57

CHAPTER III

UJJANI IRRIGATION PROJECT AND

AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

3.1 Introduction

With the introduction of irrigation facilities farmer is able to grow cash

crops for gaining more benefits which bring about the changes in cropping

pattern of the region. Irrigation responds the shift from seasonal cultivation to

permanent and promotes more intensive cultivation. It motivates the

multiplicity in cropping and secures high yields per unit area and thus attains

optimum level of vertical expansion and output.

The nature and intensity of land use is closely related to the irrigation.

Extension of agricultural land with the help of irrigation may cause

considerable changes in land use and cropping pattern. The present chapter

proposes to investigate the land use and cropping pattern. An analysis of

general land use, cropping pattern and irrigated cropping pattern and changes

therein has been considered. An attempt has also been made to find out the

intensity of cropping leading crops of increase and decrease and overall

changes therein. In view of this, the study of the spatio-temporal aspects of

land use and cropping pattern has been considered. The focus of this chapter is

on the Ujjani Irrigation project which has been developed in last three decades.

In the study, a co-relation between irrigated area and cropped area has also

been attempted.

3.2 Irrigation Projects in Bhīma Basin

The Government of Maharashtra has undertaken A Major Irrigation

projects named Kukdi Pune, Bhima (Ujjani) Solapur, Dudhganga (Kolhapur),

warna Sangli (Kolhapur) since 1975. The Bhima Ujjani Major Irrigation

Projects is a boon for agricultural development of solapur district. The Bhima

(Ujjani) dam has been constructed on the river Bhima at the Ujjani village and

its construction was completed in the year 1986.

58

The Bhima Ujjani dam has the total Irrigation potential of 1.29, 440

hectares (I.C.A.) flow irrigation and 8500 hectares (I.C.A.) lift irrigation. The

Eight tehsils such as Madha, Mohol, North Solapur, South Solapur, Malshiras,

Pandharpur, Mangalwedha, Akkalkot, are benefiting area by left and right

canals of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. And Madha Karmala tehsils are

benefiting area by back water on lift irrigation of the Ujjani irrigation project.

The length of this dam is 2467 km and its height is 42,855 meter. The net work

of the Ujjani dam has spread over 348 km.The Water shed area of the dam is 14850

Sqm which has capacity of 3114 million T.M.C. The cost of construction of the dam is RS340

crores including the development cost of the benefiting area

The Bhima (Ujjani) irrigation project is one of largest irrigation projects

in Bhima river Basin Table 3.1 and Fig-3.1 shows brief Information about the

dams/projects in Bhima Basin.

Table – 3.1

Irrigation Projects in Bhima Basin

Sr.

No.

Name of the

Project

Catchments

Area (Sq.

km)

Gross

Storage

(mm3)

Live /Utilized

Storage(mm3)

Spillways Gats

No. of size meter

1 Yedgaon 461 93 79 11/12 x 5

2 Manikdoh 129 308 288 5/12 x 5

3 Dimbhe 298 382 354 5/12 x 5

4 Wadaj 155 36 33 5/12 x 5

5 Pimpalgaon 96 218 93 ---

6 Ghod 3587 216 155 29/9.15x6.10

7 Pawana 113 305 274 6/12.19 x 4.26

8 Warsgaon 130 374 275 5/12 x 5

9 Panshet 120 303 256 4/12.9X4.26

10 Khadakwasala 502 86 56 11/12.19 x 4.26

11 BhatGhar 332 673 666 36/3.05x2.43

12 Veer 1425 278 266 9/12.50x8.23

13 Bhima(Ujjani)

(Highest)

14856 3320 1517.19 41/12 x 6.50

14 Vadivale 47 32 23 ---

15 Chakasman 306 242 211 5/12.5x4.26

16 Mulsi - 523 510 36/12.2 x 4.26 Source: Ujjani Dam, Flood Control Bhima Patbandhare Department Pandharpur 2000-2001

P. 17...

59

Under the catchment area of Bhima basin there are sixteen major and

Minor Irrigation projects out of which the Bhima (Ujjani) Project is one of

Major Project having 14856 sq.km. Catchment area and gross storage 3320

mm3 water. Next to Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. Ghod Project is one of

medium Irrigation Project. The Ghod Project covered over 3587 sq.km. With

water storage capacity of 216 mm3. Veer and Bhatghar Projects are at third and

fourth place having 278 mm3 and 673 mm

3 water storage capacity. The

remaining Yedgaon Manikdoh, Dimbhe Wadaj, Pimpalgaon, Pawana,

warasgaon, Panshet Khadakvasala. Vadivale chakasman Mulsi Projects are the

Minor Irrigation Projects under Bhima Basin.

3.3 Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project (At a Glance)

The Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project is one of the Major Irrigation

Project in Bhima Basin. Constructed on the Bhima River near village Ujjani in

Madha Tehsil (Solapur District) which is 100 km away from Solapur city.

(Plate – 1)

The table 3.2 shows highlight of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project at

a glance (Fig-3.2)

Table. 3.2

Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project (At a Glance)

1) Name of the Dam : Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project

2) Location :

A) Village - Ujjani

B) Taluka - Madha

C) District - Solapur

D) State - Maharashtra

E) Toposheet No. - 47 N/4

F) Latitude - 18o 04’24” N

G) Longitude - 75o07’15” E

3) River : Bhima – Major tributary of Krishna

60

4) Access to Dam Site

A) Rail – Route

I) Nearest Railway Station – Kurduwadi Station

ii) Railway Section and Zone – Solapur Section (C R)

B) Access – 2 km from N.H. 9 at 100 km from Solapur and 150

km from Pune

5) Administrative Approval –

A) Initial Approval : Rs. 4051.32 Lakh

(August 1964)

B) Revised Approval : Rs. 1130795 lakh

(April 1976)

C) Second Revised Approval : Rs. 140566.94 Lakh

(Jan. 2004)

6) Catchments Area

A) Gross : 14856 sq km.

B) Free : 7966 sq km.

7) Submergence

A) Total Area : 29000 Hectare

B) Forest Land : 605 Hectare

C) Private Land : 27,650 Hectare

D) Govt. Land : 1,645 Hectare

8) Number of Villages under submergence Total 51 Village

a. Solapur District – 23 Villages

b. Pune District : 25 Villages

c. Ahmadnagar District – 03 Villages

a) Solapur District.

i) Madha Tehsil – 04 Villages

1 Ujjani 2 Shiral

3 Foot Jawalgaon 4 Surli

61

9) Number of Villages land under submergence Total 82 Village

a)Solapur District – 30 Villages

b) Pune District: 38 Villages

c) Ahmadnagar District – 14 Villages

a) Solapur District.

i) Madha Tehsil – 05 Villages

1 Ujjani 2 Shiras

2 Foot Jawalgaon 5 Surli

3 Akole (kh)

ii) Karmala Tehsil – 20

1 Dhokri 11 Ritewadi

2 Bitargaon (Wangi) 12 Ketur

3 Sangvi 13 Pomlwadi

4 Wangi 14 Khatgaon

5 Kandar 15 Goyagaon

6 Dhaigaon 16 Takli

7 Chikalthan 17 Kondarchincholi

8 Kugaon 18 Katraj

9 Songaon 19 Parewadi

10 Undargaon 2o Kavitgaon

ii) Karmala Tehsil – 25

1 Dhokri 11 Ritewadi

2 Bitargaon (Wangi) 12 Ketur

3 Sangvi 13 Pomlwadi

4 Wangi 14 Khatgaon

5 Kandar 15 Goyagaon

6 Dhaigaon 16 Takli

7 Chikalthan 17 Kondarchincholi

8 Kugaon 18 Karjat

9 Songaon 19 Parewadi

10 Undargaon 2o Kavitgaon

21 Manjargaon 24 Kedgaon

22 Hingani 25 Umrad

23 Janti

62

10) Hydrology

A) Average Annual Rainfall

Near the dam site – 500 mm

B) Weighted Mean Annual Rainfall in the catchments

1) Maximum - 4320 mm (At Lonawala)

2) Minimum - 461 mm (At Dound)

3) 75% dependable available at Ujjani dam site

Total - 169.37 TMC

U/S utilization - 152.26 TMC

Net Available - 117.11 TMC

11) Annual Utilization on Planned : 83.29 TMC

2359 mm3

12) Storage –

A) Gross 117.248 TMC

(3320.00 mm3)

B) Live 53.579 TMC

(1517.19mm3)

C) Dead 63.665 TMC (1802.81 mm3)

13) Evaporation Losses

A) Kharif 3.52 TMC

B) Rabi 4.80 TMC

C) Hot Water 7.68 TMC

Total 16.00 TMC

14) Controlling Levels of Dam (Meters)

A) River Bed 458.170

B) Outlets 487.200

C) M.D.D.L. 491.030

D) F.R.L. 496.830

E) M.R.L. 497.580

F) T.B.L. i) Masonry – 501.400

ii) Earthen – 499.870

63

15) Deepest Foundation Level (Meter)

Masonry 446.050

Earthen 460.700

16) Maximum Height of the Dam (Meter)

Masonry 56.400

Earthen 39.170

17) Length of the Dam (Meter)

Masonry 914

Earthen 1626

Total 2540

18) Free Board (Meter)

Masonry 3.42

Earthen 2.31

19) Spilway

A) Type - Ogee Shaped gate overflow section with

Slotted roller Bucket type EDA

B) Spilway Gates - 41

I) Size - 12 M (H) x 6.5 m (V)

ii) Length - 608 m

C) English Flood - 15006 cum/sec.

D) Design Flood - 18013 cum/sec.

E) Maximum Flood - 19170 cum/sec.

20) Irrigation Outlet –

A) Location - Left Bank CH 953.70 m to 982.30 m

B) Type of intake structure – Conduits rectangular with slab on top.

C) Outlet sill level – 487.20 m

D) Operation Head

i) Maximum - 6.23 m

ii) Minimum - 0.33 m

64

E) Maximum design discharge – 109 cum/sec.

