
e an
alys
is to
iden
tify
all
poss
ible
failu
re m
odes
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
n
Ana
lysi
s
Fini
te e
lem
ent c
odes
on
and
equi
vale
nt c
ontin
uum
mod
el
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Bui
ldin
g ty
polo
gies
The
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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0 A
ugus
t 201
8
FaM
IVE
Ana
lysi
s
Com
bine
d M
echa
nism
s B
1 B
2 C
F
Out
-of-p
lane
Mec
hani
sms
AD
E
G
In-p
lane
Mec
hani
sms
H1
pier
s H
1 sp
andr
els
H2
Most typical failure m
odes of m
ason
ry buildings
unde
r seism
ic events
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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FaMIVE compu
tes the
load factor
multip
lier for all failure m
odes
The minim
um load factor m
ultip
lier
identifies the
FAILU
RE M
ODE
WITH
HIGH
EST PR
OBA
BILITY OF OCC
URR
ENCE
FaM
IVE
Ana
lysi
s
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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0 A
ugus
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PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT
Lim
it st
ate
Def
initi
on Lim
it st
ate
anal
ysis
to id
entif
y al
l po
ssib
le fa
ilure
mod
es
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
n
Ana
lysi
s
Fini
te e
lem
ent c
odes
on
and
equi
vale
nt c
ontin
uum
mod
el
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Bui
ldin
g ty
polo
gies
The
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
EC
6
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
OPE
N S
EES
Lim
it st
ate
defin
ition
�D
eriv
ed P
usho
ver c
urve
for e
ach
build
ing
of th
e po
rtfol
io c
lass
ifica
tion
�D
eriv
atio
n of
the
Equ
ival
ent S
DO
F�
Cap
acity
cur
ves
and
bilin
eariz
atio
n EC
6
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
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8
PREP
AR
E PR
OJE
CT
Lim
it st
ate
Def
initi
on
EC
6
Lim
it st
ate
anal
ysis
to id
entif
y al
l po
ssib
le fa
ilure
mod
es
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
n
Ana
lysi
s
Fini
te e
lem
ent c
odes
on
and
equi
vale
nt c
ontin
uum
mod
el
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Bui
ldin
g ty
polo
gies
The
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
With
refe
renc
e to
the
type
of f
ailu
re m
ode
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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ugus
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�Id
entif
ied
the
failu
re m
ode
for e
ach
insp
ecte
d bu
ildin
g, k
now
n lo
ad fa
ctor
mul
tiplie
r and
Mef
f: ef
fect
ive
mas
s�
Der
ivat
ion
of th
e eq
uiva
lent
SD
OF
syst
em fo
r eac
h in
spec
ted
build
ing
�Li
mit
stat
e de
finiti
on a
re g
iven
for f
ailu
re m
ode
(ben
ding
or s
hear
)�
Der
ivat
ion
of th
e ca
paci
ty c
urve
s fo
r bui
ldin
g ty
pes
acco
rdin
g to
thei
r fai
lure
mod
e
FaM
IVE
Lim
it st
ate
defin
ition
For b
uild
ing
type
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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0 A
ugus
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8 PR
EPA
RE
PRO
JEC
T
Lim
it st
ate
Def
initi
on Lim
it st
ate
anal
ysis
to id
entif
y al
l po
ssib
le fa
ilure
mod
es
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Por
tfolio
cla
ssifi
catio
n
Ana
lysi
s
Fini
te e
lem
ent c
odes
on
and
equi
vale
nt c
ontin
uum
mod
el
Dat
a co
llect
ed o
n si
te
Bui
ldin
g ty
polo
gies
The
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
Dat
a In
put
Fini
te e
lem
ent m
etho
dO
penS
ees
FRA
GIL
ITY
CU
RVE
S
EC
6W
ith re
fere
nce
to th
e ty
pe o
f fai
lure
mod
e
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
p M
US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
Deriv
ation of fragility curves
Ope
nsees
FaMIVE
2 D2 C
dsi
EE
E�
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
p M
US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
At t
he p
rese
nt ti
me.
