UCL Institute of Archaeology

ARCL 0137: Aztec Archaeology: Codices and Ethno-history

Academic Year 2019-2020 15 credits

Monday 9-11 in Room 412

Co-ordinator: Dr. Elizabeth Baquedano e.baquedano@ucl.ac.uk

Telephone: 020 7679 7532

Offering at Templo Mayor

First Essay due 9 December 2019 Second Essay due 13 January 2020

Codex Mendoza

mailto:e.baquedano@ucl.ac.uk

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1. OVERVIEW

A brief summary of the course contents

This course examines the critical boundaries between

the historical records, the painted books (codices) and

the material culture of archaeology. It focuses on the

Spanish Chroniclers of Sixteenth Century Mexico who

saw and recorded the dazzling brilliance of Aztec life

and culture. The evidence from these two distinctive

literary sources will be set against the insight gained by

archaeological investigations over the last thirty years –

in particular the excavations of the Great Temple of the

Aztecs that has done so much to revolutionize our

knowledge of that civilization. Moving back and forth

between the indigenous painted books and the

chronicles of Sixteenth century Mexico and

archaeology, the student will be able to synthesize the

information in order to understand Aztec culture, where

religion, politics and economic concerns overlap in

complex ways.

The course begins with an overview of the Aztecs from

their humble beginnings to Empire builders looking at

the Aztec Annals and the archaeological evidence. We

then turn to the Spanish Conquest examining the

documentary evidence especially the writings of the

Conquistadors Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del

Castillo as well as the writings of the Catholic friars

Bernardino de Sahagún and Diego Durán.

Summary of the method of delivery

Classes will meet for two-hours a week. Responsibilities for leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among class participants. Students will select a topic of interest from the course content and write an assessed essay on this subject.

Aims of the module

1) This course will provide students with different

interpretive frameworks to develop their skills in

critical evaluation of the archaeological,

historical and ethno-historical sources resulting

in a deeper understanding of Aztec civilization.

Students will be able to learn new skills from the

rare combination of three sources of knowledge

to interpret the past. Intended learning outcomes

1) Critical analysis of the historical records 2) Have learned how to integrate ideas from a

variety of sources.

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3) A familiarity with case studies which illustrate current issues in Aztec archaeology using ethno-historical sources

4) Knowledge of Sixteenth century Aztec codices 5) Knowledge of codices produced in the Colonial period

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Module Workload Distribution of learning hours

WORK

HOURS

Lectures Private reading Seminars/ problem classes / tutorials Laboratory / Studio Field work Independent project work Language work Required written work (e.g. essays/reports) Revision E-learning/tutor led contact E-learning student led contact Other – please specify

10 120 10 48

TOTAL 188

Assessment:

2 Essays (4000 Words), First essay 2000 words (50%) due on 7 December 2018 Second essay 2,000 words (50%) on 14 January 2019

Essay topics will be open, subject to agreement between the student and the Lecturer. The students will have agreed a topic by week four of the class. 2) For each session (3-10) submit a one-paragraph abstract from one of the readings, to be submitted at each session.

TEACHING METHODS The course is taught through lectures and seminars. Responsibilities for leading discussion of the readings will be rotated among class participants. Students will be expected to have read the weekly -recommended readings, and to actively contribute to discussion.

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1.2. LIBRARIES AND OTHER RESOURCES In addition to the Library of the Institute of Archaeology, other libraries in UCL with holdings of particular relevance to this degree are: The UCL Science Library (Anthropology, sections). There may also be relevant sources in the Centre for Anthropology at the British Museum. Senate House has a good collection of codices. 1.3 Week-by-week summary Week Date Subject 1 30th September Introduction 2 7 October Tenochtitlan: The Rise of Aztec Civilization 3 14 October The Triple Alliance; Nezahualcoyotl King of Texcoco: intellectual, architect and builder. 4 21 October The Great Temple of the Aztecs: The sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan 5 28 October Case study: the recent find of Ahuitzotl’s Tomb, Eighth Aztec ruler READING WEEK (NO TEACHING) 4 Nov-10 Nov 6. 11 November The Two Moctezumas 7 18 November Codex Mendoza and Tribute 8 25 November The New Fire Ceremony: The Hill of the Star, Citlaltepec (10-11 am: visit to the Mexican Gallery, British Museum) 9 3 December Case study: Recent discoveries at Zultepec, Cortés and the Spanish Contingent 10 9 December The Conquest of Mexico 2. Tenochtilan: The Rise of Aztec Civilization WEEK 2 : TENOCHTITLAN: THE RISE OF AZTEC CIVILIZATION In this session we will first look at the native histories to understand the early Aztec history and the nature of the interaction among city-states. We will aim to discuss War, Trade and Marriage Alliances during the Early Aztec Period.