F) No. of Opening - 5 Nos.

G) Size of Service gates - 27.325 cum/sec.

H) Size of Emergency gate - 27.325 cum/sec.

I) Type of operating arrangement - E.O.T.crane on the gantry

J) Conduit -

i) Type - Rectangular

ii) Size - 3.00 x 3.50 m

iii) Length - 5.25 m

K) Type of emergency dissipation Arrangement –Stilling Basin

21) Canals Length (Km)

1) Left Banks

A) Main Bank (URBC) : 126 KM

B) Branches :

i) Begampur Branch 34 km

ii) Kurul Branch 27 km

iii) Mohol Branch 25 km

iv) Karamba Branch 37 km

C) Extension :

i) Begampur 19 km

ii) Kurul 38 km

iii) Karamba 107 km

2) Right Banks

A) Main Canal (URBC) : 112 km

B) Branches : ----

C) Extension

i) URBC - 23 km

65

22) Command Area -

A) Flow Irrigation : 147800 hectares

ULBLSBR URBCSBR TOTAL

1) Gross (G.C.A.) 1.33,333 71944 2.05277

2) Cultivated (CCA) 1.06,667 57,556 164223

3) Irrigated 96000 51000 147800

B) Lift Irrigation : 34,883 hectare

C) Actual Annual Irrigable : Cropped Area =Ica x Crop Coefficient +

Lift Irrigation

Cropped Area (Eight: Monthly cropped pattern) = 147800 + 1.52 +

34.883 = 259539 Hectares

23) Canal Details –

At a Canal Head At Ujjani Right Bank Canal

A) Discharge 109 Cusecs 42.50 Cusecs

B) Bed width 24 meters 10.50 meters

C) Free Board 3.75 meters 3.25 meters

D) Side Slope Bank 2:1 cutting in soil and

soft strata 5:1 in rock 0.5:1 to0.25:1

E) Bed Slops 1 : 10,000

F) Value of N 0.02 (in situ concrete lining)

24) Total Revised Cost of the Project : 1405.67 Crore (Jan 2004)

25) Costs of Per Hector of ICA (Irrigated) : 76946 RS.

26) Ratio of Benefit cost of the Project : 1: 90

27) Additional Benefits

A) Salopur city water supply 1.40 TMC

B) Atomic Power Station 7.58 time

C) Hydropower at Foot of Dam 12 MW

D) Bhima – Sina Link Canal Project 26 km (Underground

Lenth:20.25km)

66

3.4 Organization of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project

The work of Bhima project is being carried out through two project

circles and one command Area Development Authority each headed by one

superintending Engineer Each Circle/Authority has 4 to 5 Division under each

and each division has 4 to 7 Sub divisions for carrying out the work. The work

construction of Dam. Power House, Left Bank Canal and canal Designs is

entrusted to Bhima Project Circle and that of Ujjani Right Bank canal to Bhima

circle.

Irrigation management, maintaince of dam and canal system is looked

after by CADA wing i.e. Command Area Development Authority. The

following table 3.3 shows the organization of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation

Project.

Table.3.3

Organization of Bhima (Ujjani) Project

Bhima Project Circle Bhima Canal Circle Solapur Command Area

Development Authority

Solapur

Executive Engineer Executive Engineer Executive Engineer

1) Ujjani Canal Dn. No. I

Bhimanagar - 5 Sub Dns.

1) Ujjani Canal Dn.No. V

Pandharpur -5 sub Dns.

1) Bhima Development

Division Solapur – 4 sub

Dns.

2) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.II

Solapur – 6 Sub Dns.

2) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.VI

Pandharpur -6 Sub.Dns.

2) Bhima Development

Division No. II

Solapur – 4 sub Dns.

3) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.III

Solapur – 5 Sub Dns.

3) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.VII

Solapur 6 Sub.Dns.

3) Bhima Irrigation

Division

Pandharpur– 7 sub Dns.

4) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.X

Pandharpur is sub Dns.

4) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.IX

Managalwedha-6 Sub.Dns.

4)Divisonal soil

conservation Officer

(L.D.)Solapur–6 Sub.Dns.

5) Ujjani Canal Dn.No.XI

Solapur 7 Sub Dns.

------- -------

6) Bhima Canal Designs

Dn. Solapur

------- --------

Source – Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project a Note on scope and status of the project only.

Chief engineer Irrigation Development Pune 2005, P-7

67

3.5 Present Situation of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project

The Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project envisages construction of a

composite dam across river Bhima tributary of river Krishna along with canal

system to cater for irrigation in drought prone area of Solapur District (Shinde

2007). As per Administratively approved Project of 20.8.1964. The project

contemplates utilization of 1942 mm3 of water irrigate 1, 21,440 hectors (in

which 1, 12,940 hectors by canal i.e. flow irrigation and 8500 hectors by lift

irrigation from back water. The cropping pattern for this project was perennial

crops.

The Government of Maharashtra decided in 1986, to adopt eight

monthly cropping patterns to extend the facility of irrigation over larger area in

Solapur district. Accordingly it is now proposed to utilize 2,386 mm3

(84.28Tmc) of water cater for 1, 82.683 hectors. Irrigable area 1, 47,800

hectors by flow canal irrigation and 34,883 by lift irrigation from back water.

The additional area would be available by extending branches taking off from

Ujjani Left Bank Canal (ULBC) and extending Ujjani Right Bank Canal

(URBC). The original cost of the project was 43 crores (1965). The latest cost

of the project including extension and establishment was 1,028.80 crores at the

end of March 2004.

The cost of the project increasing day-by-day. So on 17 the January

2004 Government of Maharashtra has given green signal for the revised budget

of Rs. 1,405.67 crores for remaining of the work Bhima (Ujjani) Project. The

present irrigation position of the Bhima (Ujjani) project is as under. The area

under irrigation by canal is shown in table 3.4 with perennial and eight monthly

cropping patterns.

68

Table. 3.4

-Irrigation by canal and lift –

Sr.

No. Name of the Canal

Lenth

(Km)

By perennial

pattern (Area

hect)

By eight

monthly

cropping

length. km

Pattern

Area

Hect.

1 Ujjani Left Canal 126 29830 126 29830

2 Ujjani Right Canal 112 44100 132 51800

3 Begampur (Branch) 34 10135 55 17695

4 Kurul (Branch) 38 8190 65 14890

5 Mohol --Karamba

Canal

65 20685 170 33585

6 Lift irrigation (back

water)

--- - 8500 ---- 34883

Total 375 112940 548 147800

Source – Bhima Project, Salient Features Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Division Pandharpur

District Solapur 2004 P 1 to 5

The Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation project has divided into five canals i.e.

Ujjani left canal Ujjani Right Canal Begampur Branch Canal, Kurul Branch

Canal and Mohol – Karamba Branch Canal with total length of 375 km total

Irrigation 1,12,940 hectors by perennial cropping pattern and with length of

548 km and total irrigation 1,47,800 hectors by eight monthly cropping

pattern.Table3.4

In 1986, the Government of Maharashtra decided to adopt eight monthly

cropping patterns to extend the maximum irrigation facilities in the agriculture

in the Solapur District. Taluka wise irrigated area by eight monthly cropping

pattern of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation project is shown in the table 3.5

69

Table.3.5

Tehsilwise Irrigated Area by Flow (Canal) System.

Sr.No. Tehsils

No.of

Benefited

Village

Area under

irrigated

Hectors

Percentage

1 Madha 20 3280 2.22

2 Pandharpur 73 34454 23.31

3 Mohol 56 38663 26.16

4 Mangalwedha 36 25912 17.53

5 Malshiras 16 7054 4.77

6 North-Solapur 23 10985 7.43

7 South Solapur 22 18412 12.46

8 Akkalkot 18 9040 6.12

Total 264 147800 100%

Source - A Note on scope and status of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation project irrigation

Development Pune 2005, P- 01

In the Solapur district the maximum beneficiaries are from Pandharpur

and Mohol Tehsils. i.e. 73 villages from Pandharpur Tehsil and 56 villages

from Mohol Tehsil. Near about 73117 hectors irrigation facilities (49.47per

cent) has been sucked-up by the Pandharpur and Mohol Tehsil. While

remaining (50.53per cent) (74683 hectors) irrigation facilities shared by

Madha, Malshiras, Mangalwedha, North Solapur, South Solapur and Akkalkot

Tehsils. (Fig. 3.3 A)

Tehsilwise list of Benefited villages in Solapur District under flow

(Canal) as under irrigation. (Appendix – 3.1)

70

Table. 3.6

Tehsilwise Area under Lift Irrigation (Back Water.)

Sr.

No. District Taluka

No. of Benefited

Village

Area under

irrigation

Hect.

Percentage

1 Solapur Madha 11 4884 26.41

2 Solapur Karmala 45 13604 73.59

Solapur 56 18488 100.00

Source – Bhima Project, salient feature Bhima (Ujjani) irrigation Division Pandharpur

District – solapur 2004, p-1

Benefited villages of lift irrigation of reservoir (Back water) of Bhima

(Ujjani) irrigation project in two taluka Benefited villages of the district are

shown in the graph.

Karmala and Madha Tehsils beneficiaries of the irrigation by lift

irrigation through reservoir (Back water) of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project.

District Tehsilswise lift of the Benefited villages under lift irrigation (Appendix

3.2)

It is very clear that Mohol (12.17per cent) Pandharpur (18.86per cent) and

Mangalwedha (14.18per cent) have been benefited maximum by canal

irrigation then South Solapur, North solapur, Akkalkot Malshiras and Madha

Tehsils have been benefited on descending order. Back water irrigation is

(11.11per cent) (18488 hect.) And the beneficiaries are Karmala, Madha

tehsils(Table- 3.6). Fig. 3.3 B shows the tehsil wise area under by lift

(Backwater) of Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project.

