UID May June 2009 Solved Answer

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SOLVED ANNA UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS

B.E/ B.TECH Degree EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2009

CS1015USER INTERFACE DESIGN

PARTA (10 X 2 = 20 Marks)

1. State the impact of human characteristics on user interface design?

Perception, memory, visual acuity, foveal and peripheral vision,

sensory storage, information processing, learning, skill, individual differences

skill theuser interface design.

2. How can you evaluate the popularity of the web user interface?

We can evaluate the popularity of web usage depend on the following.

The number of Internet hosts has risen dramatically

In 1984 hosts online exceeded 1,000;

In 1987, 10,000;

In 1989, 100,000;

In 1990, 300,000;

In 1992 hosts exceeded one million.

In 1996, 10 million host

In 2009, Billion host

3. State the few application where interaction speed has an effect on the

user interface design?

Reading, Listening, Speaking, Keying & hand printing these

application effect on the user interface design.

4. What are the needs for requirement analysis?

Needs for requirement analysis

A product description is developed and refined based on input

from user or marketing.

Capturing information through direct and indirect methods.

User should be familiar with any current system.

Conceptual model of the system will be formulated.

Creation of design standards.

Establishment of usability goals.


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5. What are the Components of a window?

Components of a Window

A Typical window composed of elements such as

Title Bar

Frame Title bar Icon

Window Sizing Buttons

Whats This? Button

Menu Bar

Status Bar

Scroll Bars

Split Box

Toolbar

Command Area

Size Grip Work Area

6. What is selection control?Selection control

A selection control presents on the screen all the possiblealternatives, conditions or choices that may exist for an

entity, property or value.

The relevant item or items are selected are displayed.

It present all the alternaltives together visibly on a screen.

selection control include radio button, check boxes, listboxes, drop down / popup list boxes & palettes.

7. What is the need for feed back in websites?

Quick web response time- web pages were presented at preestablished delays reduced.

For web page requires more than 5 seconds, give the usersomething to do while waiting.

Avoid frustrations to users.

Quickly provide at the down loading padge top some text

or link.

8. State how guidance improves the user interface? Following guidanceimprove the user interface.

Online documentation provided on line to help people to dotheir work effectively.

Computer based training, instructional of promptingmessages and system messages serves as a developmenttool.


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Help system assist the people is all activities.

9. Define visualization?

Visualization is a cognitive process that allows people to

understand information that is difficult to perceive, because it

is either too voluminous or too abstract. Convey most relevant

information.

Maintaining top to bottom and left to right flow through the

screen for visualization.

10.List the information search techniques. Various information searchtechniques.

Specific fact finding(known item search)

Extended fact finding.

Phrase search in textual documents.

Multimedia document search include photo search, map search,design search, sound search, video search and animation search.

PARTB (5 X 16 = 80 Marks)

11.a. Explain the characteristics and principles of user interfacedesign.. (16 Marks)

Key points.

Explain the characteristics of the graphical user interface... (8 Marks)

Refer A.U. NOV/DEC 2008 question no 11.a

Explain the principles of web user interface design.. (8 marks)

Refer A.U. NOV/DEC 2007 question no 11.b

(Or)

11. b. what are the steps to be followed for creating an effective web user

interface?

Web interface design is essentially the design of navigation and thepresentation of information.

Proper interface design is largely a matter of property balancingthe structure and relationship or menus, content and other linked

documents.

Steps for creating an effective web user interfaceKey points.

Presentation of elements.

Navigation Content Interaction

Response time Visual style


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Task efficiency

Consistency

Integration Reliability

Refer A.U. NOV/DEC 2008 question no 11.b

12.astate the obstacles faced in user interface design? How is it improved bythe designers. (16Marks)

Obstacles.

No body ever gets it right the first time.

Development is chock-full of surprises

Good design requires living in a sea of changes

Making contract, to ignore change will never eliminate the need for change

Designers need good tools.

Common Pitfalls

No early analysis and understanding of the user's needs and expectations

A focus on using design features

Little or no creation of design element prototypes

No usability testing

No common design team vision of user interface design goals.

Poor communication between members of the development team

Pitfalls can be eliminated by following design commandments.

Explain the following design commandments

Gain a complete understanding of users and their tasks.

Solicit early and ongoing user involvement .

Perform vapid proto typing and testing

Modify and iterate design as much as necessary

Integrate the design of all system components.