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Readings:

Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich, eds.

1995 Codex Azcatitlan, 2 vols. Facsimile, with commentary by Barlow revised by

Graulich. Spanish translation by Leonardo López Luján, French translation by

Dominique Michelet. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Société des

Américanistes.

Boone Hill, Elizabeth

1991 Migration Histories as Ritual Performance. In: Carrasco, D. ed. To Change

Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. pp.121-151 Niwot, University Press of

Colorado.

Códice Boturini o Tira de la Peregrinación. In Antiguedades de México basadas en la

recoplilación de Lord Kingsborough 2:8-29. Commentary by José Corona Nuñez.

SHCP, Mexico

Cortés, Hernán

1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated an edited by Anthony Pagden.

New Haven: Yale University Press. Second Letter.

Johansson, Patrick , 2016. La imagen de Aztlan en el Códice Boturini. Estudios de

Cultura Nahuatl 51: 111-172.

Mundy, Barbara E.

2015 The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, The Life of Mexico City

Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2

Sahagún, Fray Bernardino de

Codex Boturini – Tira de la Peregrinación

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1950-82. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. 12 books.

Edited and translated by Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. The School of

American Research, Santa Fe, and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Book 12.

Smith, Michael

2012 The Aztecs

Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 2

3. The Triple Alliance. Nezahualcoyotl King of

Texcoco: intellectual architect and builder

WEEK 3

In this session we will see the formation of The Triple Alliance (Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan), this alliance was decisive in forging the Aztec Empire. These polities formed a strong military-economic unity. We will review how the Aztecs (Mexica) rose to power and transformed from a tribe into an Empire.

Readings (select two as required reading)

Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Fernando de

1985.Obras Históricas. 2 vols. Ed. Edmundo

O'Gorman. UNAM, IIH, Mexico

Lee, Jongsoo. 2008. The Allure of Nezahuialcoyotl: Pre-Hispanic History,Religion,

and Nahua Poetics.Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Chapter 4: ‘Re-examining Nezahualcoyotl’s Texcoco: Politics, Government and

Legal System’, pp. 96-130. Lee, Jongsoo, 2014. The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Colonial Transformation of the Prehispanic Political and Tributary System. In Texcoco: Prehispanic and Colonial Perspectives. Ed. By Jongsoo Lee and Galen Brokaw Boulder: University Press of Colorado

Hassig, Ross, 2016. Polygamy and the Rise and Demise of the Aztec Empire

The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque

Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.)

1995. Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press

Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich (editors)

1995 Codex Azcatitlan. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France.Société des

Américanistes.

Nezahualcoyotl, C Ixtlilxochitl

CodeIIxtIxtlilxochitl

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Dibble, Charles E.

1980 Codex Xolotl. Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. UNAM,:Mexico

Parsons, Jeffrey.

An Archeological Evalution of the Códice Xolotl in American Antiquity, vol. 35,

1970, pp.431-440

Prehistoric settlement patterns in the Texcoco region, Mexico, University of

Michigan, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, no.3, Ann Arbour 1971

Mapa Quinatzin, 1920. “Mapa Quinatzin,” in Sources and Authenticity of the History

of the Ancient Mexicans. Berkeley: University of California Publications in American

Archaeology and Ethnology 17, no.1: 1-150.

Mohar Betancourt, Luz María

2004 Códice Mapa Quinatzin: Justicia y derechos humanos en el México antiguo

México: Miguel Angel Porrúa

Pomar, Juan Bautista 1975 Relación de Tezcoco. Joaquín Garcia Icazbalceta (ed.)