There is maximum shares of Karmala Taluka (Dist Solapur) in which

the maximum share of (73.58per cent) Lift irrigation has been absorbed by

Karmala Taluka. While very minimum share of madha tehsil is (26.41per cent)

to the total lift irrigation of Bhiama (Ujjani) Irrigation Project. (Fig. 3.3 B)

3.6 Land Use Pattern And Changes

Land is the most important natural resource of a country and the best

base for agricultural production. The land surface is fixed and of this only a

71

certain proportion is available for cultivation. It is necessary to ascertain the

extent to which land, now lying waste can become available for cultivation

(Gurjar 1987).Therefore land utilization is necessary for agricultural

development and planning. Land use is a Geographical concept since it

involves specific areas. The land use study in its spatial context is essential to

understand the regionalization of the areas of optimum land use degraded areas

etc. (Shinde, 1988). Efficient use of land depends on the capacity of man to

utilize the land and manage it in proper perspective. Thus utilization of land

for different purposes indicates an intimate relationship between prevailing

ecological conditions and man. (Pawar, 1989).

In many such schemes activity on the land has been the major criterion

for the classifying land use which essentially a quantitative rather than

quantitative variable (Phule 2002).

Land classification is based largely on the use of land (Ali Mahamad,

1978). Census of India has classified land utilization in nine different

categories, but in the present study they have been grouped into five major

categories, as the percentage of area under individual categories is relatively

insignificant. The land in the region has been divided into five major land use

categories. Namely forest land not available for cultivation other uncultivated

land, fallow land and net area sown.

Table 3.7

Solapur District – General Land use Pattern 1980-81 to 2007-08

Sr.

No.

Land use Category Area in

Hect 1980-

81

Percentage Area in

Hect.

2007-08

Percentage Change

I Non Cultivable land

1) Forest 32600 2.16 31947 2.14 - 0.02

2) Area Not Available for

cultivation

83500 5.55 78897 5.30 - 0.25

A) Land under non

Agriculture use

4800 0.31 15506 1.04 + 0.73

B) Barren and uncultivable

land

78700 5.23 63391 4.26 - 0.97

72

II Cultivable Land

3) Net Area sown 1105000 73.48 1126011 75.68 + 2.2

4) Fallow land 183700 12.21 175289 11.79 - 0.42

A Current fallow 91400 6.07 26578 1.79 -4.28

B Other fallow 92300 6.13 148711 10.00 +3.87

5) Other uncultivated land 98900 6.57 75699 5.09 -1.48

A) Cultivable waste land 32800 2.18 33595 2.26 + 0.08

B) Per meant pasture 60900 4.05 37864 2.54 - 1.51

C) Others 5200 0.34 4240 0.29 -0.05

Source-Socio Economic Review and Statically Abstract Solapur District

3.6.1 Forest

This category includes all areas actually under forests whether state or

private owned and classified or administrative as forests under any legal

enactment dealing with the forests.

The study region has very insignificant area under forest mostly arid and

scrub patches are recorded. The forest area is noted in ranges and upland areas

old as well newly planted forests fail in Malshiras, Sangola, South solapur, and

North Solapur, Madha, Karmala, Barshi, Pandarpur and Mangalwedha tehsils.

Forest occupies about 2.14 percent of the total geographical area in the

district. This is less than the state average of 17.46 per cent. There are

remarkable variations at tehsil levels ranging from 0.00 percent in Akkalkot

tehsil. To over 6.00 percent and 4 to 6 percent in Pandharpur, Mangalwedha

and above 2 percent in Karmala, North Solapur has under forest. Fig. No. 3.4.

The large scale variations marked in the pattern show that the region has

under gone some changes in the forest cover. Varying from 0.02 to above 5

percent increase. The notable increase in forest cover has taken place only in

Mangalwedha (5.50 percent) where as remarkable decrease in the forest is

recorded in Sangola (over 3.94 per cent) Elsewhere no significant change is

observed.

73

3.6.2 Land Not Available For Cultivation

This category includes the land put to non agricultural use, barren land

uncultivable land. Area under non agricultural uses comprises the area under

settlements roads, railway, embarkments, canals tanks and burial cremation

play camping etc. whereas Barren and uncultivable lands are those covered by

barren out crops of rocky hills, swamps, silted lands old quarry pits, sand

deserts, river beds, torrents ravines etc. in another words this is the land which

can not be brought under cultivation 5.30 per cent area belongs to this category

which is much less as compared to Maharashtra State average 9.47 per cent.

There are notable variations in the distribution of land under this category.

Mohol tehsil ranks first (12.27 per cent), Karmala (6.96 per cent). North

Solapur and Pandharpur have substantial proportion above the region average

of 5.74 per cent of area under this category which is followed by Sangola (9.25

per cent) Which is followed by Madha and Akkalkot have recorded less

proportion of land (below 3 per cent) under this category (Table -3.7).

No uniform pattern of change in land this category is observed in the

distribution of area involved in change. High increase in area under this

category has been found in Mohol , Sangola and South Solapur (over 2 per

cent) Less than 2 per cent positive change is observed in Barshi, Pandharpur,

Mangalwedha tehsils, to other end decrease under this category is confined to

Malshiras (over 2 per cent) followed by Akkalkot (3.66). North Solapur

(11.37), Malshiras (17.08) negligible change in area under this category is

observed in Karmala, Pandharpur, Mangalwedha and Madha (Fig-3.5).

3.6.3 Other Uncultivated Land (Excluding Fallow Land)

This category of land consists of 1) culturable waste 2) Permant pasture

and 3) Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves. Culturable waste

land includes the land which can be brought under cultivation for some times

but which has been not cultivated successively for more than 5 years. The

category of land under miscellaneous tree crops includes land under casuarina

trees grass, bamboo bushes or other trees used for fuel. Actually this land is

74

put to some agricultural use but the areal extent of it is not included in the

category for net sown area. Total area under this land use category accounts to

5.09 per cent, in the district, Which is less than State overage of 7.99 per cent.

Regional distribution under this category varies from less than 2 per cent to

over 12 per cent. Malshiras has recorded highest percentage (12.76 per cent) of

area under this category can be found in Northern tehsils of the district. Rests

of tehsils have insignificant area under this category (Fig-3.6).

Spatial distribution of volume of change in uncultivated land is largely

uneven. Maximum increase in area involved in change is found in two tehsils

i.e. Madha and Sangola(0.38, 3.43 per cent respectively) Rest of tehsils

recorded decrease in area under this category amongst which Akkalkot, North

Solapur, Malshiras, Barshi, Mohol and Karmala have very high negative

change (over 2 per cent to above 4 percent)

3.6.4 Fallow Land

The tern fallow is applied to land not under plough at the time of

reporting but which has been sown in the past. The span of period for which a

land remains fallow is different in various parts of the district. Because of

scarcity conditions in all aspects extent of fallow land various in respect to time

and space. Two types of fallow lands viz. current fallow and other fallow are

considered by the agricultural census in India. For the present study, these two

categories of fallow land with on average of 11.79 per cent of the total

geographical area which is more than the state average of 7.39 per cent (Fig-

3.7).

South Western part of the district recorded high percentage (over 15 per

cent) of area under this category, where in Mengalwedha ranks first (over 16

percent). In eastern part of the study region Malshiras, Barshi, North Solapur,

Pandharpur, South solapur Akkalkot record over 12 per cent land as fallow.

Rest of the tehsils i.e. Madha, Karmala, Mohol and Sangola have higher

proportion of fallow land that the state average. Percentage of fallow land in

Solapur district decrease from Southwest to northeast .Field work of the study

75

indicates that since the adoption of sturdy commercial fruit crops turns in to the

best way of available resource optimization, farmers of the region have given

up unprofitable dry land cropping i.e. Bajara, pulses and other cereal crops

thinking it is better to keep fallow land instead of accepting risk. This has

resulted in existence if fallow land in western low rainfall areas.

During the period under review it is observed that substantial proportion

of area is involved in change. Highest increase in the area under this category

has been found in Madha, South Solapur and Akkalkot (over 4 per cent)

followed by North Solapur, Malshiras (over 0-4 per cent) increase in area under

this category. Low proportion of area under this category is found in

Pandharpur, Karmala, Mohol, Barshi, Sangola decrease in area under fallow

condition could well be attributed in the attitude of farmers to abend the

cultivated land which is not at all productive.

3.6.5 Net Sown Area

This category constitutes the extent of the cropped land in any region.

This is of vital significance in studies relating to agricultural geography. The

net area sown is the actual area under crops sown once in the same year. In

Solapur district net sown area occupies the largest share i.e. 75.68 per cent of

the regions. Geographical area which is more than state average 57.69 per cent.

River valleys of the district are well suited for agricultural practices. Although

less productive, the land on plateau and hill slopes has also been brought under

plough (Fig-3.8).

The out standing proportion of this category is observed in two tehsils

namely Akkalkot and Madha (over 80 per cent) other areas with higher

percentage area in existence in Barshi, Mohol, South Soalpur, Pandharpur over

76 percent Low propitiation of this category (Below 68 percent) is found in

Mangalwedha 67.64 per cent. This is again less than state average. As

discussed earlier, this low proportion of net sown area in this tehsils is the

result of change in attitude of farmers pertaining to available water – land

76

resource optimization. Therefore naturally the proportion of net sown area has

been restricted at lowest level in the region.

Region as whole except Mohol, Akkalkot, Mangalwedha, Madha, South

Solapur tehsils experience decrease area under this category in significant

increase (up to 0 per cent to 4 per cent) is found in Pandharpur and Barshi,

Karmala, North Solapur, Malshiras, Sangola over 4 per cent. The proportion of

cultivated area has increased by 3.1 per cent which is under fallow and systems

decreased (0.42 per cent) during investigation period for going analysis reveals

that through region has sound proportion (75.68 per cent) of cultivated area

compared to state average the scarcity conditions have hampered the

intensification and utilization of net sown area considerably. Regional variation

in this category is the effect of total adversity condition.

