S338 U3 A55 1965 v.4

(

UGANDA GOV ERNMENT

REPORT / "

ON

UGANDA CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE

VOLUME IV

1967

inistry of Agriculture, Forestry and Co-operatives, Entebbe.

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r

PREFACE

This is the last 01 lour volumes reparting on the results 01 a sample Census 01 Agriculture carried out in Uganda between 1963 and 1965. I'll the Foreword to Volume I relerence was made to the prominent role 01 agriculture in the economy 01 the country and to the obvious importance 01 a Census of Agriculture in such a situation. The pub" lication of the present volume makes available a complete range of analyses of data, which is of immense value to the country.

This report is complete it/. itsell, but as is the case with Volume Ill, readers are urged to refer to the first four chapters of Volume I where detailed discussion of the methodology, and the accuracy of ,·esults, is set out.

The Uganda Census of Agriculture was an exercise undertaken by the Department of Agriculture in conjunction with the Statistics Division of the Ministry of Planning and Eco,wmic Development (formerly Ministry of Planning and Community Development) with technical assistance, in the form of experts and equipment, from the Food and Agriculture OrganisaJion of the United Nations. The Department of Technical Co-operaJion of the United Kingdom also extended aid in the form of a gift of a tabulator. The Uganda Government's warm appreciation of this aid from both the Food and Agriculture OrganisaJion and the Department of Technical Co-operation has been expressed in Volume I. This appreciation is herein repeaJed.

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND CO-OPERATIVES,

ENTEBBE.

APRIL, 1967.

CONTENTS

SECTION

LIST OF TABLES

I. I NTRODUCTION

II. PLANNING OF THE CROP Y iELD SURVEY

II 1. SELECTION OF SAMPLE

IV. CROPS INCLUDED IN C ROP Y IELD SURVEY . ..

V. THE YIELD ESTIMATION QUESTIONNAIRES

VI. TRAINING OF ENUMERATORS AND !'lELI>WORK

VB. ANALYSIS OF CROP YIELD D ATA

VlIl. PLANTAINS:

I. Introduction

2. Yield of Plantains

IX. S WEET POTATOES:

I. Introduction

2. Yield of Sweet Pot atoes

X. FINGER MILLET:

I. Introduction

2. Yield of Finger Millet

Xl. SORGHUM:

I. Introduction

2. Yield of Sorghum

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Contents- conti/wed

SECTION

XII. MAIZE:

1. Introduction

2. Yield of Maize

XIII. GROUNDNUTS:

1. Introduction

2. Yield of Groundnuts

XIV. SIM-SIM:

1. Introduction

2. Yield of Sim-sim

XV. BEANS:

I. Introduction

2. Yield of Beans

XVI. FIELD PEAS:

1. Introduction

2. Yield of Field Peas

XVII. PIGEON PEAS:

I. Introduction

2. Yield of P igeon Peas

XVIII. ACCURACY 01' THE CROP YIEL!) ESTIMATES

ApPENDICES

I. THE CROP YIELD CENSUS QUESTIONNAIRES

II. INSTRUCTIONS TO E,mMERATORS

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LIST OF TABLES

TabLe

1. Number of Parishes Selected by District

2. Crops included in Survey by District

3. Number of Plantain Plots in Yield Survey

4. Mean Plot Sizes of Plantains

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9

5. Yield of Plantains 9

6. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Plantain Plots 10

7. Correlation between Yield of Plantains and Size of Plot II

8. Number of Sweet Potato Plots by District

9. Meall Plot Sizes of Sweet Potatoes

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10. Yield of Sweet Potatoes 13

II. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Sweet Potato Plots 14

12. Number of Finger Millet Plots by District ... IS

13. Mean Plot Sizes of Finger Mill et IS

14. Conversion Factors for Finger Millet 16

15. Yield of Finger Millet 17

16. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Finger Millet Plots 18

17. Number of Sorghum Plots by District

18. Mean Plot Sizes of Sorghum

19. Conversion Factors for Sorghum

20. Yield of Sorghum

21. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Sorghum Plots

22. Correlation between Yield of Sorghum and Size

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of Plot 23

23. Number of Maize Plots by District

24. Mean Plot Sizes of Maize.

25. Conversion Factors for Maize

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List of Tables- continued

Table

26. Yield of Maize

27. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Maize Plots

28. N umber of G roundnut Plots by District

29. Mean Plot Sizes of Groundnuts

30. Conversion Faetors tor Grolll1dnuts

31. Yield of Groundnuts

32. F requency Distribution of Yield of Groundnut Plots

33. N um ber of Sim-sim Plots by District

34. M ean Plot Sizes of Sim-sim

35. Yield of Sim-sim

36. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Sim-sim Plots

37. N umber of Deans Plots by District

38. Mean Plot Sizes of Beans

39. Conversion Factors for Beans

40. Yield of Beans

4 J. Frequency Distribution of Yield of Bean Plots

42. Conversion Factors for Field Peas

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UGANDA CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE

VOL. IV-CROP YIELDS, 1965

Section I-Introduction

THIS VOLUME is scheduled to be the final vo lume of the Report on the Uganda Census of Agriculture. Volumes I--III covered the H older, H olding, Employment in Agriculture, Farm Population, Crop Acreages and Livestock aBd Poultry. The data on which these earlier analyses were based were collected in 1963 and 1964.

T he resources available for the census and the method of enumeration adopted did not permit the survey of crop yields to be carried out at the same time as the investigation into the other topics referred to above. The estimation of crop yields constituted Phase II of the Uganda Census of Agriculture and the field work was in progress continuously from October 1964 until October 1965.

The present volume contains an ana lysis of the data collected during this survey of crop yields. A description of the planning and methodology adopted for the second phase of the census is conta ined in this volume. HoweverJ

reference should be made to Volume I of the Census Report for details on the orga nization and planning of the entire census project.

Sectiou II-Planning of the Crop Yield Survey

The Census Committee responsible fo r the Censlls of Agriculture (see Volume I, chapter II) gave considerable thought to the methodology to be used in Phase II of the census. It was decided by the Committee that a sub-sample of holders would be chosen at random from the original sample of holders selected for Phase I of the census and that enumerators would visit these holders approximately daily for one year. On these visits any crop harvested by the holders from previously measured samp le plots since the previous visit by the enumerator would be weighed.

Thus ins tead of the more common approach invo lving the selection of small random areas inside plots with eventual harvesting by enumerators of the crop inside the selected areas, it was decided to sample entire plots, of whatever size, and to keep daily records of the crop harvested from thc plots by the holders.

It is perhaps rel evant to set out briefly the reasoning behind this decision.

I . The resources available were limited. T he standard of the mumerators was such that it was desired to adopt a simple approach which would be capable of efficient application by the enumerators without the fear of biased

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data resulting from their inability to apply rigorously the comparatively complicated methodology involved in crop-cutting from randomly selected areas inside plots.

2. No reliable data on crop yields had been collected from typical holdings in Uganda (except in a few occasional case study surveys) for any of the major crops grown by holders. It was desired, therefore, to obtain an estimate of the yield for as many of the major crops as possible. It was realised that with the resources available it would be possible with a small team of hIghly trained enumerators to estimate with fair accuracy the yields of one or at the most two crops using crop-cutting techniques. It was decided that in the first instance it was more important to obtain estimates for most of the major crops grown in Uganda, even if such estimates had a wider error margin.

3. Some knowledge did exist concerning the total yields for certain crops but no information was available on the actual yields harvested by the holders. It was suspected that a significant proportion of certain crops was either destroyed by vermin and other outside agencies or was not harvested by the holder due to inefficient harvesting methods Or lack of incentive on the part of the holder. To allow the holders to harvest the sample plots in their normal way-including, if they wished, partial harvesting of a plot over a long period of time-and then to weigh the harvest when removed from the plot would give estimates of the actual yield obtained by holders.

4. It was particularly desired to estimate the yield of plantains and sweet potatoes; two of the most important food crops in Uganda. T~e c:op-cutting method of yield estimation does not lend itself to the estImatIon of the yields of these crops, which are often continuously harvested throughout the year. Daily visits to sample holders by the enumerators seemed the solution to this problem.

Pilot studies were held in certain districts during August and September, 1964, to test the methodology and the draft questionnaires. Another important function of the pilot studies was to enable the census planners to assess the number of holdings that could be visited on a daily.or alternate daily bas.is by each enumerator. The optimum number was the maXImum that could be vlSlted regularly without a risk of missing a portion of harve.sted .c:op taken from a sample plot due to too long an interval between successIve VISItS to each sample holder.

Enumerators working in areas where the crops to be weighed included sweet potatoes and plantains were certain to have a work-load reasonably e.venly distributed throughout the year. Daily visits in such cases were essentral ~s plantains for example are often harvested each mormng to prOVIde the mam meal of the family in the evening.

Other enumerators working in areas where the cereals or pulses were the major crops could look forward to periods of relative inactivity followed by

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short periods of intensive work coinciding with the times of harvest. The assessment of the optimum number of sample holders per enumerator in such areas had to take the 'busy' periods into account and presented more difficulty than the assessment in the (plantain and sweet potato' areas.

Measurement of the sample plots was to be undertaken by the enumerators as soon as possible after the crop was planted, without disrupting their daily schedule of visits to each sample holde'·.

Section IIl--Selection of Sample

Uganda is divided for administrative purposes into four regions, viz: Buganda, Eastern Region, Western Region and Northern Region. Each region is divided into districts. The previous volumes of the Census Repolt explain that Taro and Karamoja Districts could not be included in the main stages of the census; that Bugisu and Sebei Districts were combined for census purposes as were West Nile and Madi Districts; and that Mengo was split for ccnsus purposes into two areas, East and West Mengo defined in the same way as for the 1959 Population Census when they wore two separate districts. In addition Mubende District at the time of the census included the so-called 'lost counties' of Buyaga and Bugangadzi which now form part of Bunyoro Kingdom.

For further details of the administrative structure see Volume I, chapter III of the Census Report and the map given at the back of Volume I of the Report.

For Phase I of the census the sample design was a stratified two-stage sample. The parish was the first-stage sampling unit and the holder was selected at the second stage. The frame of parishes was stratified by district and by the number of adult males recorded in each parish during the 1959 Population Census (see Volume I, chapter III of the Census Report).

To obtain a sample for the crop yield survO)' a sub-sample of the original sample of parishes was selected at random from within each sample stratum.

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The number of parishes selected is gIven by district in Table I below:­

TABLE I-NUMBER OF PARISHES SELECTED BY DISTRICT

District

West Mengo East Mengo Mubende Masaka Busoga Bukedi Bugisu/Sebei Teso Kigezi Ankole Bunyoro Lango Acholi West Nile/Madi

TOTAl.

No. of Parishes selected

II 10 5 7 7 5 5 6 5

II 4 4 4 6

90

One census enumerator was assigned to each sample parish. Each enumerator was given a list of holders to be included in the crop yield survey. These holders were chosen at random from the holders in the parish who had been included in the sample selected for Phase I of the census. All plots cultivated by the selected holders which contained a crop included in the crop yield survey in the district concerned were measured and the weights of the crop when harvested recorded.

The number of holders selected in each sample parish varied for the reasons described in Section II. The average number of holders selected per parish was approximately 13, giving a total of approximately 1,200 holders included in the crop yield survey. The total number of plots included on these holdings was approximately 4,500.

Section IV-Crops Included in Crop Yield Survey

As explained in Section II it was desired to estimate the yield for as many as possible of the crops of importance in Uganda. Resources did not permit coverage of all major crops as had been the case in Phase I of the census. It was decided to omit the major cash crops, coffee and cotton, from the survey as accurate production ligures were available and so estimates of the yields of these crops could be made, using the production figures and the census estimates of the acreages under these crops.

It was wished to include cassava in the survey but it was not possible to do so. Cassava in many parts of Uganda is left in the ground for considerable periods and may not be harvested until the household has exhausted other

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food supplies in times of adverse natural conditions such as drought. Estimation of the yield of cassava would therefore require an individual survey designed to allow for the peculiar difficulties associated with this crop.

Below are listed the crops that were included in the crop yield survey: the figures in parentheses indicate the number of districts in which the crop was recorded.

Beans (4) Groundnuts ( 5) Finger Millet (6) Sweet Potatoes (6) Maize ( 5) Sorghum (4) Plantains (4) Sim-sim (2) Pigeon Peas (I) Field Peas (I)

h was also decided that in anyone district the number of crops to be included in the survey should not exceed three. This was the maximum that was feasible with the work schedule required of the enumerators.

Table 2 shows the crops included in the survey by district: -

TABLE 2- CROPS INCLUDED IN SURVEY BY DISTR1CT

District CROPS STUDIED

West Mengo · . · . S. Potatoes Maize · . · . Plantains East Mengo · . S. Potatoes Maize · . · . Plantains Mubende · . · . Deans . . Groundnuts · . S. Potatoes Masaka · . Deans Groundnuts Sorghum Busoga · . Groundnuts 8. Potatoes Maize Bukedi · . · . F. Millet Groundnuts Bugisu/Sebei F. Millet Plantains Teso .. · . · . Sorghum F. Millet · . Kigezi · . · . Malzc · . Sorghum · . Field Peas Ankole · . · . Beans . . F. Millet · . Plantains Bunyaro · . F. Millet S. Potatoes · . Lango · . Pigeon Peas Sorghum · . Sim~Sim Acholi .. · . Groundnuts · . F. Millet · . Sim-Sim W. Nilc/Madi · . Maize .. · . Deans · . · . S. Potatoes

In certain instances a crop was included in the survey in a particular district, not because it was of major importance in that district, but in order to assess the yield of the crop when grown as a crop of minor importance as compared to the yield of the crop in districts where the crop was a major source of food.

