UDOT Construction Inspection Guide - Chap 3

Published November 2012

UDOT Construction Inspection GuideConstruction Inspection GuideCHAPTER 3:

Demolition & Earthwork

Table of Contents Demolition &

Earthwork

02056- Embankment, Borrow and Backfill This checklist covers the materials and procedures for inspection of the construction of.….. Embankment Embankments are constructed using either roadway excavation of borrow material …. Borrow (Granular & Granular Backfill) Borrow is material used to construct embankments and includes classifications A-1 through A-4….. Embankment for Bridges The contractor should use granular borrow for bridge embankments…. Free Draining Granular Backfill Free draining granular backfill must meet the following gradation requirements….. 02832 – Select Backfill for MSE Walls Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing… Geotextiles This section includes the inspection of the geotextiles shown on the drawings and at other locations…. Flowable Fill Flowable Fill has been called “liquid soil” requiring no compaction and includes bedding and backfill…

3.4 Site Preparation- Earthwork The inspector has many duties before work begins. The duties in the following checklist should be carried out for every phase of construction prior to embankment ….. 01571 - Environmental Controls

The purpose of this section is to provide basic guidance to inspectors addressing environmental controls during project construction…. 01572 – Dust Control and Watering Dust control should be maintained throughout construction. The inspector should ensure that the contractor has provided and applied… 02231 – Site Clearing and Grubbing The contractor must clear, grub, remove and dispose of trees, stumps, and debris within the designated limits of the roadways, channels, easements, and other areas…. 02221 – Remove Structure and Obstruction To remove all structures and obstructions, the contractor must remove, dispose of, or salvage buildings, fences, structures, …..

3.1

Material Placement This section applies to all material placements throughout the following sections and should be referred to during the phases..

3.3 Introduction Demolition and earthwork are broad terms that generally encompass all the initial site work to be completed by the contractor …

3.0

Excavation This checklist covers inspection of the excavation of roadways, structures, and ditches.….. 02316- Roadway Excavation Roadway Excavation is material that is removed as designated in the plans …. 00725 – Use of On-Site Materials (Scope of Work) This section addresses the use of on-site materials in the scope of excavation… 02317– Structural Excavation This section includes the excavation and backfill for constructing bridges, foundations, box culverts…. 02318 – Ditch Excavation Inspection of the excavation for ditches and trenches is an important part of an inspector’s job because…..

3.2

02324 - Compaction This secti on describes the purpose and general practices for measuring and evaluating the compaction of construction materials….

3.5

CHAPTER 3: DEMOLITION & EARTHWORK

Page | 1UTAH DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

CHAPTER 3: DEMOLITION & EARTHWORK

3.0 INTRODUCTIONDemoliti on and earthwork are broad terms that generally encompass all the initi al site work to be completed by the contractor before a highway can be constructed. Proper preparati on is criti cal to ensuring the completed project meets plan specifi cati ons.

As explained in Chapter 1, the fi rst duty of an inspector is to become thoroughly familiar with the contract plans, standard plans, special provisions, standard specifi cati ons, and any right-of-way agreements that apply to the parti cular project.

The secti ons of this chapter are divided into the following three parts:

• General briefl y familiarizes the inspector with the secti on and describes the work covered in the secti on.

• Inspecti on Checklist describes the acti ons the contractor must take before constructi on begins and acti ons the inspector must take during the course of work. This checklist also includes the measurements and payments the inspector must complete. This provides the guidelines for measuring and paying for the work covered in the parti cular secti on.

• Submitt als Checklist ensures the inspector gathers all necessary documentati on during each phase of work for submission to the Project Offi ce.

3.1 SITE PREPARATIONThe inspector must ensure that the contractor has provided for the safe and effi cient movement of traffi c whenever lane closures are required during constructi on, as well as the safety of the public and all work zone personnel. Of course, the contractor should minimize traffi c disrupti ons by restricti ng lane closures to the locati ons and ti mes essenti al to the prosecuti on of constructi on work.

Chapter 3

UDOT Construction Inspection GuideConstruction Inspection Guide

Page | 2 CHAPTER 3: DEMOLITION & EARTHWORK

EARTHWORK PREPARATION – GENERAL CHECKLIST:The inspector has many duti es before work begins. The duti es in the following checklist should be carried out for every phase of constructi on prior to embankment or backfi lling to ensure the contractor has completed site preparati on properly before proceeding with constructi on. Special att enti on should be paid to environmental and dust controls. Again, the inspector must refer to this checklist during each phase of constructi on involving site preparati on and excavati on, including site clearing & grubbing, removing structures and obstructi ons, and excavati on.

Utilities Location and Protection: Ensure that the contractor has contacted “blue stake” prior to construction. The known locations of utilities should be marked and all utilities should be protected throughout the duration of the project. Refer to Sections 00820 and 01571.

Traffic Control: Traffi c control must be designed and planned by the contractor and approved by the Resident Engineer and/or UDOT’s Region Traffi c Engineer. The inspector must request this documentation from the contractor. In addition, the inspector must ensure that the approved traffi c control plan is in use and that it is effective. Refer to Section 01554.

Layout and Grade Controls: Layout and grade should be marked by the placement of various stakes that will guide the grading work itself and ensure fi nished grade meets plan specifi cations.

General Earthwork Inspection: All organic material, including topsoil, must be removed before placing embankment material, and drainage should be maintained throughout construction. The inspector should ensure that the underlying road surface is broken so that no piece exceeds 3.0 ft2.

Excavation and Backfill: Check that excavation and backfi ll limits are in accordance with the plans, including correct depth and slopes. Refer to OSHA for further information: See OSHA Web Site.

Environmental and Dust Control: Environmental commitments during the construction phase of projects may include: installing erosion or sediment controls, following the SWPPP, avoiding sensitive areas, installing noise abatement measures, and following permit conditions. Ensure the contractor’s plan to control water pollution has been approved and implemented before beginning work. Refer to 3.1 b) and c).

Documentation: The basis of payment for excavation operations is usually paid by plan quantity based on the construction plan set. The inspector should refer to the Special Provisions section on Measurement and Payment and verify the plan quantity within 5 percent of fi eld quantity observations.

EARTHWORK PREPARATION

Page | 3

CHAPTER 3

UTAH DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

A) ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS – SECTION 01571

General

The purpose of this secti on is to provide basic guidance to inspectors addressing environmental controls during project constructi on. Protecti on of environmental resources during the constructi on phase is vital. Environmental commitments during the constructi on phase of projects may include installing erosion or sediment controls, avoiding sensiti ve areas, installing noise abatement measures, and following permit conditi ons, such as the SWPPP, described below.

Contractor Submitt als

The contractor assumes certain responsibiliti es for environmental protecti on during constructi on. Before the contractor begins any earth-disturbing acti vity, he or she needs to prepare and submit a Noti ce of Intent (NOI) for Storm Water Discharges associated with Constructi on Acti vity to the Division of Water Quality at the Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), when applicable. NOI forms can be completed online at Division of Water Quality website. Refer to: State of Utah, Division of Water Quality website. The contractor also needs to submit a signed copy of the NOI to the Engineer, if disturbing one or more acres. To terminate the permit, the contractor needs to submit a Noti ce of Terminati on (NOT) form to the Division of Water Quality, along with a signed copy to the Engineer at the end of constructi on.

The inspector is expected to be familiar with the stormwater and erosion control devices and materials described in Secti on 01571 of the Standards Specifi cati ons and the UDOT Standard Drawings, EN series. These drawings can be found at the UDOT website. The 2012 Standards and Specifi cati ons can also be found on this same website.