3.6.6 Land use and Ranking

For the present study area under investigation has been divided into five

major categories (Table 3.8)

Table. 3.8

Land use pattern and Its Ranking in Solapur District.

Forest A.N.A.C. O.U.L.E.F. Fallow N.S.A.

Ra

nk

s

% No. of

Tehsils

% No. of

Tehsils

% No. of

Tehsils

% No. of

Tehsils

% No. of

Tehsils

1 > 12 1 > 12 1 > 12 1 > 16 1 > 80 2

2 9-12 - 9-12 1 9-12 1 12-16 6 76-80 3

3 6-9 1 6-9 - 6-9 - 8-12 3 72-74 4

4 3-6 3 3-6 5 3-6 5 4-8 1 68-72 1

5 < 3 5 < 3 4 < 3 4 < 4 - < 68 1

Source- Bureau of Economic and Studies Govt. of Maharashtra, Social economic review and

District statistical abstracts of Solapur District 2007-08 pp-127-128.

1. Forest:

On the total geographical area about 2.14 percent area belongs to this

category. Mangalwadha tehsil recording 6.20 percent under this head ranks

77

first. This is due to the hilly nature and heavy rainfall of the area. tehsil ranks

second with 5.84 percent area under forest. Next to Karmala, North Solapur

ranks third sharing 2 to 4 percent area under forest. Madha, Barshi, Malshiras,

South Solapur, sangola, mohol the Major tehsils were record the lowest

percentage area under this head.

2. Area Not Available For Cultivation

5.30 percent of the geographical area in the district belongs to this

category. Mohol ranks first with 12.37 percent and Sangola second with 9.25

percent this head mainly because of higher percentage under barren and

unculturable land. Karmala ranks third with 6.96 percent and (3 to 6 percent)

under this fourth ranks in Barshi, North Solapur, Pandharpur, Malshiras,

Manglwedha, Sangola tehsil. Akkalkot and Madha tehsils have less than 3

percent area under this category

3. Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow

Only 5.09 percent land in the study area belongs to this category.

Through this is cultivable land, it is not cultivated because of physical

constraints like deep rooted grass, erosive action of streams low fertility of soil

etc. Malshiras tehsil with 12.76 percent of the land area in this category ranks

first. Sangola tehsil being second with 11.15 percent (3 to 6 percent) under this

fourth ranks in Karmala. Madha, Barshi, Mangalwedha and Akkalkot

tehsils.Elsewhere it is less than 3 percent.

4. Fallow land

11.79 percent of the total geographical area in the district comes under

this head. Mangalwedha ranks first with 16.20 percent and south Solapur

Akkalkot, Malshiras, Pandharpur, Barshi North Solapur tehsils share 12 to 16

percent in this category where rainfall is sufficient. Elsewhere it is less than 12

percent in Mohol Madha, Sangola, and Karmala tehsils

5. Net Sown Area

Of all the categories of land use this category occupies the largest area

viz 75.68 percent with shows the dominance of agricultural activity in the

78

region. Madha and Akkalkot tehsils rank first occupying more than 80 percent

land under this category because of negligible area under forest and cultivable

waste land. Barshi, Mohol, South Solapur tehsils were second ranks 76 to 80

percent under this head. Karmala North Solapur, Pandharpur, sangola tehsils

with 72 to 76 percent land. Fig.3.9 Where as Malshiras and Mangalvedha

tehsils have below 72 percent area under this category.

3.7 Cropping Pattern and Changes

Cropping pattern is the proportion of area under various crops at a point

of time (Kanwar, 1972). However, this dynamic concept indicates that no

agricultural land use pattern is ideal and good for all times to come (Chavan,

1987). It undergoes certain changes with adoption of innovations. It is also

guided by physical cultural and technological factors. Thus utilization of land

for different purposes indicates an intimate relationship between prevailing

ecological conditions and man. (Pawar, 1989). The cropping pattern depends

on a number of inputs of which irrigation is an important one. Changes in

cropping pattern refer to change in proportion of area under different crops at

two different times. Such changes are governed by ecological situation.

However, Social economic and technological factors also determine the choice

of the feasible crops by the farmers. In case of irrigated crops, the choices are

directly governed by the specific purpose for which the irrigated crops, the

choices are directly governed by the specific purpose for which the irrigated

crops are to be grown and these are also conditioned by the geographical

factors and modified by the emergent, social and economic circumstances

(Memoria 1979). The ensuring section therefore, deals with the cropping

pattern and changes there in for individual crops in particular and irrigated

crops in general in the region. The area under study grows a variety of crops,

but they are generally, classified as food and non food crops as below:

A) Food Crops –

1. Food Grains – Cereals and Pulses

79

2. Non Food Grains – Sugarcane, Fruits and Vegetables (Cash

Crops) condiments and species.

B) Non Food Crops-

3. Oil Seeds

4. Fibers

5. Drugs and Medicine (Narcotics)

6. Fodders.

In the study area food crops occupy the largest area (944036 hectares)

which is about 80.96 percent of the total cropped area. Among food grains

(60.78%) is the largest crop following by Jowar. Other food grains occupy

very small proportion of area. Among non food grains sugarcane has now

attained significant proportion i.e. 74,407 hectares of cultivated area (6.33%).

Among non-food crops Groundnut (1.87%), Sunflower (4.17%) and fodder

(1.72%) occupy dominant place. Other non food crops occupy insignificant

area in the cropping pattern. There are remarkable changes in the cropping

pattern of the study region during the period under investigation. The total area

involved change is 5.87 percent (Table .3.9)

Table 3.9

Cropping Pattern of the Solapur District –

No

Sr.. Name of Type of Crop 1980-81 Percentage 2007-08 Percentage

Volume of

Change

A Cereals

1 Rice 5864 0.47 1585 0.13 -0.34

2 Wheat 51742 4.18 50891 4.33 + 0.15

3 Jowar 748213 60.45 713807 60.78 + 0.33

4 Bajara 75428 6.09 53297 4.53 - 1.56

5 Maize 141172 1.14 29144 2.48 + 1.34

6 Other Cereal Crops 2820 0.22 370 0.03 - 0.19

Total Cereal crops 898239 72.58 849142 72.28 - 0.3

B Pulses

1 Gram 31876 2.57 31643 2.69 + 0.12

2 Tur 60198 4.86 32407 2.75 - 2.11

3 Other pulses 74372 6.00 1966 0.16 - 5.84

Total pulses 173090 13.98 94894 8.08 - 5.9

Total Good grains 1071329 86.56 944036 80.96 - 5.6

80

C Cash Crops

1 Sugarcane 20836 1.68 74407 6.33 + 4.65

2 Cotton 17293 1.39 6996 0.59 - 0.08

3 Other Masala Crop 4744 0.38 1531 0.13 - 0.25

4 Fruits &vegetables 7621 0.61 29002 2.46 + 1.85

5 Other Cash Crops 2549 0.20 1235 0.10 - 0.1

Total Cash Crops 53043 4.28 113171 9.63 + 5.35

D Oil Seeds

1 Groundnut 31103 2.51 21974 1.87 - 0.64

2 Sunflower NA NA 48973 4.17 -

3 Kardai 55730 4.50 NA NA -

4 Other Oil seeds 9732 0.78 19805 1.68 + 0.9

Total oil seeds 96565 7.80 92997 7.91 + 0.11

E Medicine & Drug

1 Tobacco crop 161 0.013 NA NA -

2 Other 162 0.013 59 0.005 0.0008

3 Total Medicine & Drug

Crop

323 0.026 59 0.05 - 0.0008

F Cattle Crops &Other

crops

16307 1.31 20212 1.72 +0.41

G Total non food crops 13.42 19.29 +5.87

H Ground Total Irrigated

under Different Crops

1237567 100 1174221 100

Source – Socio-economic review and statistical abstract of Solapur District

(1980-81 to 2007 -2008)

3.7.1 Wheat

Wheat is a rabbi crop and requires winter temperature between 10 to

20oC.It can also be grown in areas where rainfall is less than 500 mm. with the

help of irrigation in the study region post monsoon rainfall is not sufficient for

maximum production. The extent of irrigation provided to this crop determines

its areal extent and yielding capacity. Wheat occupies only 4.33 per cent of the

total cropped area of Solapur district. Which is in Pandharpur tehsil followed

by Malshiras and North Solapur tehsils were irrigation facilities have been

developed. Moderate proportion of area under these crops is observed in

Karmala, South Solapur and Mohol also and low proportion of area under this

crop Madha, Barshi, Sangola, Mangalwedha, Akkalkot (Fig-3.10).

In case of wheat cultivation no major change is observed in the district.

The analysis shows that hectare under wheat has increased from 4.18 percent to

81

4.33 per cent during the period under investigation. Noteworthy decrease can

be found in Madha, Karmala, Mangalwedha and Mohol followed by Barshi.

Trend of farmers in the region is to bring new irrigated land under sugarcane

cultivation.

3.7.2 Jowar

Jowar ranks first in the cropping pattern of the study region. It is grown

as dry land and irrigated crop. Jowar is a staple food which is grown both

Kharif and Rabbi Season crop. This also provides dry fodder. Due to extra

ordinary quality Jowar of this region is famous as “Barshi and Mangalwedha

Jowar” all over India. It shares high percentage above 65 percent of Madha

and Mengalwedha of cropped area under this crop.

Moderate proportion of area under this category is observed in 55 to 65

is Karmala, Barshi, North Solapur, Mohol, Malshiras, South Solapur, Akkalkot,

and less than 55 per cent is observed to Pandharpur, Sangola cropped area

under this crop.