Biblioteca Enciclopédica del Estado de México, Mexico. 4. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: the sacred precinct of Tenochtitlan WEEK 4

This session studies the most important religious and Political centre of the Aztecs. The Great Temple with its twin temples dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, tribal god of the Aztecs and Tlaloc, god of rain. The Great Temple has been thoroughly excavated revealing over 150 offerings that are closely linked to either warfare or agriculture.

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We will approach the subject reading both the ethno-historical sources as well as the finds from archaeology. Readings:

López Luján, Leonardo

2005 The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Revised ed. Translated by

Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque:

University of New Mexico Press.

2006 . La Casa de las Águilas: un ejemplo de la arquitectura religiosa de

Tenochtitlan. 2 vols. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia

2011

López Austin, Alfredo and Leonardo López Luján

El sacrificio humano entre los mexicas

http//www.mesoweb.com/aboutarticles/AM103pdf

Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (compiler)

1981 El Templo Mayor de Mexico: Crónicas del siglo XVI Asociación Nacional de

Libreros, A.C., México

Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo

1988 The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan.

London: Thames and Hudson

Sahagún, Bernardino de

1983 Primeros Memoriales: Facsimile Edition. Photographed by Ferdinand Anders.

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Umberger, Emily

2014 Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli: Political Dimensions of Aztec Deities. In

Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and Supreme Deity, ed. Elizabeth Baquedano, Boulder:

University Press of Colorado, p p.83-112

López Luján, L. and De Anda, M.R. 2019. ‘Teotihuacan in Mexico-Tenochtitlan:

Recent Discoveries, New Insights’, Thee PARI Journal 21(3):1-26.

WEEK 5 Case study: The recent find of Ahuitzotl’s Tomb, Eighth Aztec ruler

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The systematic excavations of the Great Temple of the Aztecs have provided us with

detailed information on many aspects of Aztec life, particularly Aztec ritual. Recently

the tomb of the Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl was uncovered. This session will aim at

comparing and contrasting the information provided by the Chroniclers of Sixteenth

century Mexico as well as the information gathered during the excavation which is

on-going. Readings:

Alvarado Tezozomoc, Fernando de

1975 Crónica Mexicana (ed.), Manuel Orozco y Berra. México: Porrúa.

Baquedano, Elizabeth

2011 ‘Concepts of Death and the Afterlife in Central Mexico’, Fitzsimmons, J.L. and

Shimada, I. (eds.), Living with the Dead Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica, Tucson:

University of Arizona Press, pp. 203-230.

Baquedano, Elizabeth and Ross Hassig. History and the Ahuitzotl Box.

Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl 52: 151-168

Barajas Rocha, María, Leonardo López Luján, Giacomo Chiari y Jaime Torres Trejo

“La materialidad del arte: Lapiedra y los colores de la Tlaltecuhtli’, Arqueología

Mexicana, Ciudad de México, INAH?Editorial Raíces, v. XXIV, n. 141, pp.18-27.

Durán, Fray Diego

1994 The History of the Indies of New Spain. Translated and edited by Doris Heyden.

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Chapters 50-51

Durán, Diego

1984 Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de la Tierra Firme, Angel M.

Garibay (ed.) Porrúa: Mexico

Tlatecuthli Monolith (Reconstruction on the right) – Templo Mayor

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López Luján, Leonardo and Chávez Balderas, Ximena, 2009. In search of Mexica

kings: current excavations in Tenochtitlan. In Moctezuma Aztec Ruler eds. Colin

McEwan and Leonardo López Luján, pp. 294-297.

London: The British Museum Press

López Luján, L., Chávez Balderas, X., Zúñiga-Arellano, B., Aguirre Molina, A. and

Valentín Maldonado, N. (2014). Entering the Underworld: Animal Offerings at the

Foot of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan. In B. Arbuckle and S. McCarty, eds.,

Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World. Boulder : University Press of Colorado,

pp. 33-62.

López Luján, Leonardo

2010 Tlaltecuhtli

México: CONACULTA/INAH

Milbrath, Susan

2013 Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico. Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the

Codex Borgia

Austin: University of Texas Press. Chapter 2, 18-36

Peñafiel, Antonio

1902 Códice Aubin. Manuscrito Azteca de la Biblioteca Real de Berlin. Reprinted in

1980 by Editorial Innovación, México.

Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.)

1995 Codex Telleriano-Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press

Sanders, William T.

2006 The Templo Mayor: History and Archaeology. In Arqueología e historia del

Centro de México. L. López Luján, D. Carrasco, L. Cué, (eds.) Mexico: Instituto

Nacional de Antropología e Historia, pp. 291-304

López Austin, A. and López Luján, L 2009 Monte Sagrado: Templo Mayor México: INAH-UNAM

6 The Two Moctezumas

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WEEK 6 A session devoted to contrast the two Moctezumas. Moctezuma II commissioned

several monuments that will be studied in detail.

Readings: Díaz del Castillo, Bernal

1927 The True History of the Conquest of Mexico. 2 vols. Translated by Maurice

Keatinge. New York: Robert M. McBride & Company

Durán, Diego

1971 Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar. Translated and edited by

Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Graulich, Michel

1994 Montezuma ou l’apogée et la chute de l’empire aztèque

Lille: Librairie Arthème Fayard

Chapter VII, pp. 189-215.

Hajovsky, Patrick

2015 On the Lips of Others: Moteuczoma’s Fame in Aztec Monuments and Rituals

Austin: University of Texas Press

Gillespie, Susan

1989 The Aztec Kings: The Construction of Rulership in Mexica History.

Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Chapter 5, pp. 123-172.

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7. Codex Mendoza and Tribute

WEEK 7

The richest information of Mesoamerican tribute comes from the Aztec empire. The

second part of Codex Mendoza deals with tribute listing the provinces, the tribute

goods and the quantities to be paid to Tenochtitlan. In this session we will look at the

wide range of commodities delivered from conquered provinces both in Codex

Mendoza and in the archaeological record. We will pay special attention to Gold and

Metals.

Readings:

Baquedano, Elizabeth

2014 Tezcatlipoca as a Warrior: Wealth and Bells. In Tezcatlipoca: Trickster and

Supreme Deity. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, pp. 113-133

Berdan, Frances F., and Patricia Rieff Anawalt (editors)

1992 The Codex Mendoza. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press

Nichols, D, Frances Berdan and Michael Smith. 2017. Rethinking the Aztec

Economy, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.

Chapter 5: 130-155 Required Reading

Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo

1988. The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan.

London: Thames and Hudson

López Luján, Leonardo

2005. The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Revised ed. Translated by

Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. Albuquerque:

University of New Mexico Press.

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Codex Borbonicus, New Fire Ceremony

López Luján, Leonardo y José Luis Ruvalcaba Sil, “El oro de Tenochtitlan: la

colección arqueológica del Proyecto Templo Mayor”, Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl,

México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, UNAM, v. 49, enero-junio de 2015,

pp. 7-57

8. The New Fire Ceremony. The Hill of the Star: Citlaltepec WEEK 8

This session aims to understand the importance of ritual life in Aztec Mexico. At the

end of the cycle of 52 years, the New Fire Ceremony took place to celebrate the

renewal of time once the sun began to rise on the first day of a new calendar round.

This event took place at the Hill of the Star (Citlaltepec). We will use the Codex

Borbonicus to explain the importance of this ceremony and the archaeological finds

from the New Fire ceremony.

Readings:

1974 Bibliothèque de l’Assemblée Nationale Française, commentary by Karl Anton

Nowotny. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.

Couch, Christopher

1984 Images of the Common Man in the Codex Borbonicus. In Estudios de Cultura

Nahuatl. Mexico: UNAM, vol. 17, pp. 89-100

Elson, Christina M., and Michael Smith

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Skulls found at Zultepec (photograph

Arqueología Mexicana)

2001 Archaeological Deposits from the New Fire ceremony. Ancient Mesoamerica

12: 157-174

Quiñones Keber, Eloise (ed.)

1995 Codex Telleriano Remensis. Austin: University of Texas Press

Sahagún, Bernardino de

1950-78 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated

by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Dibble. 12 books, Santa Fe. Book 7

9. Case study: Recent discoveries at Zultepec, Cortés and the Spanish

Contingent.

