Uc in 1307441722 Passageway

New PalaceDesign a Multi-Functional Sports Complex

for Yanbian Korean Prefecture in Northeastern China

A Dissertation Submitted to:Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of:Master of Architecture

In The School of Architecture and Interior Designof The College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning

ByChengguo Michael Zhao

M. Arch., University of Cincinnati. 2011

Committee Chairs:Tom Bible

Michael McInturf

- Abstract - ||

With nearly 5,000 years of civilization history, Chinese architecture has

a unique history and identity that has great influence to other far-east

Asian countries. After WWII, during its redevelopment in buildings and

infrastructures Chinese architecture, flushed by western architectural

typology and methodology, began losing its unique technique and identity.

The purpose of this thesis, by analyzing traditional Chinese dwelling

construction and I.M.Pei’s attempts to inventing modern language of

Chinese architecture, is to re-interpret and develop a new architectural

language with current technology for the Chinese-Korean community in

China.

Within the stadium design for Yanbian Korean Autonomous

| ABSTRACT

- Abstract - ||

Prefecture of China, highly influenced by diverse history and culture, I will

program and design a contemporary mixed use facility that will attempt to

unite a sports facility, a cultural hub and a education center, while paying

respect to historic and contemporary design theories.

| TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

Introduction

Traditional Chinese Architecture 1.01 Axis 1.02 Modular 1.03 Courtyard 1.04 Passageway 1.05 Entrance 1.06 Frame 1.07 Platform 1.08 Wall 1.09 Roof

Northeastern Chinese Buildings 2.01 Axis 2.02 Modular 2.03 Courtyard 2.04 Passageway 2.05 Entrance 2.06 Frame 2.07 Platform 2.08 Wall 2.09 Roof

Chapter 1:

Chapter 2:

Korean Architecture 3.01 Axis 3.02 Modular 3.03 Courtyard 3.04 Passageway 3.05 Entrance 3.06 Frame 3.07 Platform 3.08 Wall 3.09 Roof

Yanbian Korean Prefecture, China 5.01 Korean Minority in China 5.02 Site Context 5.03 Site Analysis

Chapter 3:

Chapter 4:

- Introduction - || 11

With 5,000 years of unbroken tradition, Chinese has developed a richly

diverse vernacular architecture that greatly influenced Eastern Asian

architecture, and many western architects’ design. China is a nation

with fifty-six distinct nationalities living in disparate natural landscapes

with widely varying climatic conditions. The largest nationality is Han,

who constitutes about 91.9% of the total population.1 Ethnic minorities

constitute 8.1% of the population.2 Some of large ethnic groups include

Zhuang, Man, Ughur, Hui, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Mongols, Tibetan, Buyi, and

Korean. These ethnic minorities have carefully preserved their culture,

identity, and architecture through the history. China’s traditional

architectural form clearly reveals the broad range of solutions that humans

| INTRODUCTION

- Introduction - || 13

are capable of in providing basic shelter and creating homes for their

families while portray common elements and preserving unique identity

from each community. The hierarchically ordered quadrangular residence

in Beijing, the imposing silhouettes of a circular Hakka fortress in Fujian,

the subdued grandeur of a cube like Huizhou merchant’s manse in Anhui,

the graceful “swallow’s tail” ridgeline of a Taiwan farmer’s house, the

compact and utility shape of a Mongol yurt, and the stark functionality

of an underground dwelling in the loessial uplands of northern China

are all examples of traditional Chinese, or Asian, architecture. These

unique buildings express specific environmental and social conditions

characteristic of China at different times in the past and in the different

regions, and enriched Chinese architectural pattern. But very few of them

still can be seen today.

1) CIA world factbook, 29 March 20062) CIA world factbook, 29 March 2006

- Traditional Chinese Building - || 14


CHAPTER 1: TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Cody, Jeffrey W. Building in China: Henry K. Murphy’s “adaptive Architecture,” 1914-•1935. Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong: Chinese UP, 2001. Print.Jodidio, Philip, and Janet Adams. Strong. I. M. Pei: Complete Works. New York: Riz-•zoli, 2008. Print.Knapp, Ronald G., and Kai-Yin Lo. House, Home, Family: Living and Being Chinese. •Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2005. Print.Knapp, Ronald G. China’s Old Dwellings. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2000. Print.•Knapp, Ronald G. Chinese Houses: the Architectural Heritage of a Nation. Singapore: •Tuttle, 2005. Print.Liang, Sicheng, and Wilma Fairbank. A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: a •Study of the Development of Its Structural System and the Evolution of Its Types. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1984. Print.Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. Chinese Imperial City Planning. Honolulu: University of •Hawaii, 1990. Print. • 周立军，陈博超，张成龙，孙清军，金虹，中国民居建筑丛书，东北民居，