In case of Jowar cultivation no salient change is observed at regional

level. But tehsil level analysis reveals considerable fluctuation. In the study

region the area under Jowar has decreased from 748213 hectares (4.18) to

(713807 hectares) (4.33) in total cropped area. Which is the case in

Pandharpur, Karmala,Madha,Akkalkot, Barshi, North Solapur, Mangalwedha,

Mohol tehsils. Actually these northern and eastern parts of the district are

traditional Jowar growing tracts. Since development of irrigation facilities at

present the farmers of these tehsils have switch over to cultivation of

commercial crops. Striking increase in hectare under this crop (12.27 per cent)

is found in Sangola followed by South Solapur (6.56 per cent). It is largely due

to introduction of High Yield Variety Jowar seeds, which are gain drought

registrant but Superior cereal crop (Fig-3.11).

82

3.7.3 Bajara

It is the most drought - resistant crop requiring less amount of rainfall

(350 to 450 mm.) sustaining on shallow, black lighter soil or inferior land about

4.53 per cent of the total cropped area of the district is under Bajara. The

principal Bajara growing zone falls to South-western. Western and North

eastern part of the study region. However the area under Bajara has decreased

from 75428 (6.09 per cent) to 53297 (4.53 per cent) during the period under

investigation. It is more than 36.5 per cent in overall study region except

Malshiras. Area under this crop has increased in Malshiras tehsil 21375 hect.

(18.33 percent) and Sangola tehsil 14628 hect. (12.03 per cent) of Bajara and

Karmala 7339 hect. (5.95 percent) areas. The resean lies in the introduction of

H.Y.V. of Bajara grown on irrigated land. Except other tehsils hectarage under

this crop in the region has decreased and also its share has lost. But at tehsil

level of proportion exceeds 13.04 percent in the Malshiras tehsil and Sangola,

9.06per cent Karmala 2.82per cent increased. Decreased in area under this crop

is also observed in Akkalkot, South Solapur, Mohol and Mangalwedha is

decreased in Bajara Cropping. It rest tehsils in significant change in area

under this crop is observed (Fig-3.12).

3.7.4 Sugarcane

Sugarcane is a one of the important cash crops in the region. It occupies

25.12 per cent of gross irrigated area and 6.33 per cent of gross cropped area.

It ranks second among irrigated crops. First to Jowar major percentage of

sugarcane. Cultivating area rests in north-west and central part of the district.

Which at present is in Sangola (19.54 per cent), Pandharpur (13.89 per cent)

North Soalpur (9.38 per cent) South Solapur (6.52 per cent) and Mohol

(5.57per cent), Akkalkot (5.81 per cent) tehsils, where canal and lift irrigation

facilities are developed (Fig-3.13).

It was observed that a hectare under this crop has increased more than

four times during the period under review. Note worthy increase in hectare

(from above 4 percent) has taken place in Pandharpur, North Solapur, South

83

Solapur, Sangola, Mohol and Akkalkot is mainly due to increase in perennial

water sources from Ujjani Canal for Pandharpur, Mohol, Karmala, Malshiras

tehsil. The reason of which is the benefit from Ujjani Irrigation project.

3.7.5 Oil Seeds

Oil seeds grown in the region include groundnut, sunflower, Kardai and

other. Among that groundnut and sunflower is important oil seeds all together

constitute about 7.91 percent to the total cropped area out of which sunflower

shares 4.17 percent. It is cultivated as separate or inter crop with rain fed

Jowar in rabbi season. South Solapur records highest proportion of the area

under this crop (14.59 per cent) followed by Akkalkot (14.03 per cent) Karmala

(13.37 per cent) and North Solapur (11.09 per cent)

Groundnut is another important oil seed of the region. Occupies 1.87

percent to the total cropped area. North Solapur having top position records

5.12 per cent to the total cropped area followed by South Solapur (2.96 per

cent), Akkalkot (2.15 percent) Mangalwedha (1.74 per cent), Mohol (1.75 per

cent) and Barshi (1.65 percent). Remaining tehsils of region have negligible

area under this crop (Fig-3.14).

The area under oil seeds has been increased from 96565 (7.79 per cent)

to 92997 (7.91 per cent) during the period under review. This increase in area

under oils seeds is confined to South Solapur (6.28 per cent), North Solapur

(5.31per cent), Akkalkot (4.62 per cent), Barshi (3.01 per cent), Mohol (0.02

per cent) and other tehsils were decreased area under this crop.

In fact area under Sunflower which is the traditional oil seeds of the

region has decreased. However, the farmers of these tehsils in declined to

grow High Yielding Verities of sunflower and other oil seeds. Other oil seeds

except sunflower and groundnut are cultivated in large scale. Therefore the

hectare under other oil seeds has increased more than 1.68 times. The area

under groundnut has decreased by 0.64 per cent during the period under

review. Akkalkot (8.95per cent), South Solapur (8.92per cent) tehsils where

under sunflower has total cropped area and moderate area Barshi (5per cent),

84

North Solapur (6.38 per cent), Malshiras (3.36per cent). Remaining tehsils of

the region have negligible area under this crop.

This increase has taken place largely because of Ujjani Irrigation

Project. Since availability of assured irrigation facilities in Barshi, Mohol,

South Solapur, Mangalwedha and Malshiras tehsils.

3.7.6 Pulses

Pulses grown in the region include Tur, Gram, and Mug etc. Tur is an

important pulse for live stock and human being as a nutritive food. It is also

constitutes important Chain in rotation system of crops from the view point of

soil management tur a Kharif crop is generally grown as rain fed crop and

rarely supplemented by irrigation. It shares about 8.08 percent of the total

cropped area. The principal growing areas of tur are the northeast and eastern

parts of the region. During the period under investigation tur it has lost the

hectare under it from 60198 hectares 4.86 percent. 32407 hectares (2.75 per

cent). Major decrease in the area under this crop has experienced in South

Solapur, North Solapur, Akkalkot, Madha and Barshi. Which are traditional

growing tehsils of tur. North Solapur and other tehsils negligible area under

this crop Decrease in area under tur indicates. The changing tendency of

farmers to grow other commercial along with Sugarcane (Fig-3.15).

Gram is grown in rabbi and Kharif season. Occupy about 31643 hectares

(2.69 percent) of total cropped area. These crop are sown as inter crop and

largely rain fed. The regional variation in cultivation of gram pulses is largely

influenced by agro climatic and edaphic condition. It varies from Barshi

(5.60per cent), Sangola (4.54per cent), South Solapur (3.27per cent), Malshiras

(2.63per cent), Mohol (2.58per cent), Mangalwedha (2.63per cent).In general

proportion of area under these crops increases from west to east particularly

Barshi is having highest area under these pulses in the district.

The area under pulses has decreased from 173090 hectares (13.98 per

cent) to 94894 hectares (8.08 per cent) during the period under investigation. It

has been observed major decrease in area under traditional pulses like math,

85

black gram is considerable. Major decrease in hectare under pulses is found in

Madha (2.03 per cent), Karmala (1.16 per cent), Pandharpur (0.6 percent), and

Akkalkot (0.56 per cent). It is largely due to shift towards crops like sugarcane,

Jowar, Maize, fruits etc.

3.8 Irrigated Cropping Pattern and Changes

Irrigation is one of the important basic inputs which support adoption of

agricultural innovations such as H.Y.V. new commercial fruit crops

machineries chemical fertilizers and overall development of agriculture as well.

In case of Irrigated crops the choices are directly governed by specific purpose

for which irrigated crops are to be grown. These are also conditioned by

geographical factors and modified by the emergent social and economic

circumstances (Memoria 1979) present section the irrigated cropping pattern

and changes there in some important individual crops of the study region.

3.8.1 Jowar

Jowar shares about 26.72 percent of the irrigated land which is more

than the state average of 17.48 percent over 40 percent of irrigated land is

covered under this crop in Mangalwedha and Barshi tehsil followed by

Malshiras (35.24per cent), Karmala (31.61 per cent), Pandharpur (27.09per

cent), Madha (28.27per cent) tehsil 15 to 25 percent of irrigated land shared by

Jowar in North Solapur, Mohol and Sangola tehsil. Less than 15 per cent

irrigated areas have been brought under Jowar in South Solapur tehsil.

86

Table. 3.10

Changing Irrigated Cropping Pattern in Solapur District.

Sr.

No. Name of Crops

1980-81

Area in

hect

% of

GCA

2007-08

Area in

hect.

% of

GCA Changes

1 Rice 3487 1.91 1478 0.49 - 1.42

2 Wheat 27902 15.31 36515 12.32 - 2.99

3 Jawar 64705 35.52 79158 26.72 - 8.8

4 Bajara 6597 3.62 7204 2.43 - 1.19

5 Other cereals 12724 6.98 NA NA -

6 Total cereals 116014 63.69 133993 45.24 -18.72

7 Gram 4774 2.62 10137 3.42 + 0.8

8 Other pulses NA NA 157 0.05 -

9 Total pulses 6490 3.56 10294 3.47 - 0.09

10 Total Food Grains 122504 67.26 144287 48.71 - 18.55

11 Sugarcane 20836 11.44 74407 25.12 + 13.68

12 Cotton 8488 4.66 4796 1.61 - 3.05

13 Masala crop 16208 8.89 4737 1.59 - 7.3

14 Fruit &Vegetables - - 28100 9.48 -

15 Total cash crops 45532 24.99 112433 37.96 + 12.97

16 Oil seed crops - - - - -

17 Groundnut 8055 4.42 17042 5.75 + 1.33

18 Sunflower - - 14047 4.74 -

19 Total oil seeds 8055 4.42 31182 10.52 + 6.1

20 Medicine and drug

crops

- - - - -

21 Tobacco 115 0.06 16 0.005 - 0.001

22 Total Medicine and

Drug crop

115 0.06 16 0.005 - 0.001

23 Total Nonfood crops 22583 12.39 44635 15.07 + 2.68

24 Grass Irrigated area 182131 100% 296166 100% -

Source-Socio Economic Review and Statically Abstract Solapur District

87

3.8.2 Sugarcane

Sugarcane grown on irrigated area occupies only 25.12 per cent of total

irrigated land and ranks second among the irrigated crops. Major percentage of

irrigated land under sugarcane lies in the central belt extended from Malshiras

to the west and Akkalkot to the east where Malshiras (50.09 per cent) and

Pandharpur (30.04 per cent) tehsils ranking in respect of proportion of irrigated

area followed by Akkalkot (28.42 per cent), North Solapur (27.47per cent),

Mohol (26.72 per cent) and Karmala (19.80 per cent) tehsils (Table-3.10).