WEEK 9

The excavations at Zultepec

(Tlaxcala) have provided us with a

new insight into the Conquest of

Mexico. During the excavations

several skeletal remains were

found, among them, fourteen skulls

of Spaniards. The skulls have

perforations at the parietals

suggesting that they were placed in

skull racks. In this session we will

read the writings of Cortés

comparing and contrasting them

with the archaeological finds. The

variety of artifacts both European

and Aztec throw new light on the

Conquest Period.

Readings:

Códice Chimalpopoca: Anales de Cuauhtitlan y Leyenda de los Soles.1975 [1945].

2nd ed. Translated and edited by Primo Feliciano Velázquez. UNAM: Mexico

Martínez Vargas, Enrique

2003. Zultépec-Tecoaque: Sacrificios de Españoles u sus Aliados Durante la

Conquista. In Arqueología Mexicana Vol. XI – num. 63. Sept – Oct 2003

Cortés, Hernán

1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated an Edited by Anthony Pagden.

New Haven: Yale University Press. Third Letter

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Díaz del Castillo, Bernal

1956 The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Farrar,

Straus, and Cudahy, New York

10. The Conquest of Mexico

WEEK 10

This session will make use of the documents of both Mexican and European witnesses

of the Conquest. The Lienzo de Tlaxcala is an important book that describes the

Conquest as the Tlaxcaltecas lived it. On the other hand, we have several Spanish

accounts of the Conquest. This session will aim to use the accounts of both Mexicans

and Spanish followed by a discussion by class participants.

Readings:

Barlow, Robert H., and Michel Graulich, eds.

1995 Codex Azcatitlan, 2 vols. Facsimile, with commentary by Barlow revised by

Graulich. Spanish translation by Leonardo López Luján, French translation by

Dominique Michelet. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale de France and Société des

Américanistes.

Castañeda de la Paz María and Michel Oudijk 2012 La Conquista y la Colonia en el

Códice Azcatitlan, Journal de la Société des Americanistes, pp. 59-95

El Lienzo de Tlaxcala

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Clendinnen, Inga. “Fierce and Unnatural Cruelty”: Cortés and the Conquest of

Mexico. Representations 33: 65-100, Winter, 1991.

Cortés, Hernán

1986 Letters from Mexico. Translated and edited by Anthony Pagden. Yale University

Press, New Haven

Díaz del Castillo, Bernal

1956 The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico. Translated by A. P. Maudslay. Farrar,

Straus, and Cudahy, New York

De la Torre, Mario (ed)

1983 Lienzo de Tlaxcala. Mexico: Cartón y Papel de México, S.A. de C.V.

Hassig, Ross, 2016. Timing and the Conquest of Mexico. In Estudios de Cultura

Nahuatl, vol. 51, pp.173-196

Elliot, John H., 2009. The overthrow of Moctezuma and his empire. In Moctezuma

Aztec Ruler, ed. by Colin McEwan and Leonardo López Luján, pp. 218-237.

Maffie, James

2014 Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion

Boulder: University Press of Colorado

Sahagún, Bernardino de

1950-78 Florentine Codex, General History of the Things of New Spain. Translated

by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, 12 books, Santa Fe, Book 12

Tezozomoc, Hernando Alvarado

1944 Crónica Mexicana. Reprinted by Editorial Leyenda, Mexico

Townsend, Camilla

2006 Malintzin’s Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico

Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press

Magaloni, Diana

2007 Painting a New Era: Conquest, Prophecy and the World to Come. In Invasion

and Transformation ed. by P. Brienen and M. Jackson, Boulder: University Press of

Colorado pp. 125-152,

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Additional Readings

Aimi, Antonio

2009 La Verdadera Visión de los Vencidos: La conquista de México en las fuentes

aztecas

Alicante: Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante

Bierhorst, John

1985 Cantares `mexicanos: Songs of the Aztecs

Stanford: Stanford University Press

Bierhorst, John

1998 History and Mythology of the Aztecs: Codex Chimalpopoca

Tucson: University of Arizona Press

Boxt, Matthew and Brian Dervin Dillon (eds.)