Section V-The Yield Estimation Questionnaires

A copy of the questionnaires used in the crop yield survey IS shown as Appendix I of this volume.

The forms arc to a large extent self-explanatory. Form 2 was the form on which the areas of the plots to be included in the survey were measured, together with remarks on crop spacing and other relevant comments. The plots

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were numbered serially within each holding. Also on Form 2 the numbei' of persons living in the holder's household was recorded.

Form I was used by the enumerator on each visit to record the weights of crops that had been harvested since the previous visit hy the enumerator to the holding. The plot numher in the second column refers to the plot number allocated to that plot whC'll measured on Form 2. The condition of the crop at the time it was weighed was noted on Form I by marking ticks in the appropriate columns, e.g. 'wet with sheW, Iwithout stalk', etc. The enumerator was of course instrueted to weigh, on all his sample holdings, all the harvested amounts of crops under study in his area. It was necessary therefore to weigh the harvest as soon after the time of harvest as possible. This meant that the crop was often in a fOlm unsuitable for final analysis of crop yields. I-Ience th e emphasis on Form 1 of the condition of the crop at the time it was weighed. It was intended to convert the weight.'i of e"ach crop in various conditions into a 'standard' condition at the time of the final analysis.

One row of Form 1 was used daily to record the weight and condition of one crop from One plot on the holding. If more than one crop had been harvested, or if a crop had been harvested from two or more plots on the holding, two or more rows of Form 1 were used to record the data for the visit in question. I n other words it was intended to calculate the yields for each crop on each plot on the holding and not a single yield for a crop on the entire holding.

In order to convert the weights of the crop harvested in various conditions into a weight in one standard condition it was necessary to estimate the weight losses that occur in drying, threshing, etc. As little information was available on weight losses that occur in such process it was decided to estimate conversion factors by collecting the required data during the survey. Form 3 was used for the purpose. The enumerators were instructed to persuade the holder to put aside a small sample of the crop harvested until it was, in the holder's opinion, dry. The holder could then remove the shelJ, and/ or stalk, or not, as he wished. The enumerator first weighed the sample in its condition at the time of harvest. This information Was recorded on the left-hand side of Form 3. When, in the holder's opinion, the crop was ready for further processing he was asked to process the sample separately from the remainder of the stored crop. The cnumerator then weighed the sample in its processed condition. This informa tion was recordcd on the right-hand side of Form 3. Each enumerator was asked to record two or three such samples on each of their sample holdings. In the event some enumerators were efficient at the aspect of this work, others were unreliable.

Section VI-Training of Enumerators and Field Work

The 90 enumerators were trained at four regional training centres during October, 1964. The enumerators were given a copy of the "Instructions to Enumerators" which is shown as Appendix ITI of this volllm~. The instructions as written were amplified during the training conrse. Each of the regional courses lasted for one week and were stHggered throughout the month so that the F.A.O. Statistician could be present at all of them.

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The enumerators were issued with the necessary equipment, including a spring balance and a Trumeter measuring wheel. Unfortunately the balances weighed up to a maximum of only 30 Ibs. Due to this it was oftenneccssary to weigh a load of harvested crop in two or more separate portions.

Nearly all the enumerators used for the crop yield survey were recruited from those who worked on Phase I of the census. Thus, in the main, they were experienced in the type of work on which they would be engaged.

Dy the end of October, 1964, field-work on the crop yield survey had commenced in all areas.

In the early weeks of the survey the enumerators were mainly occupied in measuring th c plots to be included in the survey. Exceptions to this were the arcas in which plantains nnd sweet potatoes were included in the survey. Data on harvested weights of these crops were collected from the very beginning of the survey year.

The work proceeded satisfactorily in most areas. Enumerators were visited frequently by the District Supervisors, who ensured that the work was performed with accuracy. The District Supervisors also collected the completed questionnaires and subm itted them to ~he Regional Supervisors, who gave them an initial scrutiny. The Regional Supervisors, having satisfied themselves that the questionnaires appeared to have been completed satisfactorily, forwarded them to the Analysis Officcr in Entebbe.

Field-work continued in all areas until October, 1965. At this time most field -work ceased. In certain areas work continued in order to complete the returns for a number of plots of seasonal crops which had been planted near the end of the survey. Field-work on the crop yield survey was completed in all areas by early January, 1966.

Section VII-Analysis of Crop Yield Data

The analysis office had been set up in Entebbe in July, 1963. (See chapter III of Volume I of the Census Report).

On receipt of completed copies of Form 2 the computations of the plot areas were checked and then the information transferred onto record sheets which were maintained for each parish included in the survey. The record sheets showed for each holder in the sample the details of each plot which contained " crop under study in that area.

Completed copies of Form 1 were checked, on arrival, with the record sheets, to ensure that details of plot numbers and constituent crops were consistent with the plot as originally meHsured. The data on each Form 1 were then checked for accuracy wi th particular regard to the stated condition of the crop. For example if groundnuts were recorded as having been weighed "without shell" they should also have becn recorded as "without s talk". Following the initial checks the data contained all each row of Form 1 were punched onto a single 80-column card. (In fact only 42 co lumns of the card were punched). Each card contained the identification codes entered at the top of each Form 1, followed by the data from a si ngle row of the form.

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Copies of Form 3 were checked on their arrival in order to detect inaccuracies and were then stored in their original form. A t a later date all the data contained on the completed copies of Form 3 were analysed by hand and conversion factors ca lculated for the transition from various initial conditions of a crop to an agreed standard condition.

After the field-work was completed the punched cards which contained the data collected on Form 1 were processed on an I.C.T. 1500 computer. In addition to the original data contained on the cards, further data was punched onto the cards at this stage which indicated the conversion factor to be applied to the weight of a crop in any given condition in order to "standardist!" the weight to the agreed condition in which the yields were to be presented. The computer produced an analysis which gave, for e·ach crop surveyed on each plot of each sample holding, the yields per acre of the crop in the various conditions in which the crop had been harvested, and a single "standardised" yield per acre of the total crop harvested from each plot.

The number of punched cards used in this analysis was of the order of 250,000.

The following sections give the resul ts obtained from the survey.

Section VIII-Plantains

VIII. I-Introduction

Plantains were included in the crop yield survey in four distriels of Uganda: West M engo, East Mengo, BugisujSebci and Ankole. These districts contained 44 per cent of the plantain acreage in Uganda. (Table IX. 2 : Volume III of Census Report).

Table 3 shows the number of plot, which contained plantains for which results were obtained. The figures are shown by district.

TABLE 3-NUMBER OF PLANTAIN PLOTS TN YIELD SURVEY

N UMOEH OF' PLOTS Distriet

Pure Mixed Total

W est Mengo · . 131 78 209 East Men~o · . 108 84 192 BugisufSe ei 68 40 108 Ankole .. 101 74 175

TOTAL · . 408 276 684

Table 4 shows the mean plot sizes of the plantain plots included in the yield survey. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of plantain plots calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census. (Table IX. 3: Volume TIL of Census Report). The figures are given by district.

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TABLE 4-MEAN PLOT S IZES OF PLANTAINS

acres

f>Ulm I MIXED T OTAL

District Yield Phase I Yield I Phase Yield I Phase

Survey I Survey I S urvey I

West Mengo 0 ·647 0·691 0·778 0·958 0·696 0·816 East Mengo .. 0·902 0 ·619 1·098 0·830 0·988 0·739 Bltsu/Sebei 0 ·747 0 ·962 0·736 0 ·788 0·743 0·910 An ole .. 1·094 0 ·944 0·937 0 ·759 1·028 0 ·872

In two districts, East Mengo lind Ankole, the mea n plot sizes of the plots included in the yield survey were larger than the mean plot sizes of all the plots included in Phase I of the census. In the other two districts, West Mengo and Bugisuj Sebei, the reverse is the case, although the difference between the mean plot siZ"es in West Mengo is not significant.

VIII. 2-Yield of Plantains

Table 5 gives the mean yield in pounds per acre of plantains for the four districts in which plantains were included in the survey. The yields are shown for plantains grown in pure stands and for plantains mixed with coffee. In all four districts there were only 52 plots included in the yield survey which contained plantains mixed with crops other than coffee. A single estimate of the yield of plantains when mixed with crops other than coffee is given below Table 5 but no district estimates are given as the district results are not based on numbers of plots large enough to give reliable estimates.

TABLE 5--YIELD OF PLANTAINS

YIBLD IN LD . PER ACRE

District Plantains Plantains Grown Mixed with Purc Coffee

W est M engo · . · . 7,200 4,800 East Mengo · . · . 8,700 5,300 Bugisu/Sebei · . · . 4.600 4,400 Ankole · . · . 9,900 9,200

The mean yield of plantains mixed with crops other than coffee was 5,600 Ibs. per acre. Thirty-four of the 52 plots in this category were in Mengo, seven in Bugisn jSehci "nn eleven in Ankole.

The yields given refer to plantains in their condition immediately following the harvest". On most occasions this meant that the plantains were fresh, in the skin and with the central stalk in each bunch still present. However, fOI" a small percentage of the plantains weighed the central stalk in each bunch had been removed prior to the weight being determined. In West Mengo, Bugisuj Sebei and Ankole approximately 98 per cent of the plantains were weighed together with the stalk. In East Mengo approximately 95 per cent of the

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plantains were weighed together with thc stalk. In West Mengo, East Mengo and Ankole plantains are a very important sourCe of food. In Bugisu/Sebei plantains are less important. The cereals arc more commonly consumed :as the staple diet in Bugisu/Sebei than is the case in the other three districts.

In Bugisu/Sebei the yield of plantains was significantly lower than in the other districts. However there appeared to be no significant difference between the yicld of plantains grown in pure stands and the yield of plantains when mixed with coffee.

In West Mengo and East Mengo the yield of plantains grown in pure stands was estimated in the range of 3-4 tons per acre. In these areas the yield of plantains showed a marked reduction if the plantains were mixed with other crops (mainly of course coffee). .

In Ankole the yield of plantains was particularly high at approximately 10,000 Ibs. per acre. As was the case in Bugisu/Sebei there appeared to be nO significant difference in the yields of plantains grown alone and plantains mixed with coffee.

Table 6 shows for each of the four districts the grouped frequency distribution of the yield of plantains obtained from individual plots included in the crop yield survey. The frequency distribution is also given of the yields of plantains for the total plots in all four districts.

For the purpose of preparing the frequency distributions, a single distribution was drawn up for all plantain plots in a district; i.e. the distribution includes plots which contained plantains grown in pure stands and plots which contained plantains mixed with other crops.

TABLE 6-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF PLANTAIN PLOTS

NUMBER OF PLO'rs YIELD

(lb. per acre) West EASt Mengo Mengo Bugisu Ankole Total

Under 2.000 · . 22 25 19 13 79 2,000- 2,999 · . 21 25 22 7 75 3,000- 3,999 16 13 17 10 56 4,000- 4.999 .. 16 25 8 7 56 5,000- 5.999 · . 13 IS 4 7 39 6.000- 6,999 .. 17 11 5 12 45 7,000- 8,999 .. 25 20 12 24 81 9.000-10,999 · . 19 14 4 22 59

11,000-12.999 .. 22 5 8 18 53 13,000-14,999 · . 7 8 2 15 32 15;000 and over .. 29 31 7 40 107

TOTAL .. 209 192 108 175 684

Just under 23 per cent of the plantain plots included in the survey produced yields of plantains of less than 3,000 Ibs. per acre. On the other hand nearly 16 per cent of the plantain plots produced yields of over 15,000 Ibs. per acre.

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In Bugisu, 38 per cent of the plots which included plantains gave yields of less than 3,000 Ibs. per acre and lcss than 7 per cent of the plots gave yields of over 15,000 lbs. per acre.

Many of the plots which gave very high yields per acre wcre very small in area. In computing the yield per acre from such small plots there is a greater chance of a distortcd figurc and this may explain the large number of plots which apparently gave yields of plantains of 15,000 lbs. per acre. In West Mengo and Bugisu all but three of the plots which gave the very high yields were less than one-half an acre in size and 80 per cent of them were less than 2,000 sq. yds. in size.

Out of the 107 plots which gave the highest yields only 14 exceeded one acre in size: 10 of these were in Ankole District.

It was shown in Table 4 that thc mean plot sizes of plots containing plantains which were included in the yield survey were not the same as the mean plot sizes of all plots containing plantains as estimated in Phase I of the census. It is neceseary to test for a significant correlation between size of plot and yield of plantains. If such a correlation existed the acreage figures from Phase I of the census and the yield estimates as given in this section would not necessarily be comparable.