3.8.3 Wheat

Although wheat occupies only about 4.33 percent cropped area it shares

12.32 per cent of the total irrigated area. Highest irrigated area under this crop

lies into Malshiras (24.28 per cent) followed by Pandharpur (19.53 per cent),

Karmala (14.66 per cent) and South Solapur (11.14 per cent). Rest of the tehsils

of the region is using less than 10 per cent of total irrigated land for this crop.

3.8.4 Oil Seeds

Oil seeds share 10.52 per cent out of total irrigated area in the region

where as Groundnut (5.75 per cent) and Sunflower (4.74 per cent) as major

accompanied.

Large area in this regard lies in south Solapur (Over 18 percent)

followed by (19.27 percent) and Akkalkot (18.60 per cent) Moderate

proportion is found in Madha (15.52 per cent), Barshi (15.43 per cent),

Mangalwedha (14.25 per cent), North Solapur (16.61 per cent) where as less

than 12 percent area is observed in central part of the region. Negligible area is

observed in the tehsils situated at Mohol (11.34 per cent), Karmala (10.39 per

cent), Pandharpur (2.68 per cent), Malshiras (5.48 per cent), Sangola (4.38 per

cent), and Recent of this cropped area.

88

3.8.5 Cash Crops

Fruit share 17042 hectares (4.94 percent) out of total irrigated area in

this region and vegetables occupies about 0.10 per cent cropped area and it

shares about 13456 hectares 4.54 per cent of the total irrigated area. 30 percent

of area of fruit crop contributed by central and south western part of the region.

Where as moderate proportion of irrigated area under these crops 20-30 percent

is observed in north eastern and eastern tehsils. Low proportion of irrigated

area under fruit crop is noted in Pandharpur tehsil where as north western

tehsils viz malshiras and Karmala show very low proportion of irrigated area

under these crops (Table-3.10).

3.8.6 Bajara

2.43 Percent of total irrigated area is shared by this crop along with 2.15

percent decrease in irrigated area during the period under investigation. The

Major volume changes in this regard have occurred in Sangola (0.17 per cent)

crop area increased Karmala (4.52 per cent),Pandharpur (3.45 per cent),Sangola

(0.17 per cent).Irrigated crop area decreased Malshiras (1.17per cent) It is

largely due to introduction of H.Y.V. seeds and inclination of farmers to

cultivate. Superior variety providing irrigation.

. The area under Bajara cultivation has decreased from 4.33 to 2.43

percent during period under investigation. It is due to the tendency of farmer to

switch over to commercial crop like Sugarcane from traditional cereal crops

like Bajara and as soon as the land is irrigated Ujjani Irrigation Project from

canal lift irrigation facilities developed.

3.9 Over All Changes in Agricultural Land Use

A change in the agricultural land use implies a change in the proportion

of area under different crops at two different times (Pawar, 1989). As such the

amount of area involved in change for each areal unit (tehsil/taluka) is

calculated for individual crop and the crops of leading increase and decrease

are marked. In order to measure the quantitative change (weaver’s Index 1954)

89

is employed Index of change in agricultural land use “A/B” where “A” is

difference of percentage of crops of increase and “B” the difference of

percentage of crops of decrease for the period under review. This is the

percentage of land which actually involved in the transfer of area from one

crop to other. The higher the index the more radical are the changes in the land

use pattern and lower the index the more the stability.

The analysis reveals that there has been a notable shift from inferior to

super crops or from less remuneration to more remunerative crops. The most

important crops of leading increase (Table 3.11) are Sugarcane and Jowar. Is

the most significant leading increasing crop observed in eight tehsils out of

eleven. The modern farmers want a cash income in their hands to buy

improved implements and articles of conveniences. The basic consideration

before a farmer when he decides to grow a crop out of a group of crops

requiring the same geographical and economic condition is the economic gain

(Singh 1974). Jowar is recently introduced and it is also playing an important

role in the economy and food grain of this region. It is short duration crops of

4 - 5 months requiring less water as well as less chemical fertilizer and more

over it helps in maintaining the soil fertility. Therefore area under Jowar has

increased significantly.

The crops of leading increase noted are Sugarcane and Jowar, while

crops of leading decrease are Pulses and Oil Seeds. In North Solapur,

Mohal,Pandharpur,tehsils are the shift from Pulses to sugarcane, In

Mangalwedha, Karmalal, the Shift from Pulsas to Jowar,In the tehsils of

Sangola,Akkalkot the Shift From Crop Jowar to Sugarcane and in South

Solapur to Shift from Jowar to Oil Seeds,and Malshiras are the shift from

Pulsas to Bajara, Madha Shift to Oil Seeds to Pulsas and Barshi Pulsas to Oil

Seeds .These shift to exhibit the beginning of change in tendency of farmers

towards reallocation of resources for a better utilization of the soil. The

additions and adjustment are gradual in relation to the changed conditions and

are in the right directions.

90

Table.3.11

Agricultural Land use Cropping Leading Increase and Leading Decrease

1980-81 To 2007-08

Sr.

No Tehsils

Crop Leading

Increase 1980-81 To

2007-08

Crop Leading Decrease

1980-81 To 2007-08

1 Karmala Jowar Pulses

2 Madha Jowar Oil Seeds

3 Barshi Oil Seeds Pulses

4 North Solapur Sugarcane Pulses

5 Mohal Sugarcane Pulses

6 Pandharpur Sugarcane Pulses

7 Malshiras Bajara Pulses

8 Sangola Sugarcane Jowar

9 Mangalwedha Jowar Pulses

10 South Solapur Oil Seeds Jowar

11 Akkalkot Sugarcane Jowar

Source- Compiled by Researcher

The overall volume of change in agricultural land use pattern is shown

in Fig. 3.16 high volume of change (above 4 per cent) has taken place in one

tehsil viz. Sangola, The moderate volume of change (4-0 per cent) Mohal.

Here the intensity of irrigation is (21.62per cent). In Mohal tehsil the

infrastructural facilities are rapidly increases. Consequently diffusion of

modern techniques, methods and new types of farming is more in these tehsils.

Further due to increasing area under Jowar and Sugarcane increasing demand

of cash crop like Sugarcane, area under Pulses has decreased tremendously

(Table 3.11). Therefore the crops of leading increase noted are Sugarcane and

Jowar, while crops of leading decrease are pulses. The volume of change

decreased (below0-4per cent) is observed tehsils of Mangalwedha, Karmala,

Madha, Barshi, Pandharpur, South Solapur, North Solapur, Malshiras,

Akkalkot intensity of irrigation is high..

91

In brief the change in cropping pattern has been motivated by extension

of irrigation and improvement in dry farming techniques, the tendency of

farmers to earn cash crop and changes in agro technology. Through the shifts

in the cropping pattern are in the right direction the farmers still requires proper

guidance from the experts for propagating and expediting change on planned

lines.

3.10 Intensity of Cropping and Changes

The Intensity of cropping denotes the extent to which net sown area is

cropped or resown. The total area as a percentage of the net area sown gives a

measure of land use efficiency, which really means the intensity of cropping

(Sing, 1979). The intensity of land utilization is reflected in number of crops

raised during the year. Among the various determinates of agriculture, it is

assumed that irrigation positively affects the intensity of cropping. The

ensuring section, therefore attempts to investigate the Spatio-temporal variation

in the pattern of cropping intensity in the context to spatio-temporal variation in

the intensity of irrigation.

For the computations of intensity of cropping the number of crops raised

during an agricultural year is considered. As such if one crop is grown an a

field either as Kharif or Rabbi in year the index of cropping is 100 per cent if

two crops a year are produced the intensity index will be 200 per cent and so on

(Sing 1974). However, this method of calculating the index of cropping

intensity. Table 3.12 Seems to be unsuitable for the region under investigation

as it does not take into consideration on in the length of growing periods of

various crops. The irrigated landscape of this region is dominated by long

duration crops like sugarcane (12 to 16 months) and intensity calculated by

above method presents a distorted picture. It was therefore, felt necessary to

modify the above method by giving the double weightage to long duration

crops like sugarcane (Pawar 1989).

92

Table.3.12

Irrigated Cropping Leading Increase and Leading Decrease

1980-81 to 2007-08

Sr.No Tehsils Crop Leading Increase

1980-81 To 2007-08

Crop Leading Decrease

1980-81 To 2007-08

1 Karmala Sugarcane Jowar

2 Madha Oil Seeds Jowar

3 Barshi Jowar Wheat

4 North Solapur Oil Seeds Bajara

5 Mohal Sugarcane Jowar

6 Pandharpur Sugarcane Jowar

7 Malshiras Sugarcane Wheat

8 Sangola Sugarcane Jowar

9 Mangalwedha Oil Seeds Wheat

10 South Solapur Oil Seeds Wheat

11 Akkalkot Oil Seeds Wheat

Source- Compiled by Researcher

3.10.1 Spatial Pattern and Changes

Fig. 3.17 exhibits the spatial distribution of intensity of cropping in the

region. The region of relatively high intensity (Above 110, percentage) is

confined to the tehsil of North Solapur lower reaches of the Bhima, and Sina,

rivers. This can be well attributed to the better irrigation facilities available

presence of deep black alluvial soils and adoption of modern seed fertilizers

and technology. The moderate intensity (103 to 110 percentage) is noted in

Barshi, Madha, Mangalwedha .where as low intensity of cropping (below, 103

percentage) is observed in the tehsils of Karmala, Pandharpur, Mohol,

Malshiras, Sangola, South Solapur, and Akkalkot The undulating topography

shallow soils and inadequate supply of irrigation water seems to be responsible

for low intensity most of the fields in these parts are left fallow after Kharif

season.