2012 Fanning the Sacred Flame

Boulder: University Press of Colorado

Boone, Elizabeth

2007 Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate

Austin: University of Texas Press

Brotherston, Gordon

1995 Painted Books from Mexico

London: Trustees of the British Museum

2005 Feather Crown: The Eighteen Feasts of the Mexica Year

London: The Trustees of the British Museum

Castañeda de la Paz, Maria

2017 La Tira de la Peregrinacion y la ascendencia chichimeca de los Tenochca

México: UNAM (check on academia.edu)

Dehouve, Daniéle

2016 La realeza sagrada en México (siglos XVI-XXI)

México: DEAS-INAH

Dodds Pennock, Caroline

2008 Bonds of Blood

Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador

1999 Ofrendas a Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl en México-Tlatelolco: Proyecto Tlatelolco,

1987-1996. Serie Arqueología, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.

Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador

1991 Discovery of a Painted Mural at Tlatelolco. In: Carrasco, D. ed. To Change

Place: Aztec Ceremonial Landscapes. Niwot, University Press of Colorado, pp. 20-

23. Teaching Collection INST ARCH 3591

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Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador

2007 La caja de agua del Imperial Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco. In Estudios

de Cultura Nahuatl, México: UNAM, Vol. 38, pp.15-32

Guilliem Arroyo, Salvador. 2010 Los contextos sacrificiales de Mexico-Tlatelolco. In

El sacrificio humano en la tradición religiosa mesoamericana eds. L. López Luján and

G. Olivier pp. 275-300. Mexico: INAH/UNAM

Klor de Alva, J. Nicholson, H. B. and Quiñones Keber, Eloise (eds)

1988, The Work of Bernardino de Sahagún, Pioneer Ethnographer of Sixteenth-

Century Aztec Mexico Institute for Mesoamerican Studies, The State University of

New York, Albany. University of Texas Press, pp. 53-62.

León- Portilla, M

1966 The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston:

Beacon Press.

León- Portilla, M

1990 Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind

trans. J.E. Davies. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

López Austin, Alfredo and López Luján, Leonardo

2010 Monte Sagrado – Templo Mayor

México: UNAM-INAH

López Luján, Leonardo and Olivier, Guilhelm (eds.)

2010 El Sacrificio HUmano en la Tradición Religiosa Mesoamericana

México: INAH-UNAM

Magaloni, Diana

2003 Imágenes de la conquista de México en los códices del siglo XVI. Una lectura

de su contenido simbólico. In Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas,

UNAM: vol. 82: 5-45.

Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo and Leonardo López Luján

2009 Escultura Monumental Mexica

Mexico: Fundación Conmemoraciones

Olko, Justyna

2005 Turquoise Diadems and Staffs of Office: Elite Costume and Insignia of Power in

Aztec and Early Colonial Mexico

Polish Society for Latin American Studies and Centre for Studies on the Classical

Tradition, University of Warsaw

Smith, Michael

2016 At Home with the Aztecs: An Archaeologist Uncovers Their Daily Life

London: Routledge

Solís, Felipe and David Dávalos

1990 Tlatelolco. El Período Indígena de Tlatelolco: Arqueología e Historia.

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Mexico: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, pp.13-36

Thomas, Hugh

1993 The Conquest of Mexico.

London: Hutchinson

Villela, K and Mary Ellen Miller

2010 The Aztec Calendar Stone

Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute

Wake, Eleanor

2002 Codex Tlaxcala: New Insights and New Questions. In Estudios de Cultura

Nahuatl, Mexico: UNAM, vol. 33, pp.91-140

Web sites www.mesoweb.com www.famsi.org

APPENDIX

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES

General policies and procedures concerning courses and coursework,

including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources,

are available in your Degree Handbook and on the following website:

http://wiki.ucl.ac.uk/display/archadmin. It is essential that you read and

comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be

different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught,

affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt,

please consult your course co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS:

New UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for

coursework have been introduced with effect from the 2015-16 session. Full

details will be circulated to all students and will be made available on the

http://www.mesoweb.com/http://www.famsi.org/

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IoA intranet. Note that Course Coordinators are no longer permitted to grant

extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a new UCL

form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office

and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the

grounds that are now acceptable are limited. Those with long-term

difficulties should contact UCL Student Disability Services to make special

arrangements.