.
We
have
PR
ELI
MIN
AR
Y re
sults
for b
oth
appr
oach
es a
pplie
d fo
r a s
mal
l dat
abas
e (o
nly
40 b
uild
ings
) cre
ated
on
the
data
col
lect
ed o
n Ju
ly 2
017
Mec
hani
cal p
rope
rties
of t
he m
ater
ial a
re a
ssum
ed, a
s w
e ar
e st
ill ru
nnin
g th
e te
st
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
p M
US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
Cla
ss C
3U
nfire
d/Fi
red
bric
k w
ith m
ud m
orta
rno
lint
els
LOW
CO
NS
TRU
CTI
ON
DE
TAIL
ING
(s
ingl
e sk
in)
Cla
ss C
2Fi
red
bric
k w
ith m
ud m
orta
r with
tim
ber l
inte
ls
ME
DIU
M C
ON
STR
UC
TIO
N D
ETA
ILIN
G
(sin
gle
and
doub
le s
kin)
Cla
ss C
1Fi
red
bric
k w
ith c
emen
t mor
tar a
nd
conc
rete
lint
els
HIG
H C
ON
STR
UC
TIO
N D
ETA
ILIN
G(s
ingl
e an
d do
uble
ski
n)
FaMIVE
UK
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alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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IP:
In p
lane
failu
re m
ode
OO
P:O
ut o
f pla
ne
failu
re m
ode
CO
MB
Cor
ner f
ailu
re
mod
e
GA
BLE
Arc
h fa
ilure
m
ode
HIG
HM
ED
IUM
LOW
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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C3
C1
C2
Sd,1
: Lig
ht D
amag
e Sp
ectr
a di
spla
cem
ent
Sd,2
: Sig
nific
ant D
amag
e Sp
ectr
a di
spla
cem
ent
Sd,3
: Nea
r C
olla
pse
Spec
tra
disp
lace
men
t Sd
,4: C
olla
pse
Spec
tra
disp
lace
men
t
C1:
HIG
H
C2:
M
EDIU
MC
3: L
OW
C1 C3C2
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
p M
US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
Salim
a
Lifiz
i
Gol
omot
i
Bal
aka
•B
ALA
KA
•G
OLO
MO
TI
•LI
FIZI
•SA
LIM
A
Dat
a co
llect
ion
May
201
8
We
have
exp
ande
d th
is d
atab
ase
with
new
dat
a co
llect
ed d
urin
g th
e st
ruct
ural
in
spec
tions
in M
ay20
18
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
p M
US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
Dat
a ha
s be
en c
olle
cted
for 3
30 b
uild
ings
Sem
i-det
aile
d in
spec
tions
Roo
f typ
eM
ater
ial t
ype
Geo
met
ryO
peni
ngs
layo
utH
eigh
t
Îst
ruct
ural
det
ailin
gÎ
Mai
nten
ance
leve
lÎ
defic
ienc
ies
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Wor
ksho
p M
US
T, 6
-10
Aug
ust 2
018
EM
S’ 9
8
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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Futu
re O
utco
me
•O
nce
Test
on
mat
eria
l is c
ompl
eted
•R
un F
inite
Ele
men
t Met
hods
Ope
nsee
sand
the
mec
hani
cal a
ppro
ach
FaM
IVE
for a
ll da
ta
colle
cted
in M
ay 2
018
and
the
mec
hani
cal p
rope
rties
, onc
e te
st d
ata
is p
ost-p
roce
ssed
•C
ompa
re re
sults
of b
oth
mod
els,
and
prov
ide
a re
liabl
e es
timat
ion
of th
e se
ism
ic
vuln
erab
ility
of M
alaw
i
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
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ugus
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Tim
ber b
and
Wal
l Pla
te
But
tress
es
Quo
ins
Iden
tify
suita
ble
low
co
st so
lutio
n to
redu
ce th
e se
ism
ic
vuln
erab
ility
of
Mal
awi
Futu
re O
utco
me
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
t 201
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Exte
nd th
e se
ism
ic
vuln
erab
ility
ass
essm
ent
met
hodo
logy
cal
ibra
ted
for
Mal
awi c
onst
ruct
ions
to o
ther
Ea
st A
fric
an C
ount
ries
TO R
EDU
CE
THE
SEIM
SIC
RIS
K
Futu
re O
utco
me
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
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ugus
t 201
8
We
mus
t be
the
chan
ge w
e w
ant t
o se
e in
the
wor
ld.