The correlation coefficient between the size of plot and yield of plantains was calculated for each of the four districts using the figures relating to plots of plantains grown in pure stands. Mixed plots were, in other words, excluded from this calculation. The correlation coefficients obtained are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7-CORRELATION BETWEEN YlELD OF PLANTAINS AND SIZE OF PLOT

West Mengo East Mcngo Bugisu Ankole

District Correlation Coefficient

-0 -39 -{)·12 -0·29 -{) · 14

There is no evidence of a significant correlation between the size of a plot and the yield of plantains taken from it.

Section IX-Sweet Potatoes

IX. I-Introduction

Sweet potatoes were included in the crop yield survey in six districts of Uganda: West Mengo, East Mengo, Mubende, Busoga, Bunyoro and West Nile/Madi. These districts contained over one-third of the acrcage under sweet potatoes in Uganda. (Table IX. 15: Volume III of Census Report).

Table 8 shows the number of plots which contained sweet potatoes for which results were obtained. The figures are shown by district.

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TABLE 8-NUMBER OF SWEET POTATO PLOTS BY DISTRICT

NUMDEII OF PLOTS District

I Pure Mixed Total

West Mengo - - 233 12 245 East Mengo - . 143 5 148 Mubende .. 92 12 104 Dusoga .. 129 - 129 Bunyoro .. .. 102 47 149 West Nile/Madi . - 87 7 94

T OTAL .. 786 I 83 I 869

Table 9 shows the mean plot sizes of the sweet potato plots included in the yield survey. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of sweet potato plots calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census. (Table IX. 16: Volume III of the Census Report). The figures are given by district.

TABLE 9-MEAN PLOT SIZES OF SWEET POTATOES

ocrt.s

PURE I MIxno I TOTAL

District Yield

I Phase

I Yield I Phase I Yield I Phase

Survey I Survey I Survey I ---

West Menga .. I 0'107 0·097 0·076 0·488 0- 106 0'124 East M enga .. .. 0·126 0·098 0 · 149 0'268 0· 126 0·108 Mubende .. .. 0 ' 110 0· 098 0 · 103 0·1 20 0'109 0'103 DU60ga .. ..

j 0·120 0·158 - 0·183 0'120 0· 160

Bunyoro .. 0 ·110 0'110 0 · 118 0·142 0·113 0·116 West Nile/Madi .. .. 0·134 0 ' 125 0'204 0 · 566 0·140 0·180

In all districts, except Busoga, the mean plot sizes of the pure plots of sweet potatoes included in the yield survey were larger than the mean plot sizes of all the pure plots of sweet potatoes included in Phase I of the census. The differences, however, were not large ;n terms of actual areas. In Busoga the reverse was the case and the yield survey mean plot size for pure plots of sweet potatoes was smaller than the corresponding mean plot size calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census.

Only in Bunyoro was the mean plot of mixed plots of sweet potatoes based on sufficient plots to justify any comparison between the mean plot sizes obtained in the yield survey and in Phase I.

IX. 2-Yield of Sweet Potatoes

Table 10 gives the mean yield in pounds per acre of sweet potatoes for each of the districts in which sweet potatoes were included in the yield survey. The yields are shown for sweet potatoes grown in pure stands. A single estimate of the yield of sweet potatoes when mixed with other crops is given below

12

Table III. 3, but no district estimates are given as the district results in all areas except Bunyoro are not based on numbers of plots large enough to give reliable estimates.

TABLE 10- YIELD OF SWEET POTATOES

Distriet

West Menga East Menga Mubendc Busoga Bunyoro West Nile/Madi

YI ELD IN LD. l'lmAcRIi

S . Potatoes Grown Pure

7,300 6,900 6,600 4,700 6,800 4,600

The mean yield of sweet potatoes from plots which contained sweet potatoes mixed with other crops was 5,800 lb •. pel' acre.

Forty-seven of the 83 plots on which the yield from mixed plots was calcu lated were in BunyarD'.

The yields given refer to sweet potatoes in their condition immediately following the harvest. The potatoes were weighed wet, with the skin and with whatever stalk remained attached to the potatoes. Less than I pel' cent of the sweet potatoes weighed wcre in some other condition. The commonest ((other condition" was that all stalk had been removed from the potatoes before weighing .

In Buganda and Bunyoro the yield of sweet potatoes was approximately 3 tons per acre or a little over. In Busoga and West Nile/Madi the yields obtained for sweet potatoes were only just over 2 tons per acre.

In general the consistency of the results is very encouraging, for example the very similar estimates produced by separate teams in M ubende and Bunyoro is at least an indication that the methods used appear to have given satisfactory results.

Table 11 shows for each of the districts the grouped frequency distribution of the yield of sweet potatoes obtained from individual plots included in the crop yield survey. The frequency distribution is also given of the yield of sweet potatoes for the combined data from all districts.

The frequency distributions were prepa red from the data on all plots of sweet potatoes included in the yield sll1'vey: i.e. the distributions include plots "hich contained sweet potatoes grown in pure stands and plots which contained sweet potatoes mixed with other crops.

Nearly one-quarter of the sweet potato plots included in the survey produced yields of sweet potatoes of less than 3,000 Ibs. per acre. On the other hand one.sixth of the sweet potato plots gave" yield of over 14,000 Ibs. per acre.

13

TABLE II-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF SWEET POTATO PLOTS

NUMI3liR OF PLOTS

Yield (lb. per acre) West East West

Mengo Mengo Mubcnde Busoga Nile/Madi Dunyoro

Under 2,000 .. 29 25 13 32 22 24 2,000- 2,999 .. 15 10 3 22 4 15 3,000- 3,999 .. 24 9 5 16 12 14 4,000- 4,999 .. 19 16 13 14 11 12 5,000- 5,999 .. 20 11 7 11 10 11 6,000- 6,999 .. 18 9 9 6 9 \1 7,000- 7,999 .. 19 11 12 6 3 13 8,000- 8,999 i .. 14 5 3 5 9 3 9,000- 9,999 ;1 .. 15 4 8 8 6 7

10,000-11,999 .. 19 13 6 3 6 16 12,000-13,999 .. 9 II 11 - 1 11 14,000 and over .. 44 24 14 6 1 12

TOTAL .. 245 148 104 129 94 149

Total

145 69 80 85 70 62 64 39 48 63 43

101

869

In Mengo only 20 per cent of the plots of sweet potatoes gave yields of less than 3,000 Ibs. per acre, whereas 17 per cent of the plots gave yields of over 14,000 Ibs. per acre. In Mubende the percentages of the sweet potato plots which gave yields at their end of the range wCre below the overall average.

In Bunyoro only 8 per cent of the plots of sweet potatoes gave yields of over 14,000 Ibs. per acre.

Nearly 42 per cent of the sweet potato plots in Busoga produced yields of less than 3,000 Ibs. of potatoes per acre. Less than 5 per cent of the plots gave yields of over 12,000 Ibs. per acre.

In West Nile/ Madi only 2 per cent of the plots of sweet potatoes gave yields of over 12,000 Ibs. per acre.

Of the 101 plots which produced yields of sweet potatoes of over 14,000 Ibs. per acre only 4 exceeded 1,000 sq. yds. in size. Twenty-four of these plots were under 200 sq. yds. in size and a further 59 of the plots were in the size range 200-500 sq. yds.

In all districts, except M ubende, there was no significant correlation between the yield per acre of sweet potatoes and the size of the plot. The correlation coefficients varied between - 0·1 and -0-2.

In-Mubende the correlation coefficient was --0'6, indicating a possible reduction in the yield per acre as the size of plot increased.

Section X-Finger Millet X. l-Introduction

Finger millet was included in the crop yield survey in six districts of Uganda: Bukedi, Bugisu/ Sebei, Teso, Ankole, Bunyoro and Acholi. These districts contained 70 per cent of the acreage under finger millet in Uganda. (Table VIII. 2: Volume III of the Census Report).

14

¥

Table 12 shows the number of plots which contained finger millet for which results were obtained. The figures are shown by district.

TABLE 12-NUMBER OF FINGER MILLET PLOTS BY DISTRICT

NUMDtm OF PLOTS DISTRlcr

Pure Mixed Total

Bukedi .. 28 77 105 Bugisu/Sebei .. 13 - 13 Teso . . .. 91 108 199 Ankole .. 139 92 231 Bunyoro .. 37 53 90 Acholi .. 6 76 32

TOTAL .. 314 406 720

It is seen from the table above that although Bugisu/ Sebei was included as one of the areas in which finger millet was to be studied very little data was obtained for this crop by the enumerators in this area. This was mainly due to the distribution of the sample areas in Bugisu/Sebei which did not coincide with the areas where finger millet was an important crop.

Tahle \:l Rhows the mean plot sizes of the finger millet plots included in the yield survey. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of finger millet plots calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census. (Table VIII. 3: Volume III of the Census Report). The figures are given by district.

TABLE I3-MEAN PLOT SIZES OF FINGER MILLET

acres

PURE MIXED TOTAL District

Yield Phase Yield Phase Yield Phllse Survey j Survey I Survey j

Bukedi .. .. 0·510 0·687 0-632 0 ·876 0·600 0·742 Bugisu/Sebei .. .. 0·706 0·648 - 0·561 0·706 0·636 Tcso .. .. .. 0 ·948 0·874 0 '857 0·927 0·898 0·887 Ankole .. .. .. 0 ·186 0·134 0 ' 191 0 ·191 0·188 0·141 Bunyoro .. .. .. 0·230 0 ·287 0'226 0·324 0 -228 0·308 Aeholi .. .. .. 1·004 1'104 1·303 0·956 1·281 0·996

In Bukedi District the finger millet plots included in the yield survey had smaller mean plot sizes than did all the finger millet plots included in Phase I of the Censns of Agriculture. This was also the case in Bunyoro where the overall mean plot size of fing~r millet plots included in the yield survey was only 0'23 acres as compared to the overall mean plot size of 0'31 acres as calclllat~d from the data collected in 1963-64.

I n the other areas the mean plot sizes of the plots included in the yield survey were larger than the mean plot sizes given in Volume III of the CensuS Report. The difference in Teso was however very small and the absolute difference in Ankole was only 0'05 acres. In Acholi only 6 pure plots were included in the yield survey which seriously under-represented the proportion

IS

of the crop grown in pure sta nds. The mean plot size of finger millet grown in mixtures in Acholi was larger than the comparable mean plot size calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census.

Most of the data collected for finger millet referred to finger millet in the following condition: wet, with stalk and in the head. The crop was, in other words, normally weighed immediately after the harvest before the millet had been dried and with the part of the stalk plucked by the holder still present.

In Bukedi virtually all of the data rela ted to the condition described above.

In Teso approximately 30 per cent of the data referred to finger millet when dry, with stalk and in the head: i.e. the ha rvested crop was allowed to dry in a store for a few days before the weight was recorded.

In Acholi the percentage of the finger millet weighed in a 'dry' condition was nearly 40 per cent. A fur ther 15-20 per cent of the data referred to finger millet both 'dry' and without stalk but still in the head .

In Bunyoro the crop was always weighed 'with sta lk' but more than one­third of the data referred to the crop described as 'dry'.

In Ankole the breakdown of the finger millet data by condition was similar to that in Acholi. Approximately one-third of the crop was weighed 'dry', with stalk, and some of the data referred to the crop when 'dry', without stalk (and occasionally without the head).

It was necessary for the purposes of presentation of the results to convert the data so that the yield per acre could be expressed as referring to finger millet in a standard condi tion. All the data were converted to dry, ,vilhaul stalk, in the head.

Table 14 shows the conversion factors used to convert the data for various conditions into the standard condition. The original data were multiplied by the relevant factor shown in the table before the yield per acre was calculated.

TABLE 14-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR FINGER MILLET

Condition when weighed

Wet, with stalk, in the he~d Dry, with stalk , in the head Dry. without stalk. in the head

Conversion factor

0·60 0· 75 0·90

The conversion factors shown were calculated from data collected by the enumerators during the survey (see Section V).

It might be expected that the last entry in T able 14 should be \'00, for the eondition when weighed is the same as the standard condition into which the weights were converted. It was discovered, however, that enumerators reported a crop as 'dry', after a storage time insufficient for complete drying. A furth er weight loss was observed when the erop was stored for A further period.

It is realised that further work is necessary to establish conversion factors with a higher degree of accuracy. If users of this report consider that they 8fe in possession of more accurate estimates an appropriate correction could be

16

applied to the yields given in the following section by u ti lising the information given in this section concerning Ihe approximate percentages of the finger millet in each district weighed in variolls conditions.

X. 2-Yield 01 Finger Millet

Table 15 gives the mean yield in pounds per acre of finge)' mill et for each of the districts in which finger millet was included in the yield survey.

The yields are shown for finger millet grown in p"re stands ; finger millet grown mixed with sorghum; finger millet grown mixed with maize; and finger millet grown mixe"d with any other crop.

The yields refer to finger millet when dry, without stalk, in the head .

TAD!.E IS- YIELD OF FINGER MILLET

Y IELD IN LB . PEn ACRE

District Mixed Mixed Mixed G XOWIl with with with aU

Pure Sorghum Maize others - ---

Buked i .. 1,000 850 800 750 Dugisu/Sebci .. .. 1,300' - - -Teso .. .. .. 650 450 300 -Ankolc .. .. 1,100 1,000 1,300 1,500' Bunyaro . .. 1,500 1,100' 1,200 1,400· Acholi .. .. .. 800· 650 - -

-"IEased on results:from less than 20 plots.