中国建筑工业出版社，2009


［Jian,间：is the span between two lateral columns］

［Jia,架：depth of the building, refers to one of the stepped roof pulins- the horizontal longitudinal timbers needed to support the common rafters of a rising roof.］

One Jia

Two Jia

One Jian

One Jian


Traditional Chinese buildings have some fundamental measurement units

for its layout.

Jian, is the distance between two lateral columns. Sometimes it

also refers as the space between four columns, comprising both the two-

dimensional floor space and the volumetric measure of the void defined by

walls and floor. Today, we commonly view a Jian as a room, although most

of time a room is made up of several structural Jian.

Jia, is a term for depth of the structure. Each Jia refers to one of the

horizontal longitudinal timbers that support the roof. The slop of the roof is

depend upon the relative vertical placement of purlins.

Jian and Jia linked together form the geometric grid of a plan or

TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | MODULAR


One JianOne Jian

One Jian

Northern China Dwelling 北方民居 Southern China Dwelling 南方民居


layout for most of traditional Chinese dwellings. These modular systems

give a high flexibility to majority Chinese family dwelling, in order to modify

and grow over generations.

Most of Chinese dwellings are horizontal I-shaped structures. The

width of each Jian in northern China usually between 3.3 and 3.6 meters,

and range up to 6.6 meters in southern China. Simply say, southern Chinese

dwelling usually add at least a Jian in depth, which double the depth and

tripled the number of Jia (roof beams).

Normally, Chinese dwellings have an odd number of Jian and

Jia, such as three, five, seven, and nine. According to Huitu Lu Ban Jing,

Chinese believe odd numbers provide balance and symmetry to a building

while even numbers are inauspicious.

Sumptuary regulations are also important factors of standard-

ization, modularization, and stylization of Chinese houses. For example,


Main Room主间

Secondary Jian 次间

Intermediate Jian 梢间

End Bay尽间

Secondary Jian 次间

Intermediate Jian 梢间

End Bay尽间

Semi - Public Private Private PrivatePrivate Private Private

Three Jian Three Jian Five Jian Eleven Jian

Common People 庶民

6 - 9 Rank 六品－九品

1 - 2 Rank 一品－二品

Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿


common people were not allowed to build a house larger than three Jian

in width and five Jia in depth. During Ming dynasty, officials from sixth

through ninth ranks were limited to three Jian in width and seven Jia in

depth, while the first and second ranks were allowed to build longer and

deeper dwellings with five Jian in width and up to nine Jia in depth. In Qing

dynasty, the sumptuary rules were changed. Dimensions of timber and

proportional height of the building determined the status of structure. For

example, the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City is eleven Jian

wide and was the tallest and the largest structure until the late imperial

period.

The center Jian of a building usually is considered as the most

important room in the building. It is typically wider than flanking Jian. The

center Jian has symbolic meaning in Chinese building – standing for unity

and continuity. Traditionally, there is a long table facing the door along with


Hall of Supreme Harmony in Forbidden City, which shows eleven Jian, Sourse: http://onejourneyatatime.com/Site/post/China-Day-2.aspx

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


an important image, such as gods and goddesses, hanging on the wall. It

is a place where family gathers together or meets guests. Simply stated,

it is the “living room” in western terms. Next to the center Jian is a pair of

Ci-Jian (secondary bays), which usually serve as bedrooms. Adjacent to

Ci-Jian are a pair of Shao-Jian (outer bays) for storage. The end bays are

called Jin-Jian, which also serve as sleeping or storage.

As a structural unit, Jian also became a measurement unit for

builders and design module for expanding buildings in two-dimensional

and three-dimensionally. It created a kind of standardization in

construction that can be used all types of Chinese structures.