Mah
atm
a G
hand
i
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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Que
stio
ns?
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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An
upda
te o
n P
RE
PAR
E -
WP
3:
Seis
mic
Vul
nera
bilit
y M
odel
ling
of
M
alaw
ian
Stru
ctur
esw
ith e
mph
asis
on
the
stru
ctur
al a
nd e
xper
imen
tal c
ompo
nent
Dr P
anos
Klo
ukin
as
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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8
9To
pro
vide
val
id d
ata
for o
ur ri
sk a
sses
smen
t too
ls~
spar
se e
xist
ing
info
rmat
ion
on lo
cal m
ater
ial p
rope
rties
Nee
d fo
r a s
peci
fic e
xper
imen
tal i
nves
tigat
ion
Req
uire
men
ts:
-C
urre
nt s
ituat
ion
-Fu
ture
tren
ds –
rapi
d ch
angi
ng e
nviro
nmen
t-
Loca
l con
stru
ctio
n co
nditi
ons,
incl
udin
g th
e so
cial
and
ec
onom
ic a
spec
t-
Exi
stin
g ef
forts
to e
stab
lish
safe
r, lo
w c
ost h
ousi
ng
solu
tions
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ST,
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ugus
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8
We
aim
to d
evel
op s
truc
tura
l vu
lner
abili
ty a
sses
smen
t too
ls
that
can
be
usef
ul to
: 9
Valu
ate
the
curr
ent s
ituat
ion,
bu
t als
o…
9…
the
pote
ntia
l im
prov
emen
t fr
om th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
prop
osed
gui
delin
es
9..t
he a
pplic
atio
n of
alte
rnat
ive
mat
eria
ls a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
prac
tices
etc
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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Mai
n fo
cus
of th
e ex
perim
enta
l wor
kU
nrei
nfor
ced
mas
onry
stru
ctur
es m
ade
of fi
red
bric
ks w
ith c
emen
t or m
ud m
orta
r~
the
dom
inan
t con
stru
ctio
n m
ater
ial
unbu
rnt b
ricks
conc
rete
blo
cks
Stab
ilise
d so
il bl
ocks
…re
cent
exp
erie
nce
in
Bla
ntyr
e...
wha
t is
this
?