The yields of finger millet obtained in Teso and Acholi Districts were much lower than the yields obtained in the other dis tricts included i ll the survey of finger millet.

With the exception of Teso, the yields of finger millet obtained when grown mixed with other crops did not show as marked a reduction compared to the yields of the crop when grown pure, as might perhaps be expected. It must be remembered, however, that fi nger miliet when grown in mixed plots was normally the predominant crop of the mixture. (See Table VIII. 2: Volume III of the Census Report).

It is considered that the apparent increase in the yield of finger millet when grown in certain mixtures in Ankole Distri.ct was due to sampling flu ctuations and is not to be rega rded as having any true significance.

1965 was a year of severe drought in cer tain part, of Uganda, including Teso. The drought in certain areas as opposed to the more 'normal' conditions in other areas may have contributed significantly to the very high inter-district variability. Different methods of cultiva tion lIsed by holders of various tribes may also be partly responsible for the higher yields in certain areas.

Table 16 shows for fi ve of the districts the grouped frequency distribution of the yield of finger millet obtained from individual plots included in the crop yield survey. The frequency distribution is also g iven of the yield of finger

17

millet for the combined data from the five districts. (Bugisu/ Sebei was not included in this analysis due to the small number of plots of finger millet covered in this area).

The frequency distributions were prepared from the data on all plots of finger millet included in the survey, i.e. thc distributions include plats which contained finger millet grown in pure stands and plots which contained finger millet grown mixed wi th other crops.

TABLE 16-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF FINGER MILLET PLOTS

Yield NUMDEE! OF PLOTS (I b. per acre)

Dukedi Teso Acholi llunyoro Ankolc Toml-

Under 200 8 52 9 I 6 76 200- 399 10 66 23 7 18 124 400- 599 14 26 19 7 22 88 600- 799 12 15 7 6 29 69 800- 999 16 10 10 14 22 72

1,000- 1,199 16 6 5 7 25 59 1,200-1 ,399 7 3 2 IJ 16 41 1,400-1,599 5 I - 5 23 34 1,600- 1,799 3 4 - - 10 17 1,800-1,999 3 5 4 4 10 26 2,000-2,499 6 5 2 6 24 43 2,500-2,999 2 3 1 6 12 24 3,000 and Over 3 3 - 14 14 34

TOTAL .. 105 199 82 9Q 231 707

• Excluding llugisufScbci.

The frequency distribution of the yield of finger millet are very different for the various districts. In Bukedi 55 pcr cent of the plots of finger millet gave yields of bctween 400 and 1,200 Ibs. per acre. Just over 10 per cent of the plots gave yields in excess of 2,000 Ibs. per acre.

In Teso District 59 per cent of the plots of finger millet included in the yield survey gave yields of less than 400 lbs. per acre. Less than 6 per cent of the plots gave yields of 2,000 lbs. per acre or more.

Over 62 per cent of the finger millet plots studied in Acholi gave yields of less than 600 Ibs. per acre and only 3 plots gave yields of more than 2,000 Ibs. per acre.

38 per cent of the finger millet plots in llunyoro gave yields in the range 800-1,400 Ibs. or over and a further 29 per cent of the plots gave yields of more than 2,000 Ibs. per acre.

In Ankole the yields of the plots of finger millet were widely and approximately rectangularly distributed between 200 and 1,600 Ibs. per acre. This range accounted for over two-thirds of the finger millet plots included in the yield survey in Ankole. A further 22 per cent approximately of the plots gave yields in excess of 2,000 Ibs. per acre.

Of the 76 plots in llunyoro and Ankole which gave yields in excess of 2,000 Ibs. per acre only 13 were larger than 1,000 sq. yds. in size. In computing

18

the yicld pCI' acre from the very small plots the possibility of a distorted figure is of cour.s~ great!.!r than in the case of a larger plot.

In all districts the correlation coefficient between yield of finger mill et and size of plot varied between - 0'3 and - 0+ It is not considercd that these coef­ficients have any .8ignificancc in view of the preceeding remarks.

Section XI-Sorghum Xl. 1-Introduction

Sorghum was included in the crop yield survey in four district>; onc in each region of Uganda. The districts chosen were Mllsaka, Tcso, Kigezi and Lango. These districts contained thrce-qwlrters of the area under sorghum in Uganda (Table VIII. 9: Volume III of the Census Report).

Table 17 shows the number of plots which contained sorghum for which results were obtained. The figures are shown by district.

TABLE 17~NUlVlBER OF SORGHUM PLOTS BY DISTRICT

N UMBER OF PLOTS District - - -

Pure Mixed Total

Masaka .. 40 10 50 Tcso. .. 112 75 187 Kigczi .. 58 19 77 Lango .. 32 78 110

TOTAL .. 1----

242 182 424

Table 18 shows the mean plot sizes of the sorghum plots includcd in thc yield survey. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of sorghum plots calculated from the data collected in Phase 1 of thc ccnsus. (Table VIII. 10: Volume ITI of the Census Report). The figures are given by district.

TABLE 18-MEAN PLOT SIZES OF SORGHUM

acres

PUIlE MIXED TOTAL District ------

Yield Phase Yield Phase Yield Phase Survey I Survey I Survey 1

Masaka .. 0 ' 257 0 ' 337 0 -191 0 -818 0-244 0-496 Teso . . 0'600 0-834 0·753 0 ·925 0 ·661 0 ·868 Kigezi ..

I 0-217 0·276 0'296 0'3]9 0·236 0·277

Lango .. 0 ·831 ] ·001 0 ·895 1 -054 0-876 1 ·034

In all fom districts the mean size of the plot, of smghum included in the yield survey was smaller than the corresponding mean size as calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census.

In Kigezi the differences in the mean plot sizes were not very large and in Lango, too, the ngreement between the mean plot sizes from the two phases of the Census was reasonably good.

19

In Teso the plots included in the yields survey were significantly smaller than the plots in the larger sample used in Phase 1. In Masaka the very large difference in the mean plot sizes is mainly due to the very small mean plot size for sorghum grown in mixed plots during the yield survey. This mean plot size is however based on only 10 plots. Mixed plots of sorghum were seriously under-represented in the yield survey in Masaka.

Most of the data collected for sorghum referred to sorghum either in the condition: wet, with stalk and in the head; or in the condition, dry, with stalk and in the head. The description 'dry' normally meant that the sorghum had been dried for a short time in the field or in the holder's compound before the weight had been recorded. Further moisture loss would be expected if allowed to dry for a longer period.

In Masaka and Teso Districts approximately one-half of the data collected for sorghum referred to sorghum when wet and with stalk.

In Masaka the other 50 per cent of the data referred to sorghum either wet, without stalk; or dry, with stalk (and occasionally without stalk).

In Teso the other 50 per cent of the data mainly referred to sorghum as dry, with stalk, but in several cases the sorghum was dry, without stalk.

In Lango two-thirds of the data referred to sorghum when dry, with stalk. Approximately 20 per cent of the sorghum weighed was described as wet, with stalk.

In Kigezi the data was divided into three main conditions at the time of weighing. These were wet, with stalk; dry, with stalk; ancl dry, without stalk.

It was necessary for the purposes of presentation of the results to convert the data so that the yield per acre could be expressed as referring to sorghum in a standard condition. All the data were converted to dry, without stali" in the head.

Table 19 shows the conversion factors used to convert the data for various conditions into the standard condition. The original data were multiplied by the relevant factor shown in the table before the yield per acre was calculated.

TABLE 19-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR SORGHUM

Condition when weighed

Wet, with stalk, in the head W ct, without stalk, in the head Dry, with stalk, in the head Dry, without stalk, in the head

Conversion faetor

0·45 0'60 0·70 0·90

The conversion factors shown were calculated from data collected by the enumerators during the survey. (See Section V).

The last entry in the above table is 0'90 and not as might be expected 1·00 in order to allow for further moisture loss when the crop was dried for a further period. (See above).

20

Further work is necessa ry to establish conversion factors with a higher degree of accuracy. If users of this report have other estimates which they wish to use, an approximate correction could be applied to the yields given in the following section by utilising the information given in this section conccrning the approximate percentagc of the sorghum in each district weighed in various conditions.

XI. 2--Yield of Sorghum

Table 20 gives the mean yield in pounds per acre of sorghum for each of the districts in which sorghum was included in the yield survey. The yields are shown for sorghum grown in pure stands; sorghum grown mixed with other cereals, and sorghum grown mixed with other types of crop (mainly pulses or cassava).

The yields refer to sorghum when dry, without stalk, III the head.

TABLE 20-YIELD OF SORGHUM

Masaka Tcso Kigezi Lango

Y JEI.D I N LB. PER ACRE

District Mixed

"

"

"

Grown with Pure Cereals

900 450' 600 300

" 1,000 700 500 200

• Based on 2 plots only. t Based on 8 plots only.

Mixed with all others

400t 500 -300

Yields of sorghum in Masaka and Kigezi were in general higher than the yields of sorghum obtained in Teso and Lango Districts.

The results in all districts showed a marked reduction in the yield of sorghum when grown mixed with other crops. This is consistent with the fact that normally when sorghum is grown in mixed plots, sorghum is only a minor constituent crop of the plot. (See Table VIII. 9: Volume III of the Census Report).

The yield of sorghum pel' acre in Teso was approximately the same as the yield of finger millet in Teso. (See Table IS of this volume).

The yields per acre of sorghum grown pure in Masaka and Kigezi were of the same order of magnitude as the yield per acre of finger millet in Ankole (a neighbouring district).

There is evidence that in Lango, 1965 was an especially poor year in terms of yields obtained of food crops. The drought that affected many parts of Uganda was severe in parts of Lango and contributed to the low yields obtained in this district. (Teso was another area affected in this way). The drought may not be the sole reason for the inter-district variability. Soil fertility and cultivation habits may also have been contributory causes.

21

T able 21 shows, for the four districts in which sorghum was studied, the grouped freq uency distribut ion of the yield of sorghum obtained from individual plots included in the crop yiel d survey. T hc frequency dis tribution is also given of the yield of sorghum fo r the combined data for all four districts.

The frequency dis tributions were prepared from the da ta on all plots of sorghum included in the survey; i.e. the distributions in clude plots which contained sorghum grown in pu re stands and plots which contained sorghum grown mixed with other crops.

T ABLE 21- FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YlELD OF SORGHUM PLOTS

Yield NUMI3ER OF' PLOTS

(lb. per aCl"C) Masakn Tcso Lango Kigczi T otal

Under 100 - 21 35 2 58 100- 199 4 28 25 3 60 200- 299 8 26 13 5 52 300- 399 4 23 11 10 48 400- 599 12 28 10 7 57 600- 799 3 17 6 9 35 800- 999 1 9 4 5 19

1,000-1,199 4 9 3 8 24 1,200- 1,399 5 7 - 4 16 1,400- 1,599 3 1 1 3 8 1,600- 1,999 4 8 1 5 18 2,000- 2,499 1 2 - 7 10 2,500 and Over 1 8 1 9 19

T OT A.L " 50 187 11 0 77 424

T here arc large differences betwee n th e districts in the frequency distributions of the yield of sorghum.

In Masaka the distribution is clustered in two separate ranges of yicld . 48 per ccnt of the plots gave yields between 200 and 600 Ibs. per acrc and a further 32 per cent of the plots gave yields between 1,000 and 2,000 lbs. per acre.

In Kigezi the yields of sorghum obtained werc widely distributed over the entire range. Although 22 per cent of the plots gave yields between 300 and 600 Ibs. per acre, 21 pCI' cent of the plots gave yields of over 2,000 Ibs. per acre.

In Lango more than three-quarters of the plots gave yields of l es.~ than 400 Ibs. per acre. Very few plots in this district gave yields in excess of 1,000 Ibs. per acre.

In T cso more than one-half of the plots gave yields of less than 100 Ibs. per acre, but 10 per cent approximately of the plots gave yields of 1,600 Ibs. per acre or more.

Of the 26 plots in T eso and Kigezi which gave yields of 2,000 lbs. per acre or more, only 3 were more than 1,000 sq. yds. in size.

Tn v iew of the significant differences in the mean plo t sizes of sorghum included in the yield survey compared with the mean plot sizcs of sorghum obtaincd in Phase r of the census, it is neces.,"ry to tes t for a significa nt correlation between the yield of sorghum and the size of plot.

22

..

-

T able 22 gives the correlation coefficients fo r each of the four districts. The correlation coefficients were calculated for plOIS of pure sorghum only-mixed plots were excluded from this analysis.

T ABLE 22- CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD OF SORGHUM AND SIZE OF PLOT

D istrict

Mfisaka . , T eso .. Kigezi .. Lang'o ..

Correlation Coefficient

-0·07 -0·35 -0· 18 - 0·12

All the correlation coefficients are negative but do not differ significantly f rom zero,

Section XII-Maize XII. 1-Introduction

Maize was ineluded in five districts in the crop yield survey. The districts were: Wes t Mengo, East Mengo, Busoga, K igezi and West N ile/ Madi . These districts contain ed 50 per cent of the area undcr maize in Uganda. (T able VIlI. 16: Volume III of the Census Report).

T ab le 23 shows the number of plots which contained maize for which results wcrc obtained. The figures are shown by district.