Northeastern China Beijing Central China Southern China

［Jing,井：a well or an open vertical passage sunk into the confining eath］


Southern China

Cosmological thinking is a big part of Chinese philosophy. The use of Yin-

Yang and expression of a balanced relationship are frequently used in Chi-

nese culture. As in a Chinese painting, the areas without black brushstroke

are as much a part of the composition as the pigment lines and dots. The

same is true in Chinese architecture; exterior open space is as important

as structures enclosing it. It is a location for people to gather, work, stor-

age, and rest. It also brings the outside nature world into building complex.

Paralleled and right-angled inward facing structures frame the exterior

space in building complex, which very similar to a Chinese character 井 –

a well or open vertical passage sunk into the confining earth. We can find

expression of balanced relationship everywhere in Chinese building – Inte-

TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | COURTYARD


Northern China - Courtyard

Southern China - Lightwell


rior and exterior, above and below, host and guest, light and shade, active

and passive, solid and void.

The size and scale of open space in a building complex varies

across China. The proportion of open space to structural space, decrease

significantly from northern China to southern China. Open space in Chinese

building complex is a result of adding a structure to the exposed fourth

side of an inverted U-shaped structure. Because southern structures are

much deeper in depth than northern structure, this creates smaller open

space in the south. Even in Chinese language, the words describing those

open spaces are different. In the north, the larger open space is called

Yaun-zi – courtyard, while in the south people call the smaller open space

a Tian-jing – skywell.


One-Courtyard Two-Courtyards Three-Courtyards

[Courtyard - when the courtyard needs to expantion, it uses a one-courtyard unit as a modular and add it up in adjacent lot to create multiple courtyard house. Large scale palaces are good example of multiple courtyard unit.]


... ...

... ...

Multipul-Courtyards


Northern China - Narrower Passageway

Southern China - Wider Passageway

[Passageway - As the diagram shown, southern passageway is much deeper than northern passageway. It provides a transitional space between courtyard and private bedrooms. It also reduces direct sun light in order to protect the wooden partition between passageway and rooms]


TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | PASSAGEWAY

Passageway varies in form and function from one area to another in China.

It may serve as covered exterior corridor, but in many regions it is consid-

ered as a transitional space between the inside and outside of a structure.

In northern China, the passageway is usually so narrow that the only pos-

sible movement is single file. Moving down to southern China, the pas-

sageway became wider as the courtyard get smaller, which increased the

function of passageway from mere circulation path to room-like community

space. As size increases, the passageway can be viewed as an extension

of both interior and exterior space.


台梁 Tai-Liang - only a pair of corner pillars support a beam - common in northern China

椽斗 Chuan-Dou - the pillars directly support the roof pulins - common in southern China

干栏 Gan-Lan - structure is lifted by stilts or piles - common in southern minority group in China

1 2

3

1

2

3

台梁 Tai-Liang 椽斗 Chuan-Dou

干栏 Gan-Lan


TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | FRAME

The building form that links the foundation and the roof usually depends on

either walls that bear the load or another mechanism of uplift for the upper

exterior surface and its interior supporting structure. Traditionally, Chinese

buildings were built with wooden skeletons – wooden pillars and beams

were primary load support, instead of walls.

There are three major wooden framing systems found in traditional

Chinese architecture: Tailiang Framing System, Chuandou Framing System,

and Ganlan Framing System.

Tailiang Framing System is the simplest system that uses two pillars

to support a long beam. This sufficient system has been a popular con-

struction type in many regions in China, especially northeastern China.


Chuandou Framing System is common in southern China. It permits

a much higher degree of roof curvature. There are three major differences

with Tailiang Framing System: The pillars directly support the roof purlins;

the number of pillars is greater; and the horizontal tie beam members are

mortised directly into pillars to form an interlocking matrix skewing the

relatively pliable frame.

Ganlan Framing System is much more popular in southern minority

groups. It is lifted up from ground in order to reduce moisture. The most

developed Ganlan structures are made of bamboo.


Cave Dwelling Semisubterranean

Piles/Stilts Elevated Stone Elevated

[Functional Platform - Reducing dampness and providing a compacted base necessary to support the often large and heavy structures.]


TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | PLATFORM

Traditional Chinese buildings generally rest directly on compacted earth or

are slightly raised on a solid foundation made of earth, stone, or brick.

Such bases serve as trasitional devices to carry the substantial

weight of building safely to the ground without allowing it to become de-

formed. In some region with humid condition, raised buildings also reduce

contact with ground moisture and keep the building dry, which provide

comfort living conditions for residents.