. Designing for people: The five commandments.

The complexity of a graphical or web interface will always make any

problems, while obstacles to design will always exist, pitfalls can be eliminated if the

following design commandments in the designer's mind.


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1. Gain a complete understanding of users and their tasks.

Customers expect a level of design sophistication from all interfaces

including websites.

The product, system or website must satisfy user's needs. / A

wide gap exists between users and developers.

2. Solicit early and ongoing user involvement.

Involving the users in design from the beginning provides knowledge about

their jobs, tasks and needs.

Involvement in design removes the unknown and gives the user a strong in the

system.

User involvement should be based on job or task knowledge not status or

position.

3. Perform rapid prototyping and testing.

Prototyping and testing the product will quickly identify problems and

allowyou to develop solutions. Prototyping and testing must be continually performed during all stages

of development to uncover all potential defects.

4. Modify and iterate the design as much as necessary.

Establish user performance and acceptance criteria and continue testing and

modifying until all design goals are met.

5. Integrate the design of all the system components.

The software, documentation, help function and training needs are

component of a graphical system or website and all should be developed

concurrently.

Concurrent development of all pieces will point out problems earlier in the

design process allowing them to be more effectively addressed.

(Or)

12. b. discuss in detail menus and their usage on screen design (16 Marks)

Menus are a major from navigation through a system. Properlydesigned menu assist the user in developing a mental model of the system.

Explain in structures of menus

Refer A.U. NOV/DEC 2007 question no 12.b. (ii)

Explain in functions of menus

Refer A.U. NOV/DEC 2007 question no 12.b. (ii)Explain content of menus

Content of Menus

A menu consists of four elements:1. Its context,

2. Its title,

3. Its choice descriptions, and4. Its completion instructions.


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These concepts are introduced here and will be expanded in detailed guidelines to follow

on succeeding pages.

1. Menu ContextA menus context provides information to keep the user oriented. This kind of

information is critical in complex or hierarchical menu systems, where loss of position ordisorientation can easily occur.Human memory being what it is, where one is and how one got there all too easily

slip from consciousness. Verbal linkage, spatial linkage, or both may be used to provide

navigation feedback.Verbal li nkageinvolves providing, on the current menu screen, a listing of

choices made on previous menus that have led to this position. It also involves assuring

the user that the displayed menu is the menu desired. Its title should mirror the option

selected on the previous menu, and its content should reflect its title.Spatial li nkagecan be accomplished by graphic methods. Each succeeding menu

screen can be displayed overlapping the previous menu screen so a succession of choices

can be seen in a single view. A sense of progress and distance can then be easilyascertained.

2. Menu Title

A menus title provides the context for the current set of choices. The title mustreflect the choice selected on the previously displayed menu.

3. Choice DescriptionsChoice descriptions are the alternatives available to the user. These descriptions

can range from a mnemonic, numeric, or alphabetized listing of choices, to single words

or phrases, to full sentences, or more.

The style chosen will reflect the experience of the user (novice or expert), thenature of the choices (well-learned alternatives or not), the nature of the selection

mechanism (keyboard or mouse), and the nature of the system (business system

application or Web page).

4. Completion Instructions

Completion instructions tell users how to indicate their choices. They may includethe rationale for why the user is being asked to make this choice and the impact the

choice will have on subsequent processes. Explicit instructions may be needed for first

time or casual users of a system. Experienced users will find overly verbose instructions

unnecessary.

Explain general menu design guidelines Briefly with one (or) 2 lines.

Formatting of Menus

Phrasing of menu

Selecting choices

Navigation menus

Formatting of Menus


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Never require menus to be scrolled.

Complexity Provide both simple and complex menus.

Simple: a minimal set of actions and menus.

Complex: a complete set of actions and menus.

Item Arrangement Align alternatives or choices into single columns whenever possible.

Orient for top-to-bottom reading.Left-justify descriptions.

If a horizontal orientation of descriptions must be maintained

Organize for left-to-right reading.

Ordering Order lists of choices by their natural order, or

For lists associated with numbers, use numeric order.

For textual lists with a small number of options (seven or less),order by

Sequence of occurrence.

Frequency of occurrence.

Importance. Semantic similarity.

Use alphabetic order for

Long lists (eight or more options).Short lists with no obvious pattern or frequency.

Separate potentially destructive actions from frequently chosen items.

Maintain a consistent ordering of options on all related menus.