T ABLE 23-NUMBER OF MAIZE PLOTS BY DISTRICT

NUMBER OF PLOTS District

Pure Mixed T otal

West Mengo " 48 49 97 East Mengo " 23 56 79 Dusogn " " 26 115 141 Kigcz j

" 19 105 124 West Nile/Madi " 43 72 11 5

T OTAL " 159 397 556

T able 24 shows the mean plot sizes of the maIze plots mcJuded in the yield survey. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of maize plots calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census. Cr able VIII. 17: Volume III of the Census Report). The figures are given by district.

T ABLE 24-MEAN PLOT SIZES OF MAfZE acres

PUlm MIXED TOTAL

District Y ield Phase Yie ld Phase Yield Pbase Survey I Survey I Survey I

West Mengo " " 0 '317 0· 427 0·331 0· 418 0·324 0 ·421 East Menga " " 0·3 92 0 ·421 0 ·510 0 ·579 0·475 () . 537 Busoga " " 0 ·423 0 '486 0' 449 0· 781 0·444 0 ' 755 Ki gezi " " 0' 149 0 ' 200 0·208 0 ·202 0· 199 0 ' 201 West N ile/Madi " " 0·205 0·252 0·205 0 -352 0 ·205 0'333

In general the mean SIZe of the plots of maIze lIleluded 10 the yIeld survey was smaller than the correspond ing mean size as calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census.

23

!he m~jor differences \-~ere the mean plot sizes for the plots of maize grown mixed with other crops (n Busoga and West Nile/Madi. The plots of this type included in the yield survey had much smaller mean plot sizes in thesc two districts than the mean plot sizes calculated from the much larger sample 111 Phase I of the census.

Maize was weighed by the enumerators in " considerable variety of conditions.

In Mengo and Busoga approximately one-half of the data for maize referred to maize in the condition wet; with shell; with stalk and in the head. In West Nile/Madi only approximately 10 per cent of the maize was weighed in this condition and in Kigezi 20-25 per cent of the data for maize was so classified.

In Mengo and Busoga between 30--40 per cent of the data for maize referred to maize in the condition dry; without shell; without stalk but in the head. The residual 20 per cent approximately of the data in these areas referred to maize in several conditions of which the most common were: dry; with shell; with stalk; in the head and wet; without shell; without stalk; in the head.

In West Nile/Madi approximately one-half of the data referred to maize in the condition wet; with shell; without stalk; in the head. A further 25 per cent of the maize data referred to the condition dry; without shell; without stalk; in the head. Other conditions that occurred with somc frequency were wet; without shell; without stalk; in the head and dry; with shell; without stalk; in the head.

In Kigezi the maize data were more or less equally split between the condition referred to above (i.e. wet, with shell, with stalk, in thc he<ld) and three others. Thesc wcre as shown: wct; with shell, without stalk; in the head; wet without shell; without stalk; in the head; and dry; without stalk ; without shell: in the head. .

It was necessary for the purposes of presentation of the results to convert the data so that the yield pet· acre could be cxpressed as referring to mai« in a standard condition. All the data were converted to dry; without shell; without stalk; in the head.

N.B.-'Shell' as used in the above paragraphs is also commonly referred to as {sheaf'.

Table 25 shows the conversion factors used to convert the data for various conditions of maize into the standard condition. The original data were multiplied by the relevant factor shown in the tablc before the yield pCI' acre was calculated.

TABLE 25-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MAIZE

Condition when weighed

Wet, with shell, with stalk, in the hend ·Wet, with shell, without stalk, in the hend .. Wet, without shell, without stalk, in the head Dry, with shell, with stalk, in the head .. Dry, with shell, without stalk, in the head Dry, without shell, without stA lk, in the hend

24

Conversion factor

0'50 0·60 0·70 0·80 0·85 0·90

I

The conversion factors shown were calculated from data collected by the enumerators during the survey. (See Section V).

The last ently in the above table refers to maize weighed in the standard condition. The conversion factor is 090, and not as might be expected 1·00, in order to allow for further loss when the crop was dried for a further period.

Further work is necessary to establish conversion factors with a higher degree of accuracy. If users of this report have other estimates which they wish to use, an approximate correction could be applied to the yields given in the following section by utilizing the information given in this section concerning th.e approximate percentages of the maize in eaeh district weighed in various conditions.

XII. 2-Yield of Maize

Table 26 gives the mean yield in pounds per acre of maize for each of the districts in which maize was included in the yield survey. The yields are shown for maize grown in pure stands; maize grown mixed with pulses, other cereals or oilseeds; and maize grown mixf.d with any other crop (mainly cotton, plantains or cassava).

The yields refer to maize when dry, without shell (without stalk, in the head).

TADLE 26- YIELD OF MAIZE

NUMB.ER OF PI.QTS

Mixed District with Mixed

Grown Cereals, with all Pure Pulses, others

Oilseeds

West Mengo .. 1,300 750 650 East Mengo .. 650 600 400 llusoga . . 950 350 550 Kigezi .. 1,050 800 -West NilefMudi .. 1,000 350 950

Thc estimates for maize grown pure are satisfactorily consistent except for East Mengo where the plots of pure maize gave yields which were only 50 per cent of the yields obtained in West Mengo.

The yields of maize when mixed with cereals, pulses or oilseeds was much lower in Busoga and West Nile/ Madi than in Mengo and Kigezi.

It is not considered that the particularly high yield of maize obtained in West Nile/Madi when grown mixed with other crops (mainly cassava) is a reliable estimate; therefore no great significance should be attached to this

figure. The yield estimates for maize in Klgezi agree very closely to the yield

estimates for sorghum in Kigezi. (See Table 20). Table 27 shows for the five districts in which Innizc was studied, the grouped

frequency distribution of the yield of maize obtained from individual plots

25

included in the crop yield survey. The frequency distribution is also given of thc yield of maize for the combined data for all five districts.

The frequ ency distributions were prepared from the data on all plots of maize included in the survey: i.e. the distributions include plots which con tained maize grown in pure stands and plots which contained maize grown mixed with other crops.

TABl.E 27- FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF MAIZE PLOTS

NUMTllm OF P LOTS Yield

(lb. per acre) West East West Mengo Mengo Busoga N ile Kigezi T otal

Under 100 2 5 16 9 2 34 100- 199 8 11 12 12 5 48 200- 299 9 8 25 14 12 68 300- 399 9 9 11 8 13 50 400- 599 9 10 25 16 15 75 600- 799 14 6 18 9 15 62 800- 999 6 8 12 6 10 42

1,000-1,199 11 6 4 5 13 39 1,200-1,399 4 4 7 5 5 25 1,400- 1,599 5 2 5 7 8 27 1,600-1,999 8 3 2 11 14 38 2,000-2,499 6 - 3 8 5 22 2,500 and Over 6 7 1 5 7 26

TOTAL .. 97 79 141 11 5 124 556

In M engo 42 p er cent of plots which contained maize gave yields of maize in the range 200-800 Ibs. per acre. This percentage was the same in both West and East M engo. However in West Mengo a further 41 per cent of the maize plots gave yields in excess of 1,000 lbs. per acre. The equivalent perccntage in East M engo was lower at 28 per cent.

In Busoga just under two-thirds of the plots which contained maize gave yields below 600 Ibs. per acre. Very few gave yields of over 1,500 Ibs. per acre.

In West Nile/Madi one-half of the plots of maize gave yields below 600 Ibs. per acre but over 11 per cent of the plots gave yields in excess of 2,000 lbs. per acrc.

In Kigezi 44 per cent of the plots gave yields of maize in the range 200-800 lbs. per acre. 10 per cent of the maize plots in this district gave yields of 2,000 Ibs. per acre or more.

I n all five districts, 48 plots included in the yield survey produced yields of maizc of over 2,000 Ibs. per acre. Of these only 10 werc marc than 1,000 sq. yds. in size and only 3 of the 10 were more than 1,500 sq. yds. in size.

There was no significant correlation betwcen the yield of maize and the size of plot except in West Nile jMadi for which the correlation cocfficient was - 0·44. This negative relationship between the yie ld and size of plot is not regarded as close enough to require furthcr consideration of the results.

26

Section XIII-Groundnuis XIII. I-Introduction

G roundnuts were included in five districts in the crop yield survey. The d istricts were Mubende, Masaka, Busoga, Bukedi and Acholi. These districts con tained approximately 38 per cent of the area under g roundnuts in Uganda (Table X. 2: Volume III of the Census Report).

Table 28 shows the number of plots which contained groundnu ts for which results were obtained. The figures are shown by district.

TABLE 28- NUMBER OF GROUNDNUT PLOTS BY DISTRICT

NUlI1Drm OF PLOTS District

Pure Mixed Total

Mllbcndc · . 44 51 95 Masaka · . 42 114 156 Busoga .. 24 84 108 Dukcdi · . 24 32 56 Acholi · . 5 38 43

TOTAL 139 319 458

Table 29 shows the mean plot sizes of the grouncinut plots included in the yield survey. Also shown are the mea n plot sizes of groundnut plots calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census. Cf able X. 3: Volume III of the Census Report). The figures are given by district.

TABLE 29- MEAN PLOT SIZES OF GROUNDNUTS

P URE MIXED TOTAL District -_.- -----.----- ---------

Yield Phase Yield Phose Yield Phase Survey I Survey I Survey I

Mubcnde .. . . · . 0· 175 0·130 0·214 0·198 0·196 0· 177 Masaka · . .. · . (l · 124 0· 131 0·190 0·404 0·172 0·341 Dusoga · . .. .. 0·238 (l·306 0·361 0·581 0·334 0·511 Bukcdi · . 0·263 0 ·456 0 ·383 0·846 0·332 0·578 Acholi · . 0 ·181· O· 514 0·746 0·494 0·681 0·503

-- Based on onl y 5 p lots.

In Mubendc the plots included in th e yield survcy had mean plot sizes slightly above the mean plot sizcs calcu lated from the data collected in Phase r. In Acholi also, the mean plot size of mixed plots which contained groundnuts which were included in the yield survey was three-quarters of an acre compared to a mean plot size of one-hal f an acre for grounclnuts grown mixed as calculatecl in Phase I.

In the other areas the mean plot sizes of groundnuts for the plOl. included in the yield survey were smaller than the mea n plot sizes calculated in Phase I of the census. The differences in the mean plot sizes between the yield survey results and the Phase I results were particularly significant for Vhe plots whicll contained groundnuts grown mixed with other crops.

27

l

The groundnuts were invariably weighed by the enumerators when still in the shell.

In Masaka nearly 20 per cent of the data for groundnuts referred to ground­nuts in the condition, wet, with shell, with stalk. This condition was attributed to less than 10 per cent of the data of ground nuts in the other areas.

The most common condition in which the groundnuts were weighed was, wet, in the shell, without stalk. This condition accounted for approximately one-I)alf of the groundnuts data in Rusoga, Bukedi and Acholi. In Mubende and Masak. Districts the percentage of the data recorded as wet, in the shcll, without stalk, was in the range 63-70 pel' cent.

The only other condition to OCCllr with any frequency was groundnuts in the condition, dry, with shell, without stalk. This accounted for 35-45 per cent of the data in all districts except Masaka. In Masaka less than 15 pel' cent of the data was recorded as being in this condition.

For the purposes of presenting the results all the data were converted so that the yield per acre of groundnuts could be expressed as referring to groundnuts in a standard condition. Tbe condition used as the standard was groundnuts when dry, with shell, without stalk.

Table 30 shows the conversion factors used to convert the data for various conditions into the standard condition. The original data were multiplied by the relevant factor shown in the table before the yield per acre was calculated.

TABLE 3D-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR GROUNDNUTS

Condition when weighed Wet, with shell, with stalk Wet, with shell, without stalk DIY, with shell, without stalk

Conversion Factor

0·60 070 0·90

The conversion factors were calculated from data collected by the enumerators during the survey. (See Section V).

The last entry in the above table refers to ground nuts weighed in the standard condition. The conversion factor is 0·90 and 110t as might be expected 1'00, in order to allow for further moisture loss when the crop was dried for a longer pe.r;ocl.

Further work is necessary to cstablish conversion factors with a higher degree of accuracy. If users of 11,e report have other estimates which they wish to use, an approximate correction could be applied to the yields given in the following section by utilising the information given in this section concerning the approxi­mate percentages of the gl'oundnuts which were weighed in various conditions in each district.

XIII. 2-Yield of Grouuduuts Table 31 gives the mean yield "f groundnuts, in pounds per acre, for each of

the districts in which groundnuts were included in the yield survey. The yields afe shown for groundnuts grown in pure stands; groundnuts grown mixed with cereals and groundnuts grown mixed with any other crop.

The yields refer to ground nuts when dry, with shell, without stalk.

28

z

TABLE 31-YlELD OF GROUNDNUTS

YJELD IN LB. peR ACRE

District Mixed GI'own with

Pure Cereals

Mubendc .. 800 1,2501 Masaka .. 600 650 Busoga .. 1,000 900 Bukedi .. 1,000 650 Acholi .. 550· 550

... Based on only 5 plots. t Based on only 12 plots.

Mixed with all others

800 550 S50

1,000 350

The yields obtained were very variable. In Acholi the yields were only about one-half of the yields in Blisoga and Bukedi. Yields of groundnuts in Masaka were slightly larger than in Acholi whereas in Mubende the yields were nearer to those obtained in Busoga and Bukedi.