…th
e m
odel
can
be
exte
nded
to a
naly
se:
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
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ugus
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May
201
8: B
uild
ing
Surv
ey a
nd F
ield
Tes
ting
Sco
pe: F
urth
er b
uild
ing
surv
eys
on s
truct
ural
vul
nera
bilit
y an
d da
ta c
olle
ctio
n on
mat
eria
l pro
perti
es
July
–A
ugus
t 201
8: M
ater
ial a
nd S
truc
tura
l tes
ting
Sco
pe: D
eriv
e pr
oper
ties
of th
e ba
sic
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ents
(b
ricks
& in
terfa
ces)
whi
ch g
over
n th
e be
havi
our o
f the
m
ason
ry e
lem
ents
~>
feed
this
info
into
our
stru
ctur
al
mod
ellin
g to
ols
On
goin
g w
ork
–ov
ervi
ew o
f the
201
8 ac
tiviti
es
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
0 A
ugus
t 201
8
2018
mat
eria
l tes
ting
field
wor
kO
bjec
tives
:-
Col
lect
ion
of re
liabl
e lo
cal d
ata
-Va
luat
e th
e si
mpl
ified
QC
met
hods
pro
pose
d in
the
guid
elin
es
-P
ropo
se n
ew, a
ltern
ativ
e m
etho
ds fo
r fie
ld te
stin
g an
d Q
C
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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a)3
–Po
int
bend
ing
test
er
b) P
oint
Loa
d te
ster
(ISR
M, 1
989)
Mai
n ad
vant
ages
:9
Muc
h lo
wer
failu
re lo
ad
(por
tabi
lity)
9A
ny g
eom
etry
-no
nee
d fo
r spe
cim
en p
repa
ratio
n9
One
str
engt
h In
dex
for
both
tens
ile a
nd
com
pres
sive
str
engt
h (a
fter p
rope
r cal
ibra
tion)
Adj
usta
ble
span
, +/
-7 d
eg ro
tatio
n
Fiel
d te
stin
g m
etho
ds
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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Fiel
d te
stin
g pr
ogra
mm
e an
d m
etho
dolo
gy9
14 ra
ndom
sam
ples
per
site
-6
/ 14:
in-s
itu s
tepp
ing
test
-6
/ 14:
fiel
d m
ater
ial t
estin
g-
2 / 1
4: ta
ken
for l
ab m
ater
ial t
estin
g (c
alib
ratio
n ba
tch)
5 di
ffere
nt a
reas
,40
sam
plin
g si
tes
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
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ugus
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Labo
rato
ry m
ater
ial t
estin
g -P
olyt
echn
ic
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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01
23
45
67
89
100246810121416
His
togr
ams
of b
rick
stre
ngth
s, in
tens
ion
and
com
pres
sion
flexu
ral /
tens
ile s
treng
th (M
Pa)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
# of samples
010203040506070
com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
(MPa
)
Mea
sure
d lo
cal b
rick
stre
ngth
s
< 0.
8 M
Pa(N
/mm
2 )
< 5
MPa
(N/m
m2 )
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
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ugus
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3-po
int b
endi
ng v
s st
eppi
ng te
st re
sults
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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1
⁄
⁄⁄
⁄
Sta
ndar
d br
ick
dim
ensi
ons:
l o,
bo,
h o
and
typi
cal b
ody
wei
ght:
Wo
Then
for a
rand
om s
et o
f l,
b, h
and
W, t
hesa
me
flexu
ral s
tress
is a
pplie
d fo
r x
equa
l to:
Whe
re f
is th
e di
men
sion
less
fa
ctor
:
Sim
ple
leve
r st
eppe
r:
⁄ ⁄
“Sta
ndar
disa
tion”
of t
he s
tepp
ing
test
? O
ne id
ea…
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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Tens
ile s
tren
gth:
~
2 x
I s50
Com
pres
sive
str
engt
h:~
13-1
4 x
Is5
0
PLT
Inde
x (I s
50) v
s te
nsile
& c
ompr
essi
ve s
treng
th
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
MU
ST,
6 -1
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ugus
t 201
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Labo
rato
ry s
truct
ural
test
ing
-Pol
ytec
hnic
On-
goin
g te
sts
on w
all p
rism
s an
d pa
nels
mad
e of
loca
l bric
ks
and
vario
us c
onfig
urat
ions
rega
rdin
g th
e m
orta
r qua
lity
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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sim
ple
test
ing
rigs.
..
…an
d so
me
high
-tech
equ
ipm
ent
UK
-M
alaw
i Dis
aste
r Res
earc
h W
orks
hop
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ugus
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…m
ore
to fo
llow
dur
ing
the
wor
ksho
p
Than
k yo
u fo
r you
r atte
ntio
n!
![[Chap3305]CHAPTER 33:05 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RELIEF … · establishment of a National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee of Malawi, and for matters incidental thereto](https://static.fdocuments.in/doc/165x107/601634b3c64afc0e93022e36/chap3305chapter-3305-disaster-preparedness-and-relief-establishment-of-a-national.jpg)