Inspectors should be familiar with the Storm Water Polluti on Preventi on Plan (SWPPP) and applicati on of Best Management Practi ces (BPMs) for specifi c use on the project. For general and permitti ng informati on, see: UDOT website. Ensure the contractor complies with the SWPPP provided in the plan set. If a SWPPP is not provided in the plan set, and earth- disturbing acti viti es are required, see that the contractor created and submitt ed a plan to the Engineer. The contractor must maintain a copy of the approved SWPPP on the project site at all ti mes. This copy must include the SWPPP ti tle sheet, the applicable EN Series Standard Drawings, the erosion and sediment control plan sheets, and the project specifi c details and all contract specifi cati ons.

Inspectors should also refer to the Special Provisions and keep in mind any additi onal environmental or archaeological requirements for the constructi on area that are specifi c to the project. These requirements could include recycling trees removed during clearing and grubbing, special wetland protecti on, or alerti ng the Project Engineer if arti facts are discovered in excavated or borrow materials. Parti cular att enti on should be paid to all federal environmental or tribal requirements.

Environmental Control Supervisor

When the contract includes a bid item for an “Environmental Control Supervisor” (ECS), the contractor designates a person to fulfi ll the responsibiliti es described in Secti on 01571 of Standards Specifi cati ons. All inspectors should be familiar with the responsibiliti es of the ECS.

Page | 5

CHAPTER 3


The inspector needs to verify that anyone performing this work for the contractor has received an ECS training certi fi cati on from the Department and is on the approved list to perform this work. The inspector should consult with the engineer when seeking clarifi cati on of any environmental control inspecti on requirements.

Contractor Responsibility for Erosion and Sediment Control

The contractor should have an approved Erosion Control Plan. The inspector should ensure the contractor installed a temporary environmental or silt fence, if required, before constructi on began. The contractor should have obtained certi fi cati on for any SWPPP materials used. If a confl ict occurred between erosion and sediment control specifi cati ons and federal, state, or local agency laws, rules, or regulati ons, the contractor should have used the most restricti ve requirement. Erosion and sediment control measures should be installed in accordance with applicable EN Series Standard Drawings. These drawings can be found at: UDOT website. For additi onal informati on on erosion and sediment controls, see the UDOT Erosion and Sediment Control Manual which is available through the UDOT website.

Perform weekly and post-weather event project walk-through reviews with the contractors’ personnel to verify the plan is working and correct any defi ciencies. Ensure that the contractor properly maintains and subsequently removes all temporary erosion control features.

Documentati on and Payment

All inspectors should be familiar with inspecti on and documentati on requirements for environmental controls. Payment for the items associated with this secti on includes all costs for labor, equipment, and materials for installati on, inspecti on, maintenance, and removal, as required. Inspectors should document this informati on on the C-111 form, to be completed daily.



Submitt al Requirements

Prior to performing inspecti on, verify obtainment of the following documents.

1. NOI to the DEQ

2. NOI to the Engineer (if disturbing one or more acres)

3. NOT to the DEQ

4. Certi fi cati on to the Engineer of ECS training

5. Copy of approved SWPPP

6. Certi fi cati on of any SWPPP materials used, including silt fences or fi ber rolls

Common Issues Encountered1. Silt fence collapse

2. Water drainage inlet protecti on gets displaced

Pre-Inspection Items Submitted NOI to the DEQ and Engineer, when required.

Contractor did not begin any earth-disturbing activity until the NOI form was completed and submitted, if required.

Obtained certifi cations for any SWPPP materials used, such as silt fences or fi ber rolls.

Submitted ECS certifi cation to the Engineer.

Temporary erosion control measures are in place, and the SWPPP materials used have been certifi ed, maintained throughout construction, and subsequently removed after project completion.

Field Documentation Items Contractor addressed all disturbed areas including, but not limited to, staging areas, haul roads, borrow sites, stockpiles, and disposal areas.

Compliance with the SWPPP provided in the plan set.

Contractor properly maintained and subsequently removed all temporary erosion control features.

Contractor maintains a copy of the approved SWPPP with the required information on the project site at all times.

Submitted NOT form to the DEQ and Engineer to terminate the permit at the end of construction.

01571: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

Page | 7

CHAPTER 3


B) DUST CONTROL & WATERING – SECTION 01572

General

Dust control should be maintained throughout constructi on. The inspector should ensure that the contractor has provided and applied water for dust control and prewetti ng, mixing, or

compacti ng materials in quanti ti es and locati ons as directed by Engineer. Dust control may be required at any ti me during constructi on so it is important that the inspector is always on the lookout for fugiti ve dust. The water provided must be free of dirt, silt, or other detrimental matt er and in adequate quanti ti es for dust control and watering requirements. The Department will not pay separately for furnishing or applying water used for items of work for which water is desired as incidental to and included in payment. The contractor should not waste water.


Prior to the beginning of constructi on, request a copy of the projects’ Dust Control Plan, approved by the Engineer.

1. Dust Control Plan

2. Water source quality approval.

3. Document & verify individual truck water quanti ty loads.

4. Document the number of water loads used.

5. Ensure contractor air quality regulati on compliance, using an appropriate amount of water to prevent dust parti culate air infi ltrati on.

Common Issues Encountered1. Contractor uses insuffi cient amount of water to control project generated dust.

2. Contractor uses contaminated water that is an ordinance violence and/or may be a human health risk.



C) SITE CLEARING AND GRUBBING – SECTION 02231

General

The contractor must clear, grub, remove and dispose of trees, stumps, and debris within the designated limits of the roadways, channels, easements, and other areas required by the plans.

Before Work Begins

Before work, the inspector should review the plans, special provisions, right-of-way agreements, and discuss requirements with the Resident Engineer. The inspector should understand the locati on and limits of areas to be cleared and, perhaps more importantly, understand areas that are to remain undisturbed. The inspector should assure that the contractor is aware of and does not violate any environmental restricti ons or disturb private property. Take steps to ensure that environmentally sensiti ve areas are protected.

During Constructi on

The inspector should verify that the contractor has properly staked the work area to guide the grading work itself and to ensure fi nished grade meets plan specifi cati ons. The contractor must cut the grade to the required tolerance, meaning not more or less than necessary. By checking grade during clearing and grubbing the inspector will ensure that the contractor is not using more fi ll than required by the plans to construct the grade as designed. Assistance in this

Contractor has used equipment capable of proper application.

Inspector observes no fugitive dust.

Contractor has ensured optimum moisture for compaction.

Contractor has used adequate methods of monitoring and documenting quantities for proper payment verifi cation.

Contractor has reapplied water at no additional cost to the Department when materials are allowed to dry due to the contractor’s mistake or neglect.

01572: DUST CONTROL & WATERING

Page | 9

CHAPTER 3


matt er by the inspector does not relieve the contractor of responsibility for the proper grading of the enti re project.

Materials Disposal (For Discussion)

The inspector should assure that disposal operati ons do not violate permit requirements or local ordinances. Before disposing of material outside of the highway right-of-way, review any planned disposal sites. If some of the material will be left on-site, ensure that the material is properly broken down or processed and its placement does not jeopardize contract work or future work. Ensure the quality of any materials to be stored on-site for future use.

When burial of debris within the right-of-way is permitt ed, ensure the debris will not act as a permeable layer, does not block drainage, and will not interfere with future maintenance. Any caviti es resulti ng from grubbing must be backfi lled with material approved by the Engineer. This material must be compacted to at least 95 percent of its maximum density. Observe the contractor’s operati ons to assure that the work is completed as specifi ed.