Normal People Low Rank Officials

Mid Rank Officials High Rank Officials

[Social Hierarchy Platform - The height of a building’s podium was linked to the status of the occupant]


During the nine hundred year Zhou dynasty, the height of a building’s base

was linked to the status and position of the residents.

The base of the building usually extends beyond the walls and the

center hall in the rear has a higher base than other buildings.


[Non-Load Bearing Wall - simply fill the gaps between pillars and create different spaces for acitivities]

[Load Bearing Wall - directly bear the weight of horizontal roofing timbers and other components]


TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | WALL

Once frame works are completed, it is necessary to create walls that

separate spaces and protect the interior spaces from outside weather.

Since the wooden frame is supporting the roof directly, walls are unneces-

sary to receive direct loads and simply fill the gap between wooden pillars.

Because these non-load bearing walls are basically curtain walls that only

divide interior spaces, they provide enough freedom to space windows and

doors.


Solid Brick Wall Patterns

Hollow-core Brick Wall Patterns


Corrugated Tamped WallFlat Tamped Wall


[Ying-Shan Ding - roof profile flush with the end of the wall with only some simple decorative brickwork - commonly seen in northern China]

硬山顶

[Xuan-Shan Ding - have pulins that extend beyond the endwall - commonly seen in southern China]

悬山顶


TRADITIONAL CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | ROOF

The roof has alway been a very expressive component of Chinese struc-

ture. It functions as a canopy that shelters the structure and interior

spaces and carries powerful symbolism.

Climate has a preponderant influence on the various forms that Chi-

nese roofs have taken. In areas of substantial rainfall, the major concern

is quickly moving falling water to the eaves in order to minimize the infiltra-

tion of moisture into the building.

There are four major Chinese roof types that can be identified

through history: Yingshanding, Xuanshanding, Sizhuding, and Xieshanding.

The Yingshanding roof profile comprises a gable that is flush with

the end of the roof. It is common roof type throughout northern China. This

type of roof is suited to areas of limited rainfall, where there is no critical


[Ma-Tou Qiang - gable wall rise in step above the roofline - commonly seen in southeastern China]

马头墙

[Si-Zhu Ding - structurely rather complex, four sides sloped roof - commonly seen in palaces, temples, and large residentces, but on small dwellings as well, such as Korean community]

四注顶


need for shielding the gable end of the building from weathering.

The Xuanshanding roof, “overhanging gables”, have purlins that

extend beyond the endwalls, which provide some protection for the gable

walls. This type of roof is commonly seen in southern China.

The Matouqiang roof is similar to Yingshanding that roof flush with

end walls. But the gable rises significantly above the roof slope. This type

of roof is easily found from the Yangzi River southward.

Xieshanding, or Sizhuding, is structurally much more complex than

the others. It is commonly seen on Ming, or Tang period palace, temple

and large residences. This type of roof had been used widely since Song

dynasty, but during Ming and Qing period became restricted in its use only

for palaces and temples, especially in areas near capital Beijing. Some

remote areas that far away from Beijing still have dwellings constructed

with hipped roof, especially in Korean community in northeastern China.

And these are very similar to those seen throughout the Korean peninsula.

CHAPTER 2: NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE



- Northen Chinese Architecture - || 50


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | AXIS

If we look back at the history of Northeastern people, we can find that

most of people of this area were farmers who migrated from other places,

when they first came, they didn’t have sufficient money to build grand

villa, like those in the capital, Beijing. Buildings in the Northeast are usu-

ally single stories or clustered together in compact villages. In order to

improve accessibility, the entry was usually placed at the center of the

building complex, which highly emphasized the symmetry.


INNER COURTYARD

OUTER COURTYARD

ENTRANCE

STORAGE

EAST WING

WESTWING

LIVING ROOMBEDROOM BEDROOM

INNER COURTYARD

OUTER COURTYARD

LIVING ROOM

BEDROOM BEDROOM

EAST WING

WESTWING

BACK YARD- LEISURE OR EXTRA STORAGE

CONVENIENT FOR DELIVERY

DEFENSE TOWER

CENTER POSITIONED EN-TRANCE- CONVENIENT FOR IN AND OUT

BEDROOM BEDROOM


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