93

The intensity of cropping has increased from above 2 percent in study

period (1980-81 to 2007-08) Fig. 3.17 reveals the changes in the intensity of

cropping in the region. The very high and positive change (2.39 percentages)

of cropping intensity is observed mainly in flood plains of Sina and Bhima

rivers in Madha tehsil. These changes are well associated with the intensity of

irrigation; followed by adopting of new farming techniques. Reveals remaining

tehsils were negative change in the region.

The spatial variation of cropping intensity is closely related to intensity

of irrigation reliability of rainfall, availability of modern inputs and soil

condition in the study region.

3.10.2 Distributional Pattern of Crops on Quadrant Basis

In the fig No 3.18, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, oil seeds, Bajara crops

indicating. Wheat is representing Madha, Barshi, Pulses is significant Karmala,

North Solapur, Sangola, Sugarcane is significant South Solapur, Akkalkot,

oilseeds is Pandharpur, Malshiras and except Mangalwedha tehsils is Bajara

Leads Table.3.13.

Table. 3.13

Distributional Pattern of Crops on Quadrant Basis

Crop Quadrant in

Percent I II III IV

Jowar 75/63 1 - 1 9

Pulses 75/8 - - 3 8

Oil Seeds 75/8 - - 3 8

Sugarcane 75/7 - - 4 7

Bajara 75/5 - - 3 8

Wheat 75/4 - - 5 6

Source - Compiled by Researcher.

In the region one tehsil have > 75 percent net sown area and > 63

percent hectarage under Jowar. Second quadrant has none. One tehsil has < 75

94

percent Net sown area and > 63 percent hectare under jowar remaining nine

tehsils have < 75 percent and < 63 percent hectarage under Jowar.

The distributional pattern pulses second important food grains I and II

quadrant has none. Quadrant III with 4 tehsils <75 percent sown area and >8

percent hectarage under pulses. Remaining tehsils have < 75 percent and < 8

percent hectarage under Pulses.

Oil seeds have I and II quadrant has none. In III quadrant 5 tehsils have

< 75 percent and > 8 percent hectarage under oil seeds. There are six tehsils in

quadrant IV with < 75 percent of net sown area and < 8 percent hectarage

under oil seeds.

The distributional pattern of Sugarcane important cash crop. I and II

quadrant has none. Quadrant III with 3 tehsils <75 percent net sown area and

>7 percent hectorage. While IV quadrant has eight tehsils < 75 percent sown

area and < 7 percent hectarage. While IV has Eight tehsils < 75 percent sown

area and <7 percent hectarage under sugarcane crop.

The distributional pattern of Bajara a important cereals. Quadrant I and

II has nil. Quadrant III has 3 tehsils has < 75 percent net sown area and > 5

percent hectarage under Bajara. Quadrant IV with < 75 percent N.S.A. <5

percent hectarage under Bajara these are eight tehsils.

Wheat I and II quadrant has nil. Quadrant III has 3 tehsils have <75

percent N.S.A. > 4 percent hecterage under wheat. While IV quadrant has 8

(Eight) tehsils have < 75 percent N.S.A. and < 4 percent under wheat crop.

Above analysis shows that the tehsils having higher percentage under

N.S.A. are characterized by higher percentage of hectareages under Jowar.

Sugarcane. Other cereal pulses oil seeds are relatively less significant in the

cropping pattern.

3.11 Co-relation Analysis

The change in cropping pattern took place with the development of

irrigation reflecting close relationship between these two. The same is

investigated by applying correlation techniques to the major crops such as

95

sugarcane, wheat, jowar, bajara, oil seeds and pluses Fig. 3.19 shows the

significant positive ( r = 0.91) relationship between hectarage of sugarcane and

irrigated area in the study region. It is so because sugarcane requires large

quantity of water throughout the year. In study region canal lift well irrigation

facilities are developed. It provides water regularly to this crop. Therefore the

area of increased irrigated area and wheat is also increased irrigated area wheat

is also available time to time Irrigation with help of source. Irrigation does not

apper to influence on the area under Jowar Oil Seeds and Pulses crops are

registered in the study region. It is worthy to note that with the introduction of

irrigation facilities the area under food crops have been diverted towards

sugarcane and vegetable fruits crops.

The above analysis reveals that irrigation plays important role in the

changing the cropping pattern but along with the irrigation. The farmers prefer

to cultivate the crops which give good return with the increased irrigation

facilities. Inferior food crops have been changed high yielding varieties of

seeds machinery and fertilizers have also played important role in changing the

crop hectarage.

Summary

The Bhima (Ujjani) major Irrigation Project is a boon for the agricultural

development of Solapur district. The Bhima (Ujjani) dam has been constricted

on the river Bhima at the Ujjani village and its competition in the year 1986.

The Bhima dam has the total irrigation potentially of 129440 hectares. I.C.A.

flow Irrigation and 8500 hectares ICA lift irrigation the nine tehsils such as

Madha, Malshiras, Karmala, Mohol, Pandharpur, Mangalwedha, Akkalkot,

North Solapur and South Solapur are the benefited area by the left and right

canals of the Bhima (Ujjanit) Irrigation Project. The length of this dam is 2467

km and its height is 42855 meter. The net water of the Ujjani dam canal has

spread over 348 km. the total watershed area of the dam is 14850 sqm which

has capacity of the dam is 14850 sq.km which has capacity of 3114 million

TMC. The total cost of construction of the dam is 340 cores including the

96

development cost of the benefiting area. Total 316 villages here benefited in

the region.

The land use pattern of the region is the reflection of the effect of

physical socio-economic factor. The arable land (net sown area + fallow land)

occupies above 87.47 per cent of geographical area indicating that there is

hardly any scope for increasing the land for agriculture to any appreciable

extent. Therefore intensity of agriculture has to be stepped up by adopting

technological changes.

The land use pattern of the region is the reflection of the effects of

varied physical and Socio-economic factor. The oracle land occupies about 85

percent of Geographical area indicating that there is hardly any scope for

increasing land resources to any appreciable extent. Therefore intensity of

agriculture has to be stepped up by adopting technological changes.

Greater change is general land use pattern is observed in Sangola

(15.25per cent), North Solapur (15.05 percent) that getting benefits from Ujjani

Irrigation Project (Dam) where as minor change is observed in Barshi (4.02

percent)

Cropping pattern of the study area is typical of an under developed

agricultural economy Jowar is dominate crop occupying major Proportion

(over 60 percent) of the cultivable land.

Region as a whole has experienced 14.08 percent change in cropping

pattern during the period under investigation maximum change (over 25

percent) is found in South Western part of the district with Moderate change at

northern and eastern border. Temporal dynamics in cropping pattern reveals

that Bajara, pulses, sunflower and Jowar are crops leading decreases. Where as

leading increase is found in fruits, sugarcane, vegetables and other oil seeds

(except sunflower). The switch over from traditional of commercial cropping

is mainly confined to the area where irrigation facilities are made available and

were pomegranate, bhir, grapes, Banana clustered apple are adopted.

97

Largest change in agricultural land use by Sangola (28.25 per cent)

Pandharpur (25.9per cent), Mangalwedha (26.67per cent) is observed in the

Pandharpur, Sangola and Mangawedha respectively. Decreasing trend of

Jowar, Bajara, Oilseeds, Pulsses cropping is noted in 70 percent area of the

study region is Jowar cropping. In includes Pandharpur, Akkalkot, Karmala,

Barshi, Madha, Mohol, Mangalwedha tehsils.

Area under traditional pulses has been decreasing almost all over the

region. Notable decrease in area under bajara crop is found in Mangalwedha

(9.66 per cent) tehsil as against significant increase in area under Jowar crop.

This increase is 85524 hect. (83.12per cent) as compare to the base year of

1980-81. Development of Irrigation facilities and introduction of High

Yielding Varieties of seeds of cereal crops and introduction of new fruit and

vegetable crop largely influence change in agricultural land use in the study

region.

The change is irrigated cropping pattern is very high, which is

associated with Madha, Akkalkot, South Solapur, Mohol experience very low

change as it is having better irrigation facilities since long past.

Among the irrigated crops jowar along share about (26.72 percent)

gross irrigated land followed by sugarcane (25.12 percent) Groundnut,

sunflower etc. (10.52 percent) fruits and vegetable. (9.48 percent,) wheat

(12.32 percent). Crop is largely influenced by the degree of development and

nature of water resources.

There is notable shift from inferior to super crops or from less

remuneration to more remunerative crops. The most important crops of leading

increase (Table 3.11) are Sugarcane and Jowar. Is the most significant leading

increasing crop observed in eight tehsils out of eleven The crops suffering the

largest relative percentage and having the cropping has been motivated by

extension of irrigation improvement in dry farming technology, canal and lift

irrigation facilities were developed and of the farmers tendency is raise cash

crops and changes in agro technology. The intensity of cropping has decreased

98

from 7.71 percent. It has increased significantly the flood plains of Bhima and

its tributaries where intensity of irrigation of also high. Due to the Ujjani

Irrigation Project of the study area.

Cropping pattern of this area is typical of an under developed

agricultural economy. Jowar is the first ranking crop in all tehsils.The food

grains are dominant occupying larger portion of the cultivated land. Through

agricultural practices are carried both in Kharif and Rabbi Season, there is a

little difference between G.C.A. and N.S.A.

Change in cropping pattern may be brought out by providing irrigation

facilities in the region, for this development of minor irrigation. Schemes are

necessary. This may help to bring additional land under cropping.

99

References:

A Note on Scope and Status of the Bhima (Ujjani) Irrigation Project (2005)

Irrigation Department, Pune p – 01.