In general it can be said that the yi.eld of groundnuts obtained when the crop was grown mixed with other crops was not markcdly less than the YIeld obtained when the groundnuts were grown alone.

It is thought that the yield of 1,250 lbs. per acre shown in the table may well be due to sampling fluctuations and no great significance should be attached to it.

Table 32 shows, for the five districts in which groundnuts were studied, the grouped frequency distributions of the yield of groundnuts obtained from individual plots included in the crop yield survey. The frequency dlstnbutlOn is also given of the yield of groundnuts for the combined data for all five districts.

The frequency distributions were prepared from the data on all plots of groundnuts included in the survey; i.e. the distributions include plots which contained groundnuts grown in pure stands and plots whIch can tamed ground­nuts grown mixed with other crops,

TABLE 32-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF GROUNDNUT PLOTS

NUMBER 01" PLOTS

Yield (lb. per acre) Mubcnde Mnsaka llusega llukcdi Aeholi Telal

Under 200 .. .. 5 20 - 6 7 38 200- 399 .. .. 9 36 13 3 12 73 400- 599 .. ., 17 39 15 8 10 89 600- 799 .. .. 16 21 16 8 6 67 800- 999 .' .. .13 12 16 6 2 49

1,000-1.199 .. . . 8 8 22 6 3 47 1,200- 1,399 .. . . 9 5 12 7 1 34 1,400-1,599 .. .. 3 4 5 3 - 15 1,60(}-1,999 .. .. 7 6 5 2 - 20 2,000-2,499 .. .. 4 1 1 4 1 11 2,500 and Over .. 4 4 3 3 1 15

TOTAL .. 95 156 108 56 43 458

29

In Masaka and Acholi between 60-68 pel' cent of the plots of groundnuts gave yields of less than 600 Ibs. per acre. In the other areas only 25- 33 per cent of the ground nut plots gave yields of less than 600 Ibs. per acre.

Conversely whereas only 14 per cent of the groundnut plots in Acholi and 18 per cent of the groundnut plots in Masaka gave yields of groundnuts in excess of 1,000 Ibs. per acre, in Mubende 37 per cent of the plots gave ground­nut yields above 1,000 Ibs. per acre and this percentage rose to 44-45 per cent in Busoga and Bukedi.

In all five districts 26 plots included in the yield survey produced yields of groundnuts of over 2,000 Ibs. per acre. Of these only 6 had areas greater th'lI1 1,000 sq. yds. and only I had an area of greater than 2,000 sq. yds.

Th.ere was no significant correlation between the yield of groundnuts and the size of plot. The correlation coefficicnts were all negative, but lay in the range -D' 1 to -D '2 except in Mubende where the correlation coefficient was -D·4. It is not considered that the coefficient for Mubende has any particular significance.

Section XIV-Sim Sim XIV. I-Introduction

Sim-sim was included in the districts in the crop yield survey. The districts were Lango and Acholi which contained over three-quarters of the area under sim-sim in Uganda. (Table X. 8: Volume III of the Ceusus Report).

Table 33 shows the number of plots which contained sim-sim for whieh results were obtained.

TARLE 33- NUMBER OF SIM-SIM PLOTS BY DISTRICT

NUMBER OF PLOTS District

Pure Mixed Tota l

L~l)go .. 12 44 56 Acholi .. 47 15 62

'TOTAL .. 59 59 118

Table 34 shows the mean size of the sim-sim plots included in the yield survey. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of sim-sim plots calculated from the data collected in Phase J of the census. (Table X. 9: Volume III of the Census Report).

TABLE 34-MEAN PLOT SIZES OF SIM-SIM

Purm Mnmo TOTAL -----

District Yield Ph~sc Yield Phase Yield Phase Survey I Survey r Survey I

Lflngo 0·875 0·794 0·800 0 ·987 0·815 0·892 Acholi 1 ·361 1· 321 0·983 0·705 1·270 1·007

30

Considering all thc sim-sim plots included in the yield survey in Lango, the mean plots size was less than the mean plot size estimated in Phase I of the

census.

In Acholi the reverse was the casc, the mean plot size for sim-sim estimated from the crop yield survey was greater than the mean plot size for sim-sim calculated in Phase I of the census.

The sirn-sim harvested from the sample plots was almost invariably weighed after the crop had been dried and threshed. The yields given in the following section refer to the crop in this condition and therefore the lIse of conversion. factors was unnecessary.

XIV. 2-Yield of Sim-sim

Table 35 gives the mean yield of sim-sim in pounds per acre for Lango and Acholi. The yields are shown for sim-sim grown m pure stands and for sim· sim grown mixed with other crop:;,

The yields refer to sirn-sim when dry and threshed.

TABLE 35-YIELD OF SIM-SIM

District

Lango Acholi

YIELD IN Lu. PBR Acrm

Grown Grown Pure Mixed

140 130

130 135

The yields arc given to the nearest five pounds.

There was no significant difference in the yields per acre obtained in Lango as compared to the yields obtained in Acholi. Neither was there any significant difference between the yields of sim-sim grown in pure stands as compared to the yields of sim-sirn grown mixed with other crops (mainly cereals).

The most reliable of earlie r cstimates made of the yield of sirn-sim obtained in Uganda was 150 to 200 Ibs. per acre. Recent yields of sim-sim at Serere, an Agricultural Research Station, covered a range from 100 to 400 Ibs. per acre.

Table 36 shows for Lango and Acholi the grouped frequency distributions of the yield of sim-sim obtained from individual plots included in the crop yield survey. The frequency distributions were prepared from the data on all plots of sim-sim included in the survey; i.e. the distributions include plots which contained sim-sim grown in pure stands and plots which contained sim-sim grown mixed with other crops.

Of the 118 plots of sim-sim included in the crop yield survey over two­thirds gave yields of sim-sim in the range 50- 200 lbs. per acre.

There was no significant correlation between the yield of sim-sim and the size of plot. In both Lango and Acholi the correlation coefficients were -0,2.

31

l

ThDLE 36- -FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF SIM-SIM PLOTS

NUMDER OF PLOTS Yield

(lb. pCI' acre) Lnngo Acholi

Under SO 12 8 50- 99 14 13

100-149 - - 10 22 15~199 - - 10 12 200-299 7 7 300 nnd Over 3 -

TOTAL .. 56 62

Section XV-Beans XV. 1-Introduction

Beans were included in four districts in the crop yicld smvey. The districts were Mubende, Masaka, Ankole and West Nile/Madi. These districts contained approxImately 26 per cent of the arca under heans in Uganda. (Table X. IS: Volume III of the Census Report).

It was intended to estimate the yield of beans in one other district, namely Buked, D,strIct of the Eastern RegIon. Unfortunately no satisfactory data were collected for beans In th,S dlstnct.

Table 37 shows the number of plots which contained heans for which results were obtained. The figures arc shown hy district.

ThDLE 37-NUMBER OF BEANS PLOTS BY DISTRICT

NUMBI3R OF PLOTS District

Pure Mixc Total

Mubcnde .. 33 95 128 Masaka .. 29 276 305 Ankole 68 206 274 West NilefM.'ldi 16 74 90

TOTAL .. 146 651 i97

Table 38 shows the mean plot sizes of the plots included in the yield survey whIch contatned beans. Also shown are the mean plot sizes of plo~, which con tamed beans, calculated from the data collected in Phase I of the census. (Table X. 16: Volume III of the Census Report). The figures are given by d,stnct.

ThBLE 38-MEAN PLOT SIZES OF BEANS

Mubendc. MASska .. Ankolc

District

West Nile/Mad;

PURR MJ}mo

32

Yield I Ph~sc Survey I

----0'188 0'194 0'325 0'694 0·155 0·143 0'253 0·349

In M ubcnde and Ankole, the agreement between the mean plot s izes for beans attained in the two phases of the census is satisfactory.

In West Nile/ Madi the plots of beans included in the yield survey had a lower mean plot size than that obtained for beans in Phase 1 of the census.

In Masaka the mean plot sizes of beans grown in pure s tands obtained from each of the phases of the census agree very closely. However the mean plot size of beans grown in mixed plots for these plots included in the yield survey is less than one-half of the mean plot size for such plots calculated in Phase I of the census. The Phase I mean plot size for the plots of beans grown in mixed plots in Masaka was very high at approximately three-quarters of an acre. It is possible that the mean plot size was overestimated. However in Masaka beans were mainly grown as only a minor crop in mixed plots. Depending on the predominant crop of the plots in which the beans are grow n the mean plot size might well be highly variable from one year to the next.

In Mubende, Masaka and Ankole between 40 per cent and 50 per cent of the data for beans referred to beans in the condition, wet, with shell, with stalk. In West Nile/Madi only 20 per cent of the data for beans referred to beans in the abova condition.

In Mubende .- further 40 per cent of the data rderred to beans when dry, with shell and normally without stalk. The corresponding percentage of the beans weighed in this condition in the other districts were: Ankole 34 per cent, West Nile/Madi 27 per cent, Masaka 21 per cent.

In all districts only 3-4 per cent of the data for beans referred to beans in the condition wet, withou t shell.

In West Nile/ Madi nearly one-half of the data fOI' beans referred to beans III the condition dry, without shell. In Masaka one-third of the data was in this form but in Mubende and Ankole only approximately IS per cent of the data referred to beans when dry and without shell.

For the purpose of presenting the results all the data were converted so that the yield per acre of beans could be expressed as referring to beans in a standard cond ition. The condition IIsed as the standard wos beans when dry and uri/houl shell.

Table 39 shows the conversion factors used to convert the data for various conditions into the standard condition. The original data were multiplied by the relevant factor shown in the table before the yield per acre was calcu lated.

TARLE 39-CONVERSION FACfORS FOR BEANS

Condition when weighed

Wet, with shell, with stftlk Dry, with shell, without stalk .. Wet, without shell .. Dey, without shell ..

33

Conversion Factor

0·37 0·47 0·75 0 ' 90

J

The convcrsion factors were calculated from data collected by the enumerators during the survey (see Section V).

The last entry in the above table refers to beans weighed in the standard condition. The conversion factor is 0'90, and not as might be expected 1'00, in order to allow for further moisturc loss when the crop was dried for a further period.

Some doubt has been cast on the above conversion factors by agriculturists in Uganda who were consulted on this point. It is considered by some that the conversion factors used arc too high; i.e. a greater proportion of the original weight is lost in drying or shelling, etc. Further work is necessary to establish conversion factors with a higher degree of accuracy. If users of the report have other estimates which they wish to use, an approximate correction could be applied to the yields given in the following section by. utilising the information given in this section concerning the approximate percentages of the beans which were weighed in various conditions in each dist~ict.

XV. 2-Yield of Beans

Table 40 gives the mean yield of beans in pounds per acre for each of the districts in which beans wcre included in the yield survey. The yields are shown for beans grown in pure stRnd; beans mixed with coffee or plantains; beans mixed with cereals; and beans mixed with any other crops (mainly groundnuts or cotton).

T~e yields refer to beans when dry and without shell.

TABLE 4ll-YIELD OF BEANS

YmLD IN LB. PER ACRE

District Mixed Grown with Mixed Mixed

Pure Coffee or with with aU Plantains Cereals others

-Mubendc . . · . 500 450 400 200 MuakA . . · . 700 400 450 350 Ankolc · . 500 500 550 400 West Nilc/ MHdi 550 350 350 -

With the possible exception of the high yield of 700 Ibs. per acre for beans grown in pure stands in Masaka District, the yields obtained were very consistent.

In Ankole there was no significant decre.se in the yield of beans obtained from plots in which the beans were mixed with other crops as compared to the yield obtained for plots in which beans were grown in pure stands. Indeed the yield obtained for beans mixed with cereals was higher than the yield obtained for beans grown in pure stands. It is considered however that no significance should be attached to this as it is probably due to sampling fluctuations.

34

- - -- ---

In the other districts the yields of beans obtaincd from mixed plots were significantly less than the yields obtained from the plots of beans grown in pure stands.

Table 41 shows for the four districts in which beans were studicd,. the grouped frequency distribution of the yield of beans obtained from individual plots included in the crop yield survey. The frequ ency dlstnbutlOn IS also given of the yield of beans for the combined data for all four districts.

The frequency distributions were prepared from the data on all plots of beans included in the survey; i.e. the distributions include plots which contained beans grown in pure stands and plots which contained beans grown mixed with other crops.

TADLE 41- FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD OF BEAN PLOTS

NUMBER OF PLOTS YIELD

(lb. per acre) West Mubcndc Masako Ankole Nile/Modi Total

Under 100 17 33 19 13 82 100- 199 15 40 26 14 95 200 - 299 20 47 35 11 113 300- 399 18 40 28 7 93 400- 499 14 37 22 11 84 500- 599 7 22 24 10 63 600- 699 11 21 25 6 63 700- 799 6 18 22 2 48 800- 899 6 16 16 2 40 900- 999 2 6 17 4 29

1,000-1,499 8 22 27 9 66 1,500 and Over 4 3 13 1 21

-TOTAL . . 128 305 274 90 797

In Mubende Masaka and West Nile/ Madi Districts more than one-half of the plots included in the yield survey which contained beans gave yields of less than 400 Ibs. of beans per acre. In Ankole, however, less than 40 per cent of the plots which contained beans gave yields of less than 400 lbs. of beans per .acre.