The inspector should ensure that erosion and sediment control materials are in place and maintained throughout constructi on. Ensure that the approved Traffi c Control Plan is in use and that it is eff ecti ve. Also ensure that dust is controlled during all phases of constructi on.


The inspector should document all acti viti es on the daily forms. Site clearing and grubbing is considered incidental to other items of work and not measured or paid for separately when there is no pay item included in the contract. Include all costs in other items of work. Measure and pay separately for materials used for backfi lling under “Roadway Excavati on” or “Borrow.” Consider “Roadway Excavati on” and “Borrow” as incidental to the work when these items are not included in the bid proposal. A checklist showing locati ons where clearing is incomplete may be necessary in the fi nal stages of the operati on. Complete payment should not be made unti l all areas have a neat and fi nished appearance.


Prior to performing inspecti on, verify copies of the following documents:

1. Uti lity Locati on and Protecti on (Blue Stakes receipt form)

2. Documentati on for Wasted Materials Disposal



3. Approved Dust Control Plan

4. Environmental Control requirements, including SWPPP certi fi cati ons

Common Issues Encountered

Document these common contractor mistakes:

1. Grade not cut to the required tolerance

2. All organic materials and obstructi ons are not removed

3. Improper material disposal, on or off site

4. Drainage is not maintained

5. Contaminati on of materials to be left on-site for future use

Pre-Inspection Items Utilities are protected. Refer to Sections 00820 and 01571.

Environmentally sensitive areas and private property are protected.

Approved material disposal documentation. Materials disposal operations do not violate permit requirements or local ordinances.

Area for clearing is staked according to the plan or as approved by the Engineer.

Disturbance is limited to the areas identifi ed in the plans.

Field Documentation Items Grade cut to the required tolerance.

Debris is properly disposed of or covered as specifi ed. Refer to Section 01355 for disposal and to Section 02221 for tree removal.

Ensure the quality of any materials to be left on-site for future use. The material should be properly broken down or processed and its placement should not jeopardize contract work or future work.

When burial of debris within the right-of-way is permitted, ensure the debris will not act as a permeable layer, does not block drainage, and will not interfere with future maintenance.

Ensure the contractor has grubbed the areas 2 feet below natural ground within the limits of clearing of all stumps, roots, buried logs, and all other underground obstructions.

02231: SITE CLEARING & GRUBING

Page | 11

CHAPTER 3


D) REMOVE STRUCTURE AND OBSTRUCTION – SECTION 02221

General

To remove all structures and obstructi ons, the contractor must remove, dispose of, or salvage buildings, fences, structures, pavements, curb, gutt er, driveways and approaches, sidewalk and similar hard surfaces, abandoned pipelines or uti lity items and other obstructi ons that interfere with constructi on. This includes obstructi ons on or off the site including, but not limited to, foundati ons, bridges, culverts, guardrail, concrete work, septi c tanks, and trees. The contractor should salvage as specifi ed in the plans, or dispose of in a manner approved by the Engineer.

The inspector should ensure that the contractor has removed all organic materials in any areas to be backfi lled or compacted and assure the quality of the underlying materials. Contact and coordinate testi ng and evaluati on for organic presence with materials test technician if any suspect material or uncertainty exists.


Prior to performing inspecti on, request copies of the following documents:




4. Demoliti on Permits from the Health Department or local government



Common Issues Encountered1. Grade not cut to the required tolerance





3.2 EXCAVATIONThis checklist covers inspecti on of the excavati on of roadways, structures, and ditches. Specifi c secti ons on each type of excavati on follow this brief checklist. Generally, the contractor should excavate all material within designated areas to the designed grade and elevati on. The inspector should properly document the esti mated quanti ty of material excavated, placed and/or disposed of each day, along with informati on on labor and equipment used on the weekly embankment report Form 348.

Pre-Inspection Items Contractor has obtained all necessary local government permits for demolition, as required when demolishing buildings or homes.

Field Documentation Items Obstructions are removed to required depth below surface or broken to required size limits if allowed to remain in place.

Organic materials have been removed and the quality of the underlying materials has been assured.

Areas are backfi lled and compacted as specifi ed.

02221: REMOVE STRUCTURE & OBSTRUCTION

Page | 13

CHAPTER 3


A) ROADWAY EXCAVATION – SECTION 02316

General

Roadway excavati on is material that is removed as designated in the plans. This material is obtained from roadway cut secti ons, ditches and channels, and is used for constructi ng required embankments, backfi lling structures, or placed in other areas as allowed by the plans and specifi cati ons. When roadway excavati on is used as fi ll it falls under Secti on 02330 on embankment. The contractor should excavate all material within designated areas to the designed grade and elevati on, including channels with a bott om width of 12.0 ft . or greater.

Wasted Materials

Roadway excavati on material is wasted when it is unsuitable for use in embankment or backfi ll or if the quanti ty exceeds the amount of fi ll required to construct the project. The contractor should have a lett er, approved by the Resident Engineer, stati ng the locati on for wasted materials disposal and the method of disposal or intended future use. The inspector should

Pre-Inspection Items Environmental and Dust Control: Ensure that temporary erosion control measures are in place, SWPPP materials used have been certifi ed, maintained throughout construction, and subsequently removed after project completion.

Site Preparation: Clearing and grubbing within the designated area is completed before starting excavation. No organic material remains that could contaminate the embankment or backfi ll. Refer to Section 02231.

Safety: Contractor submitted proposed method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover, if applicable. Contractor has complied with all applicable regulations when excavating and trenching, such as the shoring system standards established by OSHA. Refer to Section 00820. If applicable, contractor provided a cofferdam for underwater work and removed all cofferdams, sheeting, and bracing when no longer needed.

Field Documentation Items Wasted Materials Disposal: Contractor has furnished copies of disposal permits or agreements, or letter certifying the destination of the material, if applicable.

Materials Inspection: Materials are tested in accordance with the MS&TR and material placement is in conformance within specifi ed lift thickness. Contractor fi nished to design grade and within specifi ed tolerance.

Use of On-Site Materials: Contractor obtained written approval before using excavated materials found on the work site that are suitable for completing other bid items of work and before excavating material outside grading limits. Contractor established an approved method of measuring quantity of on-site material used.

Documentation: The basis of payment for excavation operations is usually paid by plan quantity based on the construction plan set. The inspector should refer to the Special Provisions section on Measurement and Payment and verify the plan quantity within 5 percent of fi eld quantity observations. Weight tickets must be collected and submitted.

EXCAVATION



request a copy of this approved lett er. When roadway excavati on material is unsuitable it is someti mes necessary to import material such as borrow or granular borrow in order to construct embankments or backfi ll structures.

Blasti ng

When blasti ng is anti cipated, the contractor should submit a proposed blasti ng plan that contains the method of blasti ng, delay patt ern, explosive types, and type of blasti ng mat cover to the Engineer. This approved blasti ng plan should address blast area security, electrical storms, radio transmissions, warnings, and signals and other required informati on. The inspector should request a copy of this plan from the contractor.


The inspector should document the esti mated quanti ty of material excavated, placed and/or disposed of each day, along with informati on on labor and equipment used. The inspector should verify that embankment, backfi ll and any wasted materials are properly documented on the weekly embankment report Form 348. UDOT forms can be found on UDOT’s website under the Inside UDOT tab, then follow links to Project Development, then Constructi on Materials and Civil Rights Division, then Contract Management, and fi nally click on Constructi on Forms.