Ali, Mohammad (1978): Studies in Agricultural Geography. Rajesh

Publication, New Delhi, p -30, pp- 82-88

Birajdar C.A. (2005): Smarnika Ujjani Roupya Mehostav Solapur, P-122-123

Chavan, T.S. (1987): Agricultural Geography, Academic Publishers, Jaypur, p

– 180

Gurjar, R.K. (1987): Irrigation for Agricultural Modernization, Scientific

Publishers, Jodhapur Pp. 14.

Kale C.N. (2009): Causes of Flood Situation in Upper Krishna Basin in

Maharashtra, Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, Jaipur

Vol. 8 No. 2 Pp 287-295.

Kanwar (1972): Cropping Pattern Scope and Concept, Proceedings of

Symposium on Cropping Pattern in India, Indian Council of Agricultural

Research. Pp 11-34

Memoria, C. B. (1979): Agricultural Problems of India, Kitab Mahal,

Allahabad – Delhi p-108

Ibid---------p-116

Pawar, C.T. (1989) : Impact of Irrigation: A Regional Perspective, Himalaya

Publishing House, Bombay Pp- 54, 68, 70,

Ibid ---------p-52-71

Ibid ---------p-58

Phule, B.R. (2002): Pomegranate Cultivation in Solapur District – A Geo-

Economical Analysis, unpublished Ph.D. Thesis Shivaji University,

Kolhapur.

Shinde, S. B. (1988): Changing Land Use Pattern in Amanapur Village (Sangli

District), Readings in Irrigated Farming, Vishwanil Publishing, Pune p

204.

Shinde P.B.(2007): Economics of Rehabilitation A Study of Bhima (Ujjani)

Irrigation Project, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis Shivaji University,

Kolhapur.

100

Singh, G.B. (1979): Transformation Agriculture, Vishal Publications,

Kuruskhetra, India, p – 105

Singh Jasbir (1974): An Agricultural Atlas of India A Geographical Analysis,

Vishal Publications, University Campus, Kurukhetra, p – 105, 139, 245

Ibid -------p105, 139,245

Weaver, J.C. (1954): Crop Combination Regions in Middle West,

Geographical Review, Vol. XLIV. Pp – 175-200

101

Appendix – 3.1

Benefited Village of Ujjani Irrigation Project of Solapur District

I ) MADHA TEHSIL (Canal Irrigation) Village Code Village Name Village Code Village Name

55 Akole Bk. 63 Mitkalwadi

56 Alegaon BK 64 Parite

57 Alegaon Kh 65 Rui

58 Bembale 66 Shevane

59 Chandas 67 Takali Temburni

50 Gar Akole 68 Venegaon

61 Ghoti 69 Wadoli

62 Mategaon

II) MALSHIRAS TEHSIL

70 Bablgaon 78 Malkhambi

71 Bondale 79 Mire

72 Borgaon 80 Neware

73 Dasur 81 Sangam

74 Jambul 82 Tondale

75 Khalawe 83 Umbare (Velapur)

76 Lawang 84 Wafegaon

77 Mahalung 85 Wagholi

III) PANDHARPUR TEHSIL

86 Adhiv 102 Degaon

87 Agansand 103 Devade

88 Ambe 104 Dhondewadi

89 Ambe Chincholi 105 Eklaspur

90 Anawali 106 Fulchincholi

91 Avhe 107 Gadegaon

92 Babulgaon 108 Gopalpur

93 Badaikot 109 Gurasale

94 Balwani 110 Hole

95 Bnandi-Shegaon 111 Isbavi

96 Bhatambare 112 Iswar

97 Bhose 113 Ite

98 Chale 114 Isbavi

99 Chilaiwadi 115 Kanhapuri

100 Chincholi Bhose 116 Karkamb

101 Chinchumbe 117 Karole

117 Karole 140 Sangavi

118 Kauthali 141 Sarkoli

102

Village Code Village Name Village Code Village Name

119 Kaskarwadi 142 Shegaon-Dhumala

120 Kharsoli 143 Shelve

121 Khed Bhalawani 144 Shevale

122 Khed Bhose 145 Shirgaon

123 Kandarki 146 Siddhewadi

124 Korty 147 Suni

125 Memdhapur 148 Suste

126 Mundhewadi 149 Takali

127 Nali 150 Tanali

128 Nandare 151 Tarapur

129 Narayan Chincholi 152 Taratgaon (Bhose)

130 Nematwadi 153 Taratgaon (Kasegaon)

131 Nepatgaon 154 Tavashi

132 Ozewadi 155 Turgat

133 Pulshi 156 Umbare

134 Patvardhan Kuroli 157 Upari

135 Pehe 158 Wadi-Kuroli

136 Pirashi Kuroli 159 Wakhari

137 Pohargaon 160 Pandharpur

138 Rantani 315 Pulus

139 Ropale 316 Shankargaon

IV) MANGALWEDHA – TEHSIL

161 Akole 176 Huljanti

162 Arali 177 Kagasht

163 Buthan 178 Kargal

164 Bhalewadi 179 Katras

165 Borate 180 Khomhal

166 Bramhapuri 181 Machanur

167 Degaon 182 Mahamadabad (ghetpat)

168 Dharamgaon 183 Malkwadi

169 Dhavalas 184 Mangalvedhe

170 Diksal 185 Marapus

171 Donas 186 Maravade

172 Dongaregaon 187 Mudhavi

173 Fatewadi 188 Mudhnewadi

174 Gharniki 191 Siddapur

175 Gungegaon 192 Talsangi

189 Nandur 193 Tamdardi

190 Rahatewadi 194 Tandor

195 Uchethan

103

Village Code Village Name Village

Code

Village Name

V) MOHAL-TEHSIL

196 Ankoli 224 Nandgaon

197 Arbali 225 Papori

198 Ardhanari 226 Parmeshwar Pimpari

199 Arjunsond 227 Patkul

200 Ashti 228 Peertakaji

201 Aundhi 229 Penur

202 Bhambe Wadi 230 Pokharapur

203 Chinkcholikati 231 Pophali

204 Dadapur 232 Ramhingani

205 Dhokbabulgaon 233 Saundane

206 Ghatne 234 Sawaleshwar

207 Ghodeshwar 235 Shesbabulgaon

208 Gotewadi 236 Shingoli

209 Hingani (Nipani) 237 Shirapur (Mohol)

210 Ichgaon 238 Sohale

211 Jamgaon BK 239 Tambole

212 Jamgaon Kh 240 Taralgaon

213 Kamti BK 241 Waddegaon

214 Kamti Kh 242 Wadwal

215 Kharkathe 243 Wagholi

216 Korwali 244 Warkute

217 Kothale 245 Watwate

218 Kurul 246 Wirwade (BK)

219 Lambati 247 Wirwade (Kh)

220 Miri 248 Yawali

221 Mohol 249 Yanaki

222 Mundhewadi 250 Yeoti

223 Najikpimpari

VI) NORTH SOLAPUR - TEHSIL

251 Akatekati 257 Dongaon

252 Bale 258 Gulwanchi

253 Belati 259 Hipparge

254 Bhogaon 260 Hiras

255 Darfal (Bibi) 261 Kawathe

256 Degaon 262 Kegaon

263 Khed 269 Shelgi

264 Kondi 270 Shivani

265 Nandur 271 Solapur (Rural)

266 Pakani 272 Telgaon

104

Village Code Village Name Village Code Village Name

267 Pathari 273 Tirhe

268 Samshapur

VII) SOUTH SOLAPUR TEHSIL

274 Akate Mandrup 285 Kasur

275 Antrali 286 Mandrup

276 Aurad 287 Mangoli

277 Basavnagar 288 Nimwargi

278 Bhandar Kavathe 289 Sadepur

279 Birnal 290 Telgaon Mandrup

280 Gavadewadi 291 Vadakbal

281 Gungegaon 292 Vadapur

282 Hmmurgi 293 Virehur

283 Kahdalgaon 294 Wangi

284 Khanapur 295 Yelegaon

VIII) AKKALKOT TEHSIL

296 Alage 305 Guddewadi

297 Andewadi – BK 306 Hini

298 Hindral 307 Kathipparage

299 Andewadi Kh 308 Khanapur

300 Ankalage 309 Kudal

301 Chincholi (Nasik) 310 Kumthe

302 Jevikavathe 311 Mahalsalage

303 Dharsang 312 Shawal

304 Ghungaregaon 313 Shegaon

Source – Birajdar C.A. (2005): Smarnika Ujani Roupya Mehostav Solapur, P-122-123

105

Appendix – 3.2

Benefited Village of Ujjani Irrigation Project on Backwater

of Solapur District

Village Code Village Name Village Code Village Name

I) KARAMALA TEHSIL

1 Bhilarwadi 23 Pangare

2 Bitargaon (Wangi) 24 Parewadi

3 Chikhaltan 25 Pomalwadi

4 Dohigaon 26 Pophaloj

5 Dhokari 27 Rajuri

6 Goyegaon 28 Ramwadi

7 Galmarwadi 29 Ritewadi

8 Hingani 30 Sangvi

9 Hiwar wadi 31 Satoli

10 Jeurwadi 32 Shelgaon (Wangi)

11 Jinti 33 Shetphal

12 Kandar 34 Sogaon

13 Katraj 35 Takali (Rashin)

14 Kavitgaon 36 Umrad

15 Kawalwadi 37 Undargaon

16 Kedgaon 38 Vadshivane

17 Ketur 39 Vihal

18 Kondar Chincholi 40 Wangi

19 Kugaon 41 Warkatne

20 Lavhe 42 Washibe

21 Malwadi 43 Zare

22 Manjargaon 314 Bhalavni

II ) MADHA TEHSIL

44 Adhegaon 50 Ranzani

45 Akole Kh 51 Shiral Temburni

46 Dahiwali 52 Surli

47 Footgawalgaon 53 Temburni

48 Kanhergaon 54 Ujani (Temburni)

49 Nagorli

Source – Birajdar C.A. (2005): Smarnika Ujani Roupya Mehostav Solapur, P-122-123

106