At the other cnd of the distribution in Mubende, Masaka and West Nile/ Madi approximately 16 per cent of the plots of beans gave yields of more than 800 Ibs. per acre. In Ankole 27 per cent of the plots gave yields of beans of 800 Ibs. per acre or more.

Of the 87 plots which gave yields of beans in excess of 1,000 Ibs: per acre only 14 were over 1,000 sq. yds. in size and of these 9 were located m Masaka District.

There was no significant correlation between the yield of beans and size of plot.

Section XVI-Field Peas XVI. 1-Introduction

Field peas were included in the crop yield survey in ?nly one distrie~;. Kigezi was the only district in which this crop was grown m slgmficant quantltles.

3S

Field peas in Kigezi were grown almost exclusively in pure stands. The number of such plots included in the crop yield study was 53'. The mean plot size of these plots was 0·23 acres compared to a mean plot size of 0·25 acres calculated for"this crop in Kigezi in Phase I of th e census.

The field peas were weighed by the enumerators in four different conditions. For the pu rpose of prcsenting th e result. all the data were converted so that the yield per aCre could be expressed as referring to field pcas in a standard condition. The condition used as the standard was field peas when dry and without shell.

Table 42 shows the approximate percentages of the data recorded in each of the four conditions and the conversion fuctor used to convert the data into thc standard condition. The original data werc multiplied by the relevant factor shown in the table before the yield per acre was ca lcu lated.

TABLE 42-CONVERSION FACTORS FOR FIELD PEAS

Condition when weighed

Wet, with shell , with sralk Wet, wi th shell, without

stalk.. .. Wet, without shell Dry. without shell

Percentage of crOp weighed Conversion

in each factor condition

43 0 ·40

10 0·47 20 0·70 27 0·90

The conversion factors were calculated from data co llected by the enumerators during the survey (see Section V of Chapter I).

The las t entry in the above table refers to field pea~ weighed in the standa~d condition. The conversion factor is 0·90 and not as might be expected 1·00, In order to allow for further moisture loss when the crop was dried for a further period.

X VI. Z-Yield of Field Peas

The mean yield of field peas from the plots studied in the crop yield survey was 450 pounds of field peas per acre. This yield refers to field peas when dry and without shell.

21 of the 53 plots gave yields of field peas of less than 400 Ibs. per acre; 18 of the plots gave yields of field peas in the range 400·-800 lbs. per acre; 14 of the plots gave yields of field peas of more than 800 Ibs. per aCre.

Section XVII-Pigeon Peas

XVU. I-Introdnction

Pigeon peas were included in the crop ~ield survey in only on.' district; Lango. This district contained nearly two-thll·ds of the· area under pigeon peas in Uganda. (Table X. 20: Volume III of the Ccnsus Report).

36

The number of plots of pigeon peas included in the survey was 64. Of these 40 plots contained pigeon peas grown mixed with other crops. The mean plot size of the plots of pigcon peas grown in pure stands was \ ·Z8 acres compared to a mean plot size of 1·21 acres calCLllatcd from the data collected in Phase I of the census. The mean plot size of the plots of pigeon peas grown mixed with other crops was 1·11 acres compared to a mean plot size of 1·18 acres calcula ted from the data collected in Phase I of the census Crable X. 21: Volume III of the Census Report).

Most of the data for pigeon peas referred to pigeon peas in the condition dry and without shell. This was adopted as the standard condition to be used when calculating the yields per acre. A small proportion of the data referred to pigeon peas in the condition dry, with shell and with stalk. To convcrt such data to the sta ndard co ndition a conversion factor of 0·50 was adopted. Wh en the pigeon peas were reported to be in the standard condition when weighed a conversion facto r of 0·90 was used and not as might be expected 1·00, in order to allow for further moisture loss when the crop was dried for a further period.

XVII. Z-Yield of Pigeon Peas

There was no significant difference between the yield of pigeon peas obtained from the plots in which the crop was grown in pure stands and the yield of peas obtained from the plots in which the crop was grown mixed with other crops.

The mean yield of pigeon peas from the 64 plots studied in the crop yield survey was 150 pounds of pigeon peas per acre. This yield refers to pigeon peas when dry and without shell.

Twenty-seven of the 64 plots gave yields of pigeon peas of less than 100 Ibs. per acre; 23 of the plots gave yields of pigeon peas in the range 100-ZOO Ibs. per acre; 8 of the plot, gave yields of pigeon peas in the range ZOO-300 Ibs. per acre and 6 of the plots gave yields of pigeon peas of more than 300 Ibs. per aCre.

Section XVUI-Accnracy of the Crop Yield Estimates

Thc number of plots for which results were obtained for each crop included in the yield estimation survey varied from 53 for field peas (included in onc district only) and 64 for pigeon peas (a lso included in one district only) to 869 plots of sweet potatoes distributed over six districts. The sample sizes for each crop varied in the range 0·02-0·06 per cent.

The sampling errors of the resulting yield estimates might therefore be expected to be large especially for the yield estimates of the sub-classifications of a crop such as the yield of finger millet when mixed with other cereals.

On the other hand the variability of the estimates from the sample plots ,"vas in certain cases very low; for example the results obtained from the plots of sim-sim. With one exception the number of plots included in the survey for each crop in any district exceeded 50 and in the majority of cases cxceeded 100.

37

The calculation of sampling errors would have delayed the preparation of this report as for many plots the number of weighings of the harvested crop was very high. Many of the plots of plantains included in the survey were "harvested" by the holder in over 200 days of the year. It was not considered that such a delay in the publication of the report was justified in view of the fact that sampling errors attached to the yield estimates contained in this volume might well be very misleading.

The possible errors arising from faulty weighing or the failure to weigh all the harvested crop must be taken into consideration. Of far greater significance however is the possible size of the error due to the conversion of the recorded weights into the yield for the crop in a standard condition. The conversion factors were calculated from data collected during the survey but as is stated repeatedly in this volume much further work on this aspect is required.

It is considered therefore that such non-sampling errors may be of a higher order than the sampling errors and therefore no sampling errors are shown.

The implication of this discussion is that the yield estimates Can only be regarded as "rough" estimates subject to a considerable margin of error.

In the introductory sections of this volume it was explained that such approximate estimates for a large number of crops was the aim of the survey rather than estimates with smaller error ranges for one or two crops only. This aim was therefore achieved.

It is considered that the estimates given will prove a valuable first step along the road of establishing more accurate estimates for individual crops. Their use is recommended as long as the user bears in mind that the estimates although probably unbiased have confidence limits wider than would be acceptable in smaller-scale statistical experimentation.

38

APPENDIX I

STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL FORM 1

UGANDA CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE: CROP YIELD ESTIMATlON 1964/65

P.O. No. \ I I I I I I No. of Hold;ng I I I I District .... ......... . ... County . "...... . ....... Gonlbolola ................ . . Pnrish ..... .

Sub-Parish " .... . . ............ Enumerator's Name .............. . ................. . Sheet No .... .

Date

Nalne of l-IoJder ......... ....... ..... . ..... ........ ........ .

Crop Constituen t harvested

Crops of to which Weight Plo t weight (lb.)

rcfcrs

CONDrnON OF CROP -- - - ,- - -·- - ---r--

~ ~ ..c':j ~':j. ", 0::::: <II 0=

..c ..c~ ..c ..c~ Other remarks £ ~~.~~~~~~

- --- -'-I- --I---I--I-r---- - - - -·1- -1---- - - 1- -1--- 1---1- ---1- -1- - 1--11--- ---1- - -

- - - +--+-- -1----1--1--1--1--11--1- - - -1---1- --

--- - --1--- -1---1---1-- 1--1-- --- - - - --- - .---

- - -- --1---- -1- - -1--- 1--1--1-- 1-- ---- - ---1---

-----1- - --1----1- - - 1--1-----r---- r----

·----1--1----1·---1--·1--1-- -- - -------1---1---

----1-1-- - 1---1---1- - 1·-1--1- - --------1---

- ---I- - I----I----I---I--------r----1- - 1---

---.- --1---1-- -1---1- - 1--1-- - - - - -- - - 1--- 1·--

- -- --1---1---1---1--11---1-- - - --1--1--1---

--- - 1- - -1---1---1- -1------ ---

- - ---1----1----1·- - 1-- ·----------

---·1--1----1---1--- 1--1--1--- ----- -

- ---1- 1---1- - -1---1--1--------- --- -

- - - - 1--1----1- --1---1--1--------·1--1- --

--- 1- -1----1---1·- -1-- - ---~----I---I--I---

- - ---\- -\----1---·1---------1--1--/---

- ----\--1- - -- -\--- 1-----f-----r--i~-I---

----- 1- - /---1-- - 1-- - \-- -- - - - -- - - - - ------

- ---\--1---1--- \--- - --- - - - ---1-.---1--1---

- - - -\--1--- 1-- -+-- 1-- - -------r---------- --\--\---1---1--- -- - - --1------ --

1- - - - ------- -

39

APPENDIX I-continued

FORM 2 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

UGANDA CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE: CROP YIELD ESTIMATION 1964/65

P,C,A, No, I I I I I I I No. of Holding I I I I District . ....

Sub-Parish

...... County .. . ... Gombolola ... ................. Parish ... .

..... ... Date . Enumerator's Name

HOLDER'S HOUSEHOLD

Number in Household: Males under 16 yc~rs

Females under 16 years

Males 16- 45 years .......

Females 16-45 years

Males over 45 years ...... ..

Females over 45 yenn; ."

Tota l

Plot No.1

Constituent Crops .... . ......... .... ... No. of Trees (Bananas only) ............. ... .

-----------~------------~----------~---

RECTANGLIlS I TRIANGLES Crop Spacing

Other Remarks ............. .

Plot No.2

1---:---Total

area of Plot

Length I Breadth I Area I Base I Height Area

,-I--FI!-F--'-I I I I

Constituent Crops .... ... ..... ................. No. of Trees (Bananas only) ... ., .. ........................ .. . .

Crop Spacing ..... . ...... RocTANcLr:.S I ThI<\NCLES Total

I B",dth I I 1 Height ,- Area area of

" ..... . ., ... . ... ...... .... .. Length Area Base Plot _.,

I I I I

...... ........... .... . , . .....

Other Remarks ..... .. .. ... .. I ......... .. " , ... . .. ......... I I I ............... .. ................ I I I I

40

APPENDIX I-continued

Plot No.3

Constituent Crops ..... .. ... . No. of Trees (B3Inanas only) ......... ............. ..

Total

Crop Spacing .... .......... RECTANGLES TRIANGLES area of

I I Plot

..... .. ............... ... .. ..... Length Breadth Area Base Height Area

. ............. .......... .. .......

Other Remarks .. .. .. ........

.... ... .... ... .... ............ I

......... ..... .. ............... I I

41

-] ..; : • I

I I APPENDIX II

'1 .'>< • •

~ .e- INSTRUCTIONS TO ENU MERATORS

0

! o§ I I .. 1. You will be told the parish in which you are to work. You will be provided

~

lS ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I

with a list of holders which YOH li re to visit in each parish. You will be issued with

0 j () I I the necessary equipment, consisting of a spring balancel a "T"rlimeter lJ measuring

Z 0

· z I I I~ I I I I I I I wheel, sufficient census schedules for your area, il board and clip to which to fasten u

'" ;;:: your sehedulesl

a pen and a census badge to wear whilst on census duty. '" . ~ 0 ~ I >flUJS I I I I I I I I I I I f-o 2. You will have il Supeivisor who will issue the fin al instructions and tell you

(fJ 6 lnOttlfM • when to start work. Any problems which you may have before or during the census :!l '" ~ I >l.I I:JS ~!M I I I I I I I I I I I 0

t should be put to your SupeIVisor. ." :z: ~ - 5 L Ila~s I I I I I I I I I I I During the year of the census you must visit every holder on your list daily, 0 0( E lnOtll!M I

3. .., ~

~ § f-o ~ III.~' ~"M I I I I I I I I I I I

including Sundays and, if neeessarYI Public Holidnys. It is essential that ,'illl quantities

Z .g Z :z: of the crops harvested hy the holder from the sample plots which you will select

j () are weighed by you immediately following the harves t. These d:lily visits arc necessary 0

.~ i;J I "'0 I I I I I I I I I I r:: to ensure th 'lt no crop is harvested nnd then caten or sold without fi rs t being weighed

~ 0

! is I I

I 13M I I I I I I I I I LL hy you. However

l it is likely that there will be days when it is clear that nothing

r:: will be harvested by the holder or his family, e,g. if the crops on one holding are

(fJ (' gIl I I I I I I I I I 1I0t rendy for harvest thcre may, for ii short period l be nothing to record on that

'" j It{::f!3M holding. In sHch a case whcn you are nbsolutely certain that nothing will be harvested Cl

§ 'ON lOld I I I I I I I I I you may leave the holder out of your round of visits on that day. It is your o-l

3 '" I I l'esponsibility to ensure that complete informil tion is obtained on the crops and yOll ~ ,

I I I I I I I I I I I must not omit a holdcr f rom your daily visit if there is :tny ch ll.nce of thus missing

~ >< • • ;; some information that ought to have been recorded. .. ~ Cl

'" 0 Cl '" z

I I Wl_

4. You must work with great care and accuracy. Any careless work may .seriously <;; U • '\.. ~.f affect the value of the census. Remcmber to be polite and courteous at aU times Z 9 0 ~

.e- to the holders and to local chiefs, etc. For your work to. be 5u(.'Cessfu\. it is essential e "E u '" • ° e I that you obtain the friendly co-operation of the holdcr and his household so that :> .5 § >< S ." hc will help ensure that you obtain a complete record. You will lose the holder's

~ '0 c

I I I I I I I I I I I I :> :I: '" co-operation if you are rude. U U OS ~ ;;:: I I I I I I I I I I I I 5. T ake care to keep thc schedules neat, clean and intact. T orn, dirty, iHegible

0 f-o () Z : :I: schedules will be returned to you , causing you extra work and causing delays and

(fJ 0( () ~ I >l.te1S I I I I I I I I I I I upsets in the census programme. YOll!' Supervisor will collect the schedules which

~ .. '" d Jnol{I!M you have completed at regular in tervals. 0 ~ ~ I >1.1 011> 1I1!M I I I I I I I I I I L (fJ ,

0 GENERAL :> '" § I IPl.lS I I I I I I I I I I I (fJ f-o Z (fJ !:: I JnOtlllM 6. Selection 0/ Plots.- You will visit each of thc holders on your list and record

'" '" Q .