For variable-length menus, maintain consistent relative positions. For fixed-length menus, maintain consistent absolute positions.

Groupings

Create groupings of items that are logical, distinctive, meaningful, andmutually exclusive.

Categorize them in such a way as to

Maximize the similarity of items within a category.Minimize the similarity of items across categories.

Present no more than six or seven groupings on a screen.

Order categorized groupings in a meaningful way.

If meaningful categories cannot be developed and more than eightoptions must be displayed on a screen, create arbitrary visual groupings

that

Consist of about four or five, but never more than seven, options.

Are of equal size. Separate groupings created through either

Wider spacing, or

A thin ruled line. Provide immediate access to critical or frequently chosen items.


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Line Separators Separate vertically arrayed groupings with subtle solid lines.

Separate vertically arrayed subgroupings with subtle dotted or dashedlines.

For subgroupings within a category,

Left-justify the lines under the first letter of the columnizedchoice descriptions.Right-justify the lines under the last character of the longest

choice description.

For independent groupings,Extend the line to the left and right menu borders.

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Selection Support Menus When a small, discrete set of functions is accessed 90 percent or more of

the time

Use Folded menus. When a small set of items is selected between 31 percent and 89 percent

of the time and the other items are selected with lower frequencies

Use Split menus. If there is no small, discrete set of items that is used 30 percent of the

time or more

Use traditional menus.

Do not reorder menus.

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Phrasing the MenuA menu must communicate to the user information about

The nature and purpose of the menu itself. The nature and purpose of each presented choice.

How the proper choice or choices may be selected.

Following are guidelines for creating menu titles, choice descriptions, Web

navigation links, and menu instructions.The standard graphical system conventions inscribed on menus, intent indicators,

keyboard equivalents, and keyboard accelerators are also described.1. Menu Titles Main menu:

Create a short, simple, clear, and distinctive title, describing the

purpose of the entire series of choices. Submenus:

Submenu titles must be worded exactly the same as the menu

choice previously selected to display them. General:

Locate the title at the top of the listing of choices.

Spell out the title fully using either an

Uppercase font. Mixed-case font in the sentence or headline style.

Superfluous titles may be omitted.

2. Menu Choice Descriptions Create meaningful choice descriptions that are familiar, fully spelled

out, concise, and distinctive. Descriptions may be single words, compound words, or multiple words

or phrases.

Exception: Menu bar items should be a single word (if

possible). Place the keyword first,usually a verb.

Use the sentence or headline style.

Use task-oriented not data-oriented wording.

Use parallel construction. A menu choice must never have the same wording as its menu title.

Identical choices on different menus should be worded identically.

Choices should not be numbered.


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Exception: If the listing is numeric in nature, graphic, or a list

of varying items, it may be numbered.

If menu options will be used in conjunction with a command language,the capitalization and syntax of the choices should be consistent with the

command language.

Word choices as commands to the computer.

3. Menu Instructions For novice or inexperienced users, provide menu completion

instructions.Place the instructions in a position just preceding the part, or

parts, of the menu to which they apply.

Present instructions in a mixed-case font in sentence style.

For expert users, make these instructions easy to ignore byPresenting them in a consistent location.

Displaying them in a unique type style and/or color.

4. Intent Indicators Cascade indicator:

To indicate that selection of an item will lead to a submenu,

place a triangle or right-pointing solid arrow following the choice.

A cascade indicator must designate every cascaded menu. To a window indicator:

For choices that result in displaying a window to collect more

information, place an ellipsis (. . .) immediately following thechoice.

Exceptionsdo not use when an action

Causes a warning window to be displayed.

May or may not lead to a window. Direct action items:

For choices that directly perform an action, no special indicator

should beplaced on the menu.

Figures Intent indicators.

Keyboard ShortcutsShortcuts include

keyboard equivalents and

To a window indicator

Cascade indicator

Direct action item


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keyboard accelerators.

CCELERATOR: DESIGNATES THIS ACTION:

Ctrl+C Copy.

Ctrl+N New.

Ctrl+0 Open.Ctrl+P Print.

Ctrl+S Save.Ctrl+V Paste.

Ctrl+X Cut.Ctrl+Z Undo.

F1 Display contextual help window.

Selecting Menu Choices

Menu items can be selected by pointing at the choice with a mechanical pointer,by pointing at the choice through the keyboard, or by keying a value designating

the choice.

1. Initial Cursor Positioning If one option has a significantly higher probability of selection, position

the cursor at that option. If repeating the previously selected option has the highest probability of

occurrence, position the cursor at this option.

If no option has a significantly higher probability of selection, position

the cursor at the first option.

2. Choice Selection

Pointers:

Select the choice by directly pointing at it with a mechanicaldevice such as a mouse or trackball pointer, or light pen, or pointing with

ones finger.

Visually indicate Which options can be selected.

Keyboard equivalent

Keyboard equivalent

Keyboard acceleratorVisually subdued

keyboard accelerator

Keyboard accelerators.

This Accelerators Designate This Action


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When the option is directly under the pointer and can be

selected.

Visually distinguish single- and multiple-choice menualternatives.

If pointing with a mechanical device is the selection method

used The selectable target area should be at least twice the sizeof the active area of the pointing device or displayed

pointer. In no case should it be less than 6 millimeters

square. Adequate separation must be provided between adjacent

target areas.

If finger pointing is the selection method used

The touch area must be a minimum of 20 to 30millimeters square.

The touch area must encompass the entire caption plus

one character around it. Keyboard:

If moving the cursor to a menu choice

The up and down arrow keys should move the cursor up

or down vertically oriented menu options. The left and right cursor keys should move the cursor left

or right between horizontally oriented menu options.

If keying a choice identifier value within an entry field Locate the entry field at the bottom of the last choice in

the array of choices.

Uppercase, lowercase, and mixed -case typed entries

should all be acceptable. Selection/execution:

Provide separate actions for selecting and executing menu

options.Indicate the selected choice through either

Highlighting it with a distinctive display technique.

Modifying the shape of the cursor.Permit unselecting choice before execution.

If a menu is multiple choice, permit all options to be

selected before execution.

Combining techniques:Permit alternative selection techniques, to provide flexibility.

3. Defaults

Provide a default whenever possible. Display as bold text.

4. Unavailable Choices Unavailable choices should be dimmed or grayed out.


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Do not add or remove items from a menu unless the user takes explicit

action to add or remove them through the application.

5. Mark Toggles or Settings Purpose:

Use to designate that an item or feature is active or inactiveover a relatively long period of time.Use to provide a reminder that an item or feature is active or

inactive.

Guidelines:Position the indicator directly to the left of the option.

For situations where several nonexclusive choices may be

selected, consider including one alternative that deselects all the

items and reverts the state to the normal condition.

6. Toggled Menu Items

Purpose:Use to designate two opposite commands that are accessed frequently.

Use when the menu item displayed will clearly indicate that theopposite condition currently exists.

Guidelines:

Provide a meaningful, fully spelled-out description of the action.

Begin with a verb that unambiguously represents the outcome of thecommand.

Use mixed-case letters, with the first letter of each word capitalized.

Web Site Navigation Menu Navigation refers to the method people use to find what they want in a Web site.

Mark toggles or settings.

Toggled menu item.


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Navigation, and an efficient navigational structure, is the most important element

in system usability.

A simple and clear navigational structure is the backbone upon which all systemfeatures are draped.

Links

To navigate to a destination, people use available spatial and environmentalinformation, a process called wayfinding .

Wayfinding involves four stages:

o Orientation,

o Route decision,

o Route monitoring, and

o Destination recognition.

Orientation. Ones current location relative to nearby objects and the destination

must be determined. This is called orientation.Dividing a space into small parts andproviding landmarks and meaningful signage (titles) aids orientation. The result is that

locations have identities that are easier to remember.

Route decision. A path must be chosen to get to the destination. Route decisionmaking is improved by minimizing the number of navigational choices, and by providing

signs or prompts at decision points. Site maps provide good mental representations of the

space to be navigated, and are very useful if the space is large, complex, or poorly

designed.

Route monitoring. The chosen route must be monitored to confirm that it is

leading to the proper destination. Connect locations with paths that have clear beginnings,

middles, and ends. person should be able to gauge his or her progress as the path isfollowed. Breadcrumbs, a visible history of the path followed, aids monitoring,

especially when a mistake has been made, and going back is necessary.

Destination recognition. The destination, when it is found, must be easily

recognized. To aid recognition, provide clear and consistent identities to destinations.

Fig - Graphical or iconic navigation bars.

Fig- Breadcrumb trails.


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Fig - Command button navigation bar.

13.a. Discuss in detail; the components, characteristics and operation ofwindows.. (16 Marks)

Window CharacteristicsA window is seen to possess the following characteristics:

A name or title, allowing it to be identified. A size in height and width (which can vary). A state, accessible or active, or not accessible. (Only active

windows can have their contents altered.) Visibilitythe portion that can be seen. (A window may be

partially or fully hidden behind another window, or the informationwithin a window mayextend beyond the windows display area.)

A location, relative to the display boundary.

Presentation, that is, its arrangement in relation to other windows.It may be

tiled, overlapping, or cascading.

Management capabilities, methods for manipulation of the

window on thescreen.

Its highlight, that is, the part that is selected.

The function, task, or application to which it is dedicated.

Components of a window

Explain the elements of windows.

Refer A.U. NOV/DEC 2007 question no 13.a.

Operation of windows

Explain in Operation of windows

General Guide lines for window Operations.

(1) Easy to use.

Design easy to use and learn window operations.

Operations must be carefully designed to achieve simplicity.

Direct manipulation seems tobe faster than indirect manipulation for

many windowing operations.

(2)Minimize Number.

Minimize the number of window operations needed to achieve a

desi red effect.


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(3) Easy navigation.

Make navigating between windows easy and efficient

Navigation between windows was the most frequent manipulation activity.

(4)Setting up.

Make the process of setting up windows easy to remember.

Window arrangement (opening, resizing, moving etc) was a less

frequent activity.

Low frequency operations should always be easy to learn

(5)User specific configurations. . , . . . .

Specific configurations should be capable of being created, named

and recalled.

13. b. Compare device and screen based controls and discuss in detail

about any 3 screen based controls(16 Marks)

Device based control screen based control

Device based control are inputdevice

People communicate with systemthrough deviceb0asedcontrols

They are pointing devices

These device provided to assist and

enhance the system communication

Device based controls making rightchoice is critical to system success.

Device based controls classifiedinto 2 types such as direct device ,

indirect device. Various devicebased controls are track ball, Track

Screenbasedcontrols are calledsimply controls.

It Provide the entry or selection of aparticular value.

They are graphic objects thatrepresent the properties or operationof the objects.

These controls provide specifiable

aspect of a screen including screentext, headings and group boxes.

Selecting the right control for theuser and the task is often difficult.

Various screen based controls arebuttons, text entry / read only

controls, selection controls,combination entry / selection


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ball. Joystick, Graphic tablet, Light

pen, Touch screen, Voice, Mouse,Keyboard

controls, specialized operable

controls, custom controls,presentation controls web controls.

Explain any 3 among the following screen based controls

Operable controls Text entry / read only controls

Selection controls

Combination entry / selection controls

Custom controls

Presentation controls

Web controls

Refer A.U Nov/Dec 2007 Q.no 13.b (ii)

14.a. what is the need for internationalization? Discuss the related

issues.. (16 Marks)Need for internationalization

To make a product acceptable world wide, it must be

internationalization.

A system must also be designed to be usable by an almostunlimited range of people, being accessible to any one.

Cultural and language boundaries, each with its own requirements,conventions, customs and definitions of acceptability.

Explain the following factors for effective internationalization.

Wordsandtext

Image and symbols

Color, sequence and functionality

Requirements determination and testing.

(Or)

14. b (i) with suitable example how icons improve user interface.. (8)

Explain briefly for the following key points.

Influence on icon usability

Choosing a successful icon

Choosing images

Creating images

Icon animation and audition

Design process

Refer A.U Nov/Dec 2008 Q.no 14.b

(Or)

14. b.(ii) discuss the role of multimedia in user interface design.. (8)

Graphics

Images


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Image maps

Photography / pictures

Video

Diagrams

Drawings

Animation Audition

Combining medium

15.a. elaborate on need and types of tests.. (16)Explain the need for test

Purpose of usability testing

Importance of usability testing

Explain the following types of tests

Heuristic evaluation

Cognitive walk throughs

Thinkaloud evaluation

usability test

Refer A.U Nov/Dec 2007 Q.no 15.a

(Or)

15. b. What is the guidance to be followed for selection of software tools

for generation of user interface? Explain (16)

Introduction about software tools ................................ (4)

Features of user interface building tools ........................ (4)

User interface independence

Methodology and notation

Rapid prototyping

Software support

User interface model can be created with following tools.

Word processor

Slide show presentation software

Macromedia construction tools

Apple hyper card


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