Page | 15

CHAPTER 3


Payment for roadway excavati on is by the cubic yard, according to plan quanti ti es. No adjustment is made to payments if staked quanti ti es vary from plan quanti ti es by 5 percent or less. The contractor should noti fy the Engineer in writi ng before beginning excavati on in any area if the contractor determines during excavati on that the staked quanti ti es diff er from the plan quanti ti es by more than 5 percent. Those approved quanti ti es become the adjusted plan quanti ti es and are paid at the original unit bid price when the Engineer determines the staked quanti ti es diff er from plan quanti ti es by more than 5percent. Payment includes excavati on, removal, transportati on, and disposal when existi ng pavement is included in Roadway Excavati on plan quanti ty.



1. Uti lity Field Identi fi cati on Markings, Locati on and Protecti on (Blue Stakes receipt form)

2. Disposal permits or agreements, if applicable


4. Proposed method of blasti ng, delay patt ern, explosive types, and type of blasti ng mat cover, if applicable








6. Lift thickness is incorrect and not corrected



B) USE OF ON-SITE MATERIALS – SCOPE OF WORK – SECTION 00725This secti on addresses the use of on-site materials in the scope of excavati on. There are established conditi ons and procedures under which alterati ons may be made to the project through contract modifi cati on (change order). Any change related to the type or quality of materials to be furnished and incorporated into the fi nished project on a major item is considered a major change requiring Engineer approval or authorizati on to proceed before work begins.

This provision allows the contractor to use materials found in the work for other bid items. For example, materials found in roadway excavati on may be used for other bid items such as topsoil, riprap, granular borrow, or untreated base course. Unless otherwise specifi ed in the contract, salvageable material is the property of the contractor. It is the contractor’s responsibility to ensure the quality and suitability of excavated materials to be stored and used for other items of work. The contractor is then paid for the quanti ty of roadway excavati on at the contract unit price for roadway excavati on in additi on to the other items that incorporate the material.

If it should then become necessary to import material for constructi ng embankments or backfi ll, imported material is at no cost to the Department. Imported material must be of greater or bett er quality than the excavati on material used by the contractor for other items of work.

Pre-Inspection Items Clearing and grubbing within the designated area is completed before starting excavation. No organic material remains that could contaminate the embankment or backfi ll. Refer to Section 02231.

Contractor proposed blasting plan defi ning method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover, if applicable.

Contractor has furnished copies of disposal permits or agreements, or letter certifying the destination of the material, if applicable.

Field Documentation Items Material placement is in conformance within specifi ed lift thickness.

Imported materials are tested in accordance with the MS&TR.

Density requirements have been met.

Payment is plan quantity by the cubic yard. If staked quantities differ by 5 percent or less make no adjustment to plan quantities.

02316: ROADWAY EXCAVATION

Page | 17

CHAPTER 3




1. Approval for use of on-site materials

2. Approval for excavati on outside of grading limits, when required

3. Material Classifi cati on Approval

4. Approved job mix formula (gradati on targets)

5. Approval of method to measure quanti ty

6. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment




1. All organic materials not removed from materials to be used for other bid items

2. Improper material disposal or storage, on or off site



5. Quanti ti es are incorrectly measured

Pre-Inspection Items Approval for using excavated materials found on the work site that are suitable for completing other bid items of work.

Materials tested and approved by Department to ensure suitability for intended application.

Written approval for excavating material outside grading limits.

Approved method of measuring quantity of on-site material used.

Field Documentation Items Contractor replaced excavated material used for completing other bid items of work with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.

00725: USE OF ON-SITE MATERIALS - SCOPE OF WORK



C) STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION – SECTION 02317

General

This secti on includes the excavati on and backfi ll for constructi ng bridges, foundati ons, box culverts, pipe culverts, drains, and other structures.

Excavati on

The inspector should observe the excavati on to ensure that sloping or shoring conforms to the contractor’s approved plan. To anti cipate changes resulti ng from the foundati on’s conditi on, the inspector should periodically inspect the excavati on and order additi onal excavati on as necessary before fi ne grading begins. Inspecti on is required aft er excavati on and foundati on preparati on has occurred to verify that the foundati on materials and compacti on meet requirements.

Backfi lling

Before backfi lling, inspect all structures to ensure constructi on was completed as specifi ed in the plans and that any strutti ng or bracing is in place. During backfi lling, verify that the backfi ll materials meet contract requirements and that compacti on also meets those standards. This includes required moisture, placement within specifi ed lift thickness, and testi ng for compliance with plan specifi cati ons in accordance with the MS&TR. The frequency of these inspecti ons should be random unti l it is verifi ed that the contractor is adequately controlling the quality process, and then the frequency of inspecti on can be reduced. Foundati ons for forms for footi ngs should receive careful inspecti on.

Page | 19

CHAPTER 3


The contractor should use imported suitable backfi ll material or granular backfi ll borrow when specifi ed suitable backfi ll material is not available from roadway excavati on.

Parti cular att enti on should be paid to drainage when backfi lling structures. If the plan requires weepholes, the material adjacent to weepholes should be permeable but not erodible. Geotexti les can assure separati on of coarse rock surrounding the weephole from fi ner materials further away. Refer to Chapter 4 of this Manual, Drainage.


Structural excavati on is considered incidental to other items so no separate measurement or payment is paid for as extra work except for over-excavati on directed by the Engineer, the necessary import of suitable backfi ll material directed by the Engineer, or both. If over-excavati on is required, make suffi cient notes in the daily reports to support additi onal payment and document the orders to increase excavati on. Imported backfi ll material cost is paid as extra work and may include transportati on or freight costs. Placement of imported backfi ll material is at no additi onal expense to the Department. When separate payment is included, measurement is usually “as staked,” meaning quanti ti es are computed based on the dimensional limits regardless of the quanti ti es actually excavated.





3. Documentati on of Density Testi ng

4. Documentati on of Lift Thickness





2. Excavati on and backfi ll are not compacted according to the plans



3. Quality of materials was not ensured



6. Contractor didn’t comply with applicable regulati ons

D) DITCH EXCAVATION – SECTION 02318

General

Inspecti on of the excavati on for ditches and trenches is an important part of an inspector’s job because of the safety precauti ons and regulati ons involved. It is essenti al for inspectors to be familiar with OSHA and UDOT regulati ons on ditch excavati on, as well as the plan specifi cati ons and the intended site for the ditches. UDOT’s Constructi on Safety and Health Manual is available online through the UDOT website. Precauti ons can include testi ng for gases, halti ng work unti l accumulated water is removed, or installing structural support systems. OSHA’s constructi on regulati ons can be found online through the Occupati onal Safety and Health

Pre-Inspection Items Backfi ll materials meet specifi cation requirements and job mix gradation is satisfi ed by lab results and approval from the Department.

Contractor used imported suitable backfi ll material or granular backfi ll borrow when specifi ed suitable backfi ll material was not available from roadway excavation.

Contractor provided a cofferdam for underwater work and removed all cofferdams, sheeting, and bracing when no longer needed, if applicable.

Field Documentation Items Excavation and backfi ll limits are in accordance with the plans, and the contractor has not over-excavated unless directed to do so by the Engineer.

Contractor fi nished to design grade and within specifi ed tolerance.

Density requirements are met.

Wasted materials are properly disposed of as directed by the Engineer.

Contractor has complied with all applicable regulations when excavating and trenching. Refer to Section 00820.

02317: STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION

Page | 21

CHAPTER 3


Administrati on website under the Regulati ons/Standards secti on, subtopic of Constructi on. The plans for some ditch excavati ons require the contractor to create a detailed plan showing the design of shoring, bracing, sloping, or other provisions for workers’ safety. If so, the inspector should ensure this has been completed and approved by an Engineer and that it conforms to the shoring system standards established by OSHA.

Before Work Begins

Before the contractor excavates ditches, review the plans and the site to determine if the original ground needs to be cross-secti oned. If cross secti ons are necessary, the slope staking to calculate quanti ti es can usually be accomplished at the same ti me as slope staking.


The contractor should form the ditch as shown in the plans along the contour of the ground. The contractor should place and compact excavated material in embankments as required in Secti on 02056. Placing excavated material on the downhill side of the ditch ensures slope stability during excavati on and worker safety. Finished grade should meet plan specifi cati ons. For example, the inspector should look for slopes that would facilitate seeding and future maintenance such as mowing.

Watch for slides or slipouts and ensure contractor takes appropriate correcti ve acti on, if required. These acti ons may be included in the contract or paid for as extra work requiring writt en approval from the Engineer, so refer to the contract provisions for payment informati on.








4. Proposed method of blasti ng, delay patt ern, explosive types, and type of blasti ng mat cover, if applicable

5. Materials are properly tested in accordance with UDOT MS&TR. Refer to Secti on 00725




2. Excavati on and backfi ll are not compacted according to the plans & specifi cati ons



5. Contaminati on of backfi ll material.

Pre-Inspection Items Erosion control measures are in place.

If cross sections are necessary, ensure the slope is staked to calculate quantities.

Excavation and backfi ll limits are in accordance with the plans, including correct depth and slopes. Refer to OSHA and UDOT regulations.

If the plans require the contractor to create a detailed plan showing the design of shoring, bracing, sloping, or other provisions for workers’ safety, the inspector should ensure this has been completed and approved by an Engineer and that it conforms to the shoring system standards established by OSHA.

Field Documentation Items Material removed has been placed on the downhill side.

Areas are backfi lled and compacted as specifi ed.

Density requirements are met.

Material placement within specifi ed lift thickness.

Compacted material has adequate moisture tested in accordance with the MS&TR.

Wasted materials are properly disposed of as directed by the Engineer.

If slides or slipouts occur, ensure the contractor takes appropriate corrective action.

02318: DITCH EXCAVATION

Page | 23

CHAPTER 3


3.3 MATERIALS PLACEMENT

General

This secti on applies to all materials placement throughout the following secti ons and should be referred to during the phases of constructi on aft er site preparati on is completed. Inspectors have many duti es during these phases of constructi on including verifi cati ons and submissions that must be completed before contractors are paid or work can be completed. For more detailed informati on, see Chapter 5 & 6.

Dust control and drainage are important during all phases of constructi on so the inspector should always alert the contractor if dust or pooling water is observed. Inspectors should also ensure that an approved Traffi c Control Plan is in place and that it is eff ecti ve. Refer to Traffi c Control, Chapter 2, in this manual. If the contractor is not abiding by the traffi c control plan or if it is ineff ecti ve the inspector should alert the Engineer. This includes having adequate accelerati on and decelerati on lanes, eff ecti ve track out areas and signage, and reversing alarms on all constructi on vehicles.

Certi fi cati ons

Inspectors are required to obtain certi fi cati ons from the Western Alliance for Quality Transportati on Constructi on (WAQTC) through the UDOT Transportati on Technician Qualifi cati on Program (TTQP). These qualifi cati ons ensure that inspectors are competent to engage in quality control and quality assurance acti viti es during constructi on work such as in

place density testi ng. Further informati on about the Qualifi cati on programs can be found on the UDOT website.

Submitt als

An important part of an inspector’s job is ensuring that the Job Mix Gradati on submitt als are accurate and complete. The inspector must check that the contractor has submitt ed and secured approval of the gradati on analysis to the Resident Engineer and the Regional UDOT Materials Lab for comparison to the fi eld samples the inspector will take throughout constructi on of embankments. The maximum dry



density and opti mum moisture determinati on must have been completed prior to delivery. These are determined on a lot-by-lot basis, so for each type of material the inspector should refer to the corresponding secti on of the Standard Specifi cati ons. The supplier and source of materials need to be verifi ed before delivering materials to the project. If applicable, the soil classifi cati on also needs to be completed.


The inspector must collect weight ti ckets for all materials delivered to the job site. These ti ckets include the approved job mix gradati on and material type that matches the approval from the Engineer. These ti ckets are then submitt ed to the offi ce manager or lead inspector for payment.

Many projects use imported borrow for fi ll material if inadequate supplies of cut materials are available on-site. If this is the case, inspectors will need to collect and submit those weight ti ckets. Frequently, however, excavated materials are saved and used later as fi ll. Cut fi ll then needs to be quanti fi ed and tracked by a method to be determined and approved by the Engineer and explained in the Special Provisions. For smaller projects or projects of shorter durati on it is likely that quanti ti es will be determined according to plan quanti ty. This quanti ty is sloped and staked by the contractor’s survey crew. Since this method is paid by plan quanti ty, the inspector does not need to check those load amounts. For larger projects or projects of extended durati on, the Department prefers to set up a scale on-site so loads can be weighed and counted as excavated. This method of quanti fying and tracking is also used when unanti cipated excavati on and fi ll are required.

All inspectors should complete a C-111 form every single day spent on the project. This form includes collected weight ti ckets for measurement and payment. Inspectors record all constructi on acti viti es, material quanti ti es, placement techniques, weather & temperature, manpower, equipment, correspondence, roadway conditi ons, and incidents, along with any other important constructi on informati on.

Page | 25

CHAPTER 3







4. Engineer inspecti on of working platf orm

Placement Checklist

Document the contractor’s acti ons and other issues encountered:

1. Lift thickness

2. Added moisture and mixing

3. Compacti on equipment

4. Equipment breakdowns

5. Time beginning and ending work

6. Weight ti cket collecti on: verify proper materials, supplier and quanti ty.

7. Describe material appearance

8. Embankment materials are properly spread

9. Defecti ve materials are removed and replaced



1. Improper or incomplete site preparati on

2. Delivery of incorrect materials






6. Contaminati on of materials from waste or other aggregate

7. Materials placed on snow or frozen grade

8. Segregati on of materials from too much spreading

9. Soft or yielding spots revealed during hauling, placing or compacti ng

Pre-Inspection Items Effective traffi c, dust, and environmental controls are in place.

Drainage is maintained during construction.

All organic material, including topsoil, is removed before placing materials.

Underlying road surface is broken so that no piece exceeds 3.0 ft2.

Visually verify the acceptability of underlying surface.

Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR.

Ensure the contractor has submitted and received approval for the job mix gradation analysis, the soil classifi cation if applicable, the maximum dry density and optimum moisture determination, and the supplier and source of materials before delivering materials to the project.

Field Documentation Items Collect and submit weight tickets for Measurement & Payment.

Material placement is in conformance with specifi ed lift thickness.

Materials provided are free of contamination from chemical or petroleum products.

Contractor has removed any material found defective and replaced with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.

Embankments are constructed according to plan limits, fi nished to specifi ed line and grade, and meet density requirements.

Proper compaction after placement. Document density test locations and results, retest areas identifi ed and tied to follow-up testing.

Finished granular borrow surface within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.

Wasted materials have been measured and those quantities have been provided to the Engineer.

MATERIALS PLACEMENT

Page | 27

CHAPTER 3


3.4 EMBANKMENT, BORROW AND BACKFILL – SECTION 02056

General

This secti on covers the materials and procedures for inspecti on of the constructi on of embankment, backfi ll, and bridge approach embankments. Since the embankment provides the basic support of the enti re roadway, it is very important that it is properly constructed in accordance with all plans and specifi cati ons. Grades, slopes, density, and all other controls must be accurately and cauti ously monitored during constructi on.

Before Work Begins

Before embankments are placed the inspector should double check that all clearing, grubbing, stripping, and stockpiling of topsoil is complete.

Besides understanding the structure of the roadway, the inspector should be familiar with soil types and corresponding characteristi cs because the soil type oft en determines the type of treatment that may be necessary to properly build the embankment.

The inspector must be vigilant in enforcing applicable provisions of the Standard Specifi cati ons. Placement and compacti on of fi ll material during the formati on of embankments is criti cal so the inspector should observe the acti on of fi ll materials under the weight of equipment as an indicator of embankment stability. The enti re area should be uniformly compacted to at least 95



percent of the dry density for soil. The contractor should place roadway excavati on or borrow in the embankment with the highest quality material in the top porti on of the embankment.


The inspector should noti fy the Project Engineer if any unstable embankment materials are noti ced. When embankments are unstable, though the contractor complied with all specifi cati ons and requirements, correcti ve procedures are necessary. These are paid for as extra work, but might require clearance from the Department.

Testi ng

Always ensure density and compacti on requirements are met and verifi ed by adequate testi ng. Communicate & coordinate all project testi ng needs with the materials technician. Embankment densiti es are determined with proctor tests. Typically, nuclear density gauges are used to determine fi eld densiti es for comparison with densiti es from the laboratory. The inspector should request a Proctor density test and determine moisture levels at the ti me a source sample is taken and submitt ed to the laboratory for approval of a borrow pit. Before the fi eld density tests are run, the inspector should be familiar with both material samples. These samples are then compared. Finally, the inspector should ensure that compacti on of the embankment is suffi cient.


The inspector should document the esti mated quanti ty of material placed each day with detailed work locati on informati on including stati oning, off set, and elevati on references, as well as informati on on labor and equipment used, compacti on methods, rolling patt erns, etc. The inspector should also verify that all materials are properly documented on the weekly embankment report, Form 348.

Forms can be found on UDOT’s website under the Inside UDOT tab, then follow links to Project Development, then Constructi on Materials and Civil Rights Division, then Contract Management, and fi nally click on Constructi on Forms.

Page | 29

CHAPTER 3


A) EMBANKMENT – SECTION 02056

General

Embankments are constructed using either roadway excavati on or borrow material.

Before Work Begins

The inspector should review any requirements to ensure that the contractor meets all commitments, including any measures pertaining to providing necessary access roads. Before embankment constructi on begins all embankment areas should be examined to determine any need for correcti ve treatment.


During the course of embankment constructi on the inspector should observe and bring to the att enti on of the engineer any and all locati ons where the grade appears soft or yields under the loading of constructi on equipment. Some areas of questi onable support may only require subgrading. Others will require extensive systems of underdrains, fi lter blankets, rock trenches, or rock embankment.

The inspector should verify that any underlying roadway surfaces are broken so that no piece exceeds 3.0 Sq Ft and that no oversized material is placed in the embankment. The inspector should also verify that there is suitable space between large materials to fi ll voids and allow for proper compacti on. No large materials should be placed within 1.0 foot of the subgrade surface. If embankments are constructed against a hillside or existi ng embankment, the contractor should terrace the hillside or embankment to prevent slipping. The inspector



should also observe the spreading and compacti ng operati on to ensure it conforms to the layer thickness set forth in the plans. The material needs to form a fi rm, stable base.

Sampling and Testi ng

The inspector must test embankment materials to ensure compacti on uniformity. The decision on how much testi ng is necessary should be based on the material’s uniformity and the parti cular operati on. Generally, if the operati on is uniform and well within specifi cati ons, testi ng can be done less oft en. For non-uniform operati ons with varying results, increase testi ng frequency. The type and frequency of measurement will depend on the measurement and payment clauses of the contract.

Density requirements vary by job mix gradati on so inspectors should refer to the density references in Secti on 02056. Acceptance is on a lot-by-lot basis when average density is not less than 96 percent of maximum laboratory density and no single determinati on is lower than 92 percent.


Subbase materials are generally paid for by the ton, so take suffi cient moisture samples at the ti me of weighing to accurately determine pay quanti ti es. As the subbase is being spread the inspector should watch for signifi cant segregati on. Normally, this is accomplished through

simple observati on, but if problems persist, double check with a sieve analysis. Someti mes segregati on can be avoided by wetti ng the material before spreading operati ons begin. It is important that the proper amount of water is evenly distributed at the ti me of compacti on.

The inspector should note in the daily report any inspecti ons performed on items that are not otherwise part of a permanent record. For instance, there is no need to note any compacti on tests taken because these are recorded elsewhere. However, any absence of testi ng should be explained in the daily report.

Inspectors should document the contractor’s acti ons and other issues encountered, including the following items:

• Weather

• Lift thickness

• Added moisture and mixing

• Personnel Present

• Compacti on equipment

• Equipment breakdowns

• Time beginning and ending work

Page | 31

CHAPTER 3




1. Approved job mix formula (gradati on targets), including:

a. Gradati on Analysisb. Soil Classifi cati on, if applicablec. Dry Density and Moisture Determinati ond. Supplier and Source of Material




1. Locati ons where the grade was found to be soft or yielding were not corrected



4. Contaminati on of embankment materials

5. Compacti on or moisture are incorrect

6. Embankments are constructed according to plan specifi cati ons

Pre-Inspection Items Ensure the contractor has submitted and received approval for the job mix gradation analysis, the soil classifi cation if applicable, the maximum dry density and optimum moisture determination, and the supplier and source of materials before delivering materials to the project.

Field Documentation Items Material placement is in conformance with specifi ed lift thickness.


Embankments are constructed according to plan limits, fi nished to specifi ed line and grade, and meet density requirements.

Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR.

02056: EMBANKEMENT



B) BORROW – SECTION 02056

General

Borrow is material used to construct embankments and includes classifi cati ons A-1 through A-4. It is generally obtained from a source outside the right of way. If the contractor wants to secure borrow from within the right of way, writt en permission needs to be secured from the Engineer. For off -site sources, the contractor should noti fy the Department of a desire to use a certain borrow pit so that samples can be taken to determine if the source is acceptable for the intended use, meaning that borrow excavated must conform to the required classifi cati on. Check the specifi cati ons for classifi cati on, change, and possible gradati on maximum.

Before Work Begins

The inspector should review the contract for the specifi c types of borrow the contractor will use. Borrow excavati on may involve environmental requirements or other commitments including compliance with the Surface Mining and Reclamati on Act, permits and right-of-way agreements, and other items that may aff ect borrow excavati on.

Borrow Excavati on

Before any material is removed from the borrow pit, the contractor must gain approval from the Department or the Regional Materials Lab. This approval process involves many steps, the fi rst of which should be the determinati on of the basis of payment. If by the cubic yard, the material is to be measured in its original positi on. Cross-secti ons of the pit are necessary. Refer to the specifi cati ons for survey requirements. If by the ton, scales need to be provided to weigh the material. Scales must be certi fi ed by the State’s Department of Agriculture.

Following approval, the contractor needs to prepare the borrow pit for excavati on

Page | 33

CHAPTER 3


of aggregate. This process includes the stripping of vegetati on and unsati sfactory material, and when possible, the cross-secti oning of the pit aft er clearing and grubbing are completed. If the top surface of the pit is very rough and cross-secti ons are necessary, the pit should be leveled off to permit accurate cross-secti ons. If the source contains diff erent qualiti es of material, the best quality material shall be placed in the top porti on of the embankment.

Borrow should be hauled from the borrow pit and placed in the embankments in lift s in the same manner as in Secti on 02330. The contractor should not place material on snow or frozen grade. As in roadway excavati on, borrow lift s should be graded off smoothly so water is not trapped. Care should be taken to ensure that the material is not wasted and is placed only in required areas.

Compacti on

Compacti on requirements are the same for borrow as embankment. To obtain proper compacti on it is necessary for the material to be near opti mum moisture. Deviati ons from opti mum moisture content should be recorded in the daily diary. The contractor should route the haul equipment uniformly over the whole grade to aid the compacti on. The inspector should make daily checks of the lift depth and record the informati on. Soft and yielding spots should be corrected for proper compacti on. The contractor should remove any place that is yielding or pumping under wheel load test. If these spots are found in the embankment, any necessary correcti on is at the contractor’s expense by methods determined by the Engineer.


Samples should be obtained to check classifi cati on and proctor informati on according to specifi cati on requirements or when a change in material occurs. When the embankment and excavati ons are brought to the elevati ons specifi ed in the plans, typical secti on checks should be made by survey verifi cati on. The subgrade surface must be checked to see if it conforms

to true line and grade. Tolerances can be checked with a straightedge, string line, or survey instrument. The fi nished slopes should be dressed and uniform.

Types

There are two types of borrow. Granular borrow has a classifi cati on of A-1-a, it is non-plasti c, it is well-graded, it meets AASHTO M 145, and it has a 3 inch maximum. Granular



backfi ll borrow is classifi cati on A-1-a, it is non-plasti c, it is well-graded, it meets AASHTO M 145, and it has a 2 inch maximum. The following checklist applies to both types of borrow.






Site Inspecti on

Inspect the site for proper constructi on and document the contractor’s acti ons:

1. Compacti on Equipment

2. Uniform compacti on meeti ng MS&TR

3. The material placement is in conformance with specifi ed lift thickness

4. The contractor removed any defecti ve material and replaced with acceptable material

5. Report all locati ons where the grade appears soft or yields under the loading of constructi on equipment on Form C106, Noti ce of Unacceptable Work or Material

6. The fi nished the granular borrow surface is within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.



1. Material placed on snow or frozen grade




5. Contaminati on of borrow materials

6. Material placed with signifi cant number of aggregate pieces larger than allowed by specifi cati on.

Page | 35

CHAPTER 3


C) EMBANKMENT FOR BRIDGE – SECTION 02056

General

The contractor should use granular borrow for bridge embankments. Refer to 3.3B (above) for inspecti on requirements. Additi onally, ensure the Engineer has inspected and accepted the working platf orm or foundati on before the embankment is placed.






4. Engineer inspecti on of working platf orm

Pre-Inspection Items Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR.

Approved job mix formula.

Soil classifi cation meets the specifi ed requirements.

Erosion control measures are in place.



Material has not been placed on snow or frozen grade.



Wasted materials have been measured and those quantities have been provided to the Engineer.

Density requirements have been met for compacted borrow and backfi ll materials.

Finished granular borrow surface within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.

02056: BORROW (Granular Borrow & Granular Backfi ll Burrow)



Site Inspecti on

Inspect the site for proper constructi on and document the contractor’s acti ons:

1. Compacti on Equipment

2. Uniform compacti on meeti ng MS&TR

3. The material placement is in conformance with specifi ed lift thickness

4. Materials delivered meet specifi cati ons

5. The contractor removed any defecti ve material and replaced with acceptable material

6. The fi nished surface and grade meets plan specifi cati ons

7. Embankment materials are properly spread







5. Contaminati on of borrow materials

6. Contractor hasn’t over-excavated unsuitable material

7. Approach embankments are not properly constructed

Page | 37

CHAPTER 3


Pre-Inspection Items Approved job mix formula.

Soil classifi cation meets the specifi ed requirements.

Erosion control measures are in place.



Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance UDOT MS&TR.



Density requirements have been met for compacted borrow and backfi ll material.

Finished granular borrow surface is within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.

Engineer has inspected and accepted the working platform or foundation before embankment is placed.

Embankment materials are spread uniformly in layers not exceeding 1ft (uncompacted depth).

Contractor has reduced the lift thickness if tests showed unsatisfactory density.

Contractor has over-excavated unsuitable material such as soft, springy, organic, or otherwise yielding material at natural ground level.

Contractor has constructed approach embankments from the original existing ground up with the specifi ed material to the limits defi ned by the Section and in accordance with DD series Standard Drawings.

02056: EMBANKMENT FOR BRIDGE



D) FREE DRAINING GRANULAR BACKFILL – SECTION 02056

General

Free draining granular backfi ll must meet the gradati on requirements in the table above.










4. Lift thickness or moisture is incorrect


Gradation requirements have been met.

Material placement in conformance within specifi ed lift thickness.

Contractor has backfi lled to 12 inches above the top of any pipe.

02056: FREE DRAINING GRANULAR BACKFILL

FREE DRAINING GRANULAR BACKFILL GRADATION

Sieve Size Percent Passing

1½ inch 100%

1 inch 95 - 100%

½ inch 25 - 60%

No. 4 0 - 10%

Page | 39

CHAPTER 3


E) SELECT BACKFILL FOR MSE WALLS – SECTION 02832S GENERAL

Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) is soil constructed with arti fi cial reinforcing. It can be used for retaining walls, bridge abutments, dams, seawalls, and dikes. Only select backfi ll should be used for MSE walls. The reinforcement materials of MSE can vary widely from steel grids to geotexti les. The inspector should ensure that materials used meet plan specifi cati ons and that density requirements are met.









3. Lift thickness or moisture is incorrect

4. Material not placed to plan dimensions

5. Material not placed to plan dimensions

6. Material not properly compacted


Density requirements have been met.

Soil classifi cation, gradation, and other soil requirements satisfy the materials specifi cation.

Material placement in conformance within specifi ed lift thickness.

02832S: SELECT BACKFILL FOR MSE WALLS



F) GEOTEXTILES – SECTION 02075

General

This secti on includes the inspecti on of the geotexti les shown on the drawings and at other locati ons as directed by the Engineer. Geotexti les are permeable fabrics which, when used in associati on with soil, have the ability to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect, and drain.

Before Work Begins

Ensure the contractor places materials in the correct area with correct overlap and anchoring using proper placement methods. The inspector should be familiar with the manufacturer’s recommended installati on instructi ons. Including the overlap and anchoring requirements. Additi onally, the contractor must protect the materials from direct sunlight, chemicals, mud, dirt, and debris during shipment and storage. The contractor must replace, at the contractor’s sole expense, any geotexti le damaged or deteriorated during shipping, storage or constructi on.


The contractor must test each individual lot of geotexti le prior to shipment and send those testi ng reports with the shipment to the job site. All rolls should be clearly labeled as part of the same producti on run. Additi onally, the contractor must certi fy they meet all material requirements. The contractor must submit copies of invoices or bills of lading to the Department before any materials are delivered to the project site. Ensure the material tags display the appropriate informati on.



1. Materials approval

2. COC

3. Invoices or Bills of Lading

4. Measurements of area placed prior to installati on

Page | 41

CHAPTER 3




1. Improper site preparati on

2. Geotexti le placed on snow


4. Improper installati on

G) FLOWABLE FILL – SECTION 03575

General

Flowable fi ll has been called “liquid soil” requiring no compacti on and includes bedding and backfi ll for uti lity trenches, paving subbase, bridge abutment, and retaining wall backfi ll. Flowable fi ll mixtures are usually comprised of combinati ons of cement, water, fi ne aggregate, and fl y ash or slag. Materials include cement (Secti on 03055), pozzolan (Secti on 03055), sand, coarse aggregate, and admixtures. Unless prior writt en approval is granted, UDOT requires that fl owable fi ll be used as backfi ll under paved areas in all urban areas and on rural highways with high volume traffi c, as determined by the Department. This must be done in conformance with

Pre-Inspection Items Manufacturer’s COC with appropriate tags or labels from the materials has been delivered to the project.

Contractor has submitted copies of invoices or bills of lading.

Contractor has tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR prior to shipment and sent testing reports with the shipment to the job site.

Contractor has protected the geotextile from direct sunlight, chemicals, mud, dirt, and debris during shipment and storage.

Field Documentation Items Correct area, overlap, anchoring, and placement methods.

Contractor has replaced, at the contractor’s sole expense, any geotextile damaged or deteriorated during shipping, storage or construction.

Rolls are clearly labeled and tagged as part of the same production run and materials are certifi ed to meet all material requirements.

02075: GEOTEXTILES



the Standard Specifi cati ons. In areas where fl owable fi ll is not required, backfi ll used must sti ll be in conformance with respecti ve requirements.




2. Certi fi ed Strength Test Results

3. Batch Tickets during inspecti on






4. Improper material selecti on or placement

Contractor has selected materials with an approved mix design.

Materials were combined to meet the requirements for strength and constructability as required.

Strength determined from trial batches at 28 days and submitted certifi ed test results or laboratory trial batch to verify strength prior to placement. Strengths as follows:

Minimum strength: 50 psi. ASTM D 4832. Maximum strength: 150 psi. ASTM D 4832. Slump: 5 inches to 10 inches.

A suitable aggregate size and gradation of fl owable fi ll for the intended application was used.

Submitted batch tickets supporting approved design to Engineer at least seven days before placement.

Proper placement methods.

03575: FLOWABLE FILL

Page | 43

CHAPTER 3


3.5 COMPACTION

A) COMPACTION – SECTION 02324

General

This secti on describes the purpose and general practi ces for measuring and evaluati ng the compacti on of constructi on materials. Proper compacti on of materials is a criti cal step in ensuring that infrastructure will provide the intended functi on and service life. Items of work that involve compacti on include roadway excavati on, structural excavati on, embankment, backfi lling around drainage pipes and uti liti es, bedding for concrete work, pavement base courses, hot mix asphalt pavement, and open graded surface course. Types of material that are compacted include subgrade, common fi ll (borrow, granular borrow, granular backfi ll borrow, embankment for bridge, sand, clay, topsoil), untreated base course, and hot mix asphalt. Testi ng is used to evaluate whether proper compacti on of various materials has been achieved.

Before Work Begins

Compacti on directly aff ects the supporti ng strength of soil, and the contractor must choose the best method for achieving the required compacti on. The less compacti on, the lower the supporti ng power when the material is saturated. The contractor may choose to use wetti ng agents, provided no detrimental eff ects result.


Moisture and compacti ve eff ort are two factors that are important in achieving the proper compacti on of materials. To att ain the required compacti on, ensure that the contractor

suffi ciently dries material that contains excessive moisture. Then ensure that the resulti ng embankment is fi rm and stable. Compacti on is evaluated in relati ve terms by comparing the measured density of a material to a target density. The required level of compacti on and testi ng frequency varies depending on the item of work and type of material being compacted. For example, hot mix asphalt usually requires more compacti on and testi ng than borrow. Likewise,



untreated base course used for sidewalk will usually require less compacti on and testi ng than untreated base course used for hot mix asphalt pavement.

Sampling, Testi ng and Certi fi cati ons

Inspectors should refer to the applicable special provisions, standard specifi cati ons, and the Minimum Sampling and Testi ng Guide (MS&TR) to determine specifi c compacti on and testi ng requirements for each item of work. The MS&TR can be found on UDOT’s website on the same page as constructi on forms. Inspectors are responsible to become certi fi ed to perform compacti on testi ng associated with inspecti on duti es by att ending and completi ng the Safety Training for Nuclear Density Gauges. Informati on about UDOT safety courses is available on the UDOT website. Entry-level inspectors can perform compacti on testi ng as on the job training under the supervision of a certi fi ed inspector and have the required safety training with fi lm badge.

Inspectors are required to obtain and maintain current certi fi cati ons to perform testi ng for items that they will be responsible to inspect. Study the specifi c requirements associated with the type of material that is being compacted. Obtain the required equipment that is necessary to perform the compacti on testi ng. A sample of the material to be compacted must be analyzed to determine soil classifi cati on, opti mum moisture, and density (lb/cu ft ). These results are necessary to determine the relati ve density. When the layer has been compacted and prepared for the next lift , a certi fi ed operator should take compacti on tests by means of the nuclear device at a random locati on. Any area outside the random that visually looks diff erent from the other areas should also be tested.

Page | 45

CHAPTER 3


It is criti cal that technicians and engineers understand the signifi cance of randomly determining sample and test locati ons or intervals. Use of random numbers and applicati on of the principles introduced in this secti on gives every porti on of the lot or sublot an equal chance of being sampled or tested without introducti on of bias. It is also important to accurately document the assumpti ons and/or specifi cati ons governing random number generati on, and what method was used to obtain them.





3. Documentati on of Random Sample and Test Locati on or Interval

Site Inspecti on

Inspect the site for proper constructi on and document the contractor’s acti ons. Note the compacti on equipment being used and document whether uniform compacti on meeti ng MS&TR standards was achieved.





3. Density testi ng is incomplete

4. Proper compacti on is not achieved

Contractor has generated and documented the random Sampling and Testing frequencies, locations or intervals as determined from MS&TR.

Compacting testing is documented to show that the required numbers of tests have been performed and proper compaction has been achieved.

Density testing forms competed daily and placed in the project fi le.

Compaction equipment type used and compaction method/pattern noted.

02324: COMPACTION

Construction Inspection Guide Chapter Links

1-Preface & Introduction

2-Traffic Control

3-Demolition and Earthwork

4-Drainage

5-Pavement & Materials

6-Structures

7-Traffic Signals, Lighting, ATMS

8-Striping, Signing, Safety Features

9-Landscaping, Fencing, Incidental Const.

10-Utilities

11-PDBS

12-Crash Cushion & Barrier End Treatments

http://issuu.com/tlcs/docs/udot_ci_chapter_1f?mode=window&viewMode=doublePage










http://issuu.com/tlcs/docs/udot_ci_chapter_11plusapdxjf?mode=window&viewMode=doublePage

http://issuu.com/tlcs/docs/udot_ci_chapter_12_appgf?mode=window&viewMode=doublePage

Construction Inspection Guide

udot.utah.gov/go/construction

http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/f?p=100:pg:0:::1:T,V:197

UDOT Construction Inspection Guide - Chap 3

Documents

Transcript of UDOT Construction Inspection Guide - Chap 3