U .e > 8 I IJ3l.{S t[)!M I I I I I I I I I I I on the correc t form every plot th <l t the holder has of thc crops that are being studied • '" 0( ·c

0( in your district. During the ye<lf of thc census, record on the form any furth er plots

Q rt :z: I "'Q I I I I

I I I I I I I which the holder may phmt of thc crops under study. Z ,;, I 0( , () (fJ

I 13 M I I I I I I I I I I 7. The purpose of your work is to obtain for the crops the yield achieved by :> the holders. The first essential is to measure the area of each sample plot. This

(,qll I I I I I I I I I I I will be done using a OITrumeter" me<1s uring wheel and splitting the plot into rectangles 1l{8 !~M. and triangles. You mllst ensure that this measurement of area is done with great

] .e" I I nccuracy. If the area is wrong then no matter how carefully you weigh thc crops

o.. .... :2~ C the yield per acre when calculated will be incorrect. If necessary measure the area e ~ ~ .~~ of each plot two or three times by splitting the pI!)t into different rectangles etc. to

; u .l! 2 ~el I I get independent checks on your work.

; 'O N' 10Id I I I I I I I I I I I 8. At the top of each form you mu st al w.~.lYs fill in the genernl informution.

0 - The P .C.A. No. will be given to you by your Supervisor and you will insert Z ~ ..: e

I I I I I I I I I I I this number in the six boxes provided . .,

cj E • <3 Cl I The number of the holding refers to the number thnt appears against each holder's

0: name on your list. This must be inserted in th e three boxes provided.

42 43

APPENDIX II-continued

You must also fill in the name of the district, county, gombolo(a, parish and sub-pnrish in the spaces provided, foHowed by your name and the nilme of the holder.

The Sheet No. on Form 1 refers to the number of sheets you use for each holding, thus give Sheet No. 01 to the first sheet on Form 1 which you commence for each holding. When Shcct No. 01 is full for a.ny holding, you will stnrt a new shed and insert the Sheet No. 02, ,md so on. NOTE that each of your holdings will have a Sheet No. 01 followed later by a Sheet No. 02 etc. 'When commencing a new sheet for onc holding remember to complete thc rest of the information required, referred to above.

9. \Vhen you commence your visits to the holdings do not weigh any crops which are already in store, only weigh crops that arc harvested from the date of your first visit.

If harvesting has commenced on one of the plots beforc your Mrival do not include the harvested portion in your mcasurement of the plot.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FORM I

10. Complete the top of the Form as instructed in paragraph 8.

II. Column l - U Date".- Enter the d~te of each visit .

1.2. Column 2- "Plot No."- In this column you will record the numher of the plot from which the crop that you are about to weigh was taken. The numher is that given to the plot on Form 2, e.g. if you are about to weigh some beans taken from a plot whosc area you had recorded undel· Plot No. 3 on Form 2, then you would enter a 3 under IIPlot No." on Form 1.

13. Colutnn) 3-·u Co1lstituent Crops at Plot".·-This refers to ~dl the constituent crops listed for the plot whose number you have inserted in column 2 and which you have already recorded against that Plot No. on Form 2.

14. Column 4- "Crop Hwvested to which Weight R.ters".~In this column you write the name of the crop whieh you afC nbout to weigh. In cases of plots which contain a mixture of crops) you win list in column 3 all the constituent crops, whereas in column 4 you will note only the crop which YOll are about to wcigh. If two crops have been hilrvc~ted from the same plot you must record these as separate items on Form 1. Never weigh two crops together t!ven though they may hClve been hnl'vested together from the same plot.

l5. Column S·_ ·uWeiKht".- Record the weight of the crop to the neClrest h<llf pound. Take great care whcn weighing to ensure that the balance is correctly suspended so that the weight obtained will be accurate. If it is necessClry to usc a sack or other container to hold the crop during the weighing, you mllst observe the following rules: -

(a) weigh the container when empty, e.g. if you intend to use a sack, first put the empty sack on the balance and record the weight (if it is more than half a pound);

(b) place the crop in the container and weigh the crop and container together;

(c) subtract from the weight obtained in (b) the weight obtained in (a), i.e. rccord on Form 1 only thc weight of the crop by subtracting from the combined weight of crop and container) the weight of thc empty container. NOTE that if the crop has to be weighed in several stages (because it weighs too much to be weighed in onc go) the container will be weighed several times with each portion of the crop. Thus) if you have made four weighings of one crop using .;\ container each time, you should subtract fOlll' times the weight of the empty container from the total weight to get the crop weight

44

APPENDIX lI-colltinlled

16. The rcm~ining columns refer to the condi~i~n of thc. cro~ at the ti~e of weighing. It is importa~1t to know. the. crop .cond~tlOn a~ tlus a~·e~t~. t~e weights considerably. The first SIX cohlmns 1I1 thiS sectIOn gIVe val:lOus posslbIlit.les, c.g. wetl dry, with shell/without shell, etc. If any of these heodIngs arc applIcable to the crop YOli have jyst wcig.hed, place a llck under the ~ppropna~e headmg,. e.g. "If t~~ crop still con tamed m01sture, you would place a tick undel the headIng wet., 'milady for a crop such as groundnuts or beans, if the shell or pod was still ~~ound the nut or bean place :1 tick under the ~eading Hwith shell" .. N?TE that the headings are paired and only one tick can be mserted for each welghmg. for each

ir' thus if you place a tick under "with shell" you cnonot also place a tick under e~ithout shell" . If some nuts were in the shell and some were ",,:ithout sh~ll) the two typcs must be weighed separa tclx and shown separately on l'orm 1 With the Clppropriate tick placed against each weight.

17 Two columns are blank so that if another combination of conditions is eom~on for a crop in your area, you may insert headings in thc blank spaces. The last column is for any other remarks that. are neces~ar:r to. enSllre th at ;Ill relevant Information on the crop condition at the time of welghmg IS recorded.

INSTRUCTIONS F OR FORM 2.

18. The general information (it the top of the Form must be completed.

19. You will complete a copy of Form 2 for every holding at the heginning of. the census. At this time measure and record the area of every plot on the holdlllgs containing the cro~ to be studied. During the cou rse. ~f the year complete another Form 2 every time a holder phtnts <l new plot cont~umng one of the crops under study.

20. Holder's Household.- Regard as household members ~ersons normally resident with the holder on his holding. Do not include labourers pcud by the holder but not living with him. Temporary visitors should also be excluded.

21. Provision is made on Form 2 for the measurement of three p~ots on . any one holding. Should there be more than three plots of the crops on a holding contmue the measurements on another Fonn 2; complete the information at the top and where the Form reads If Plot No. 1)0 cross out the" 1" and write 1<4" and so on.

22. Against "Constituent Crops" write alt the crops which are con~ained on ~he plot. In the case of bananas also coun t the trees. Record the approxlma~e spaclI1g between thc rows of the crop(s) and any other remarks about. the densl~y ?f ~he plants in the field. This may not be very accurate but ende~vour to g~ve a go?d 1I1dlcatlon of the crop densities. Enter the measurements of rectangles and tnangles ln the spaces provided and calculate the total area of the plot. A blank sheet is provided for plot diagrams.

INSTRUCTIONS Fon FORM 3

23. Comple te the infonnation at the top of the Form.

24. Form 3 is to be used when it is possible to record ~oth the. weigh.t of the crop after harvest ,lI1d thc weight of the samc crop after st~nng. It lS not Intende~l that yOll should enter on Form 3 r.ll .the erops that you. weigh on Form L Only If the holder is certain that some quantity of the crops will be storcd and nO casual eating etc. will take place is an entry required on Form 3. Thc columns are almost the sa~e as in Form 1 but they are repeated under two heading~, HHarvested Weight" and «Weight after Storing". If satis~ed that a ,Particular portIOn of harvested. crop will be stored and not tampered With and wlll .be kept separate and) .thclefore, identifiable in the store, record on the left-hand SIde of Form 3. the detaIls of the. weight and crop condition after harvest and at some later date (Wllldl you must enter

45

L

APPENDIX ll-cOllhmled

in the appropriate column) weigh the identical portion of the crop again and enter the details and condition in the columns on the right-hand side of Form 3. The purpose of this is to estimate weight losses due to drying and other processes that take place during slorjng. It is essential that both the weights and remarks refer to identical portions of the crop. It is useless). for example) to weigh groundnuts when harvested and then to weigh them again later after storing and record the information, if during the stor<lge period, some nuts hnd been enten or sold, as the two weights would not refer to the same quantity of groundnuts.

25. Note thnt you need only complete Form 3 for a sample of the weights which you record on Form 1, and only in cases where you are sat isfied that you can identify the same crop after storage.

INSTRUCTIONS ON CROPS

26. Detailed instructions for the crops witi be givcn during the train.ing course, bu.t the following are some remarks for your guidance : -

Groundnuts.-'rhese will normally be weighed after harvest in the shell, but may be either wet or dry for somc holders having plucl(ed the groundnuts leave them lying in the field to dry before bringing them to the compound. In such a case you will weigh the nuts when in the compound and record them as "with shell" but "dry".

Sweet Potatoes.- If the sweet potatoes ate cover~d in mud, you should attempt to clean them to some extent before weighing.

Maize.- Normally maize when harvested is broken off near the head. Should a considerable amount of stalk be harvest.ed together with the head report this under crop condition. The maize may also be wet (green) or dry on harvesting for some maize is left to dry in the field before harvesting. However, even though the maize may be classified as dry, it may sti ll contain considerable surface moisture due to rain on the day of the harvcst, etc. In such n case, although you record the maize as dry you should also record it in the blank columns On Form 1 as with (or without) sllrface moisture. Also record whether the harvested crop is "in sheaf" or "not in sheaf".

Beans.- Record carefully the crop condition, in particular whether or not the stalks were still present when weighed. Beans do not include eow peas. The heading on f'orm 1 flwith sbell" or /(withou t shell" refers also to ((with pod" or /(without pod'\ for crops such as beans.

Finger Millet.- T his crop presents similar problems to mllize and should be treated in a similar manner.

Sorghttm.-This crop presents similar problems to finger millet and maize. It is normally mature when harvested, but is occasionally harvested green and used without storing as .is some maize. If the finger millet and sorghum are mixed together when harvested, separate them before weighing.

Field Peas.- This crop presents similar problems to beans.

Sim-sim.- This is normnlly harvested in large quantities when mature, but do not weigh until the crop is threshed. Therefore, try to ensure that you can identify in the store different portions of the crop which may have bcen harvested at different times or from different plots.

Pigeon Peas.-Presents similar problems to field peas and beans. Pigeon peas are commonly inter-planted with crops such as finger millet but are not normally harvested together. If they are harvested together they must be separated before weighing.

46

7

APPENDIX ll-co"limud

Banauas.-The type of bananas should clearly be stated on Form 1, i.e. beer, matooke, sweet, gonja (roast). Also state whether or not the bananas are with or without stalk.

27. It is important when dealing with many of these crops, which may. be harvested Slnd then either eaten or sold on the same day, thtH you attempt to weigh t~e crops before they are eaten or sold. It is realised, however, that occasionally, despIte your efforts, some of the crop max have been harvested and then cooked or sold in between your visits. It is essential, 111 such cases, that you report on Fonn 1 that yOll. have missed some of the crop and give, if possible, some indication of the quanhty or weight of the crop missed, e.g. 1 doz . . sweet potatoes,. etc. For you to be able to ~o this it is essenti.,l that you be on fnendly terms With the holder so that he Will

tell you about such omissions.

28. The recording of these omissions on .the Form. is not? confessi?n of error on your part, but an indication that you are dOing your JO~ .efficlently. It IS necessary to get flS close an indication as posslble of th7 total qU<lnhtles harvested from the plots and this must include the day-to-day harvestll\g.

GIIUG- P. 367-8(l()......-1.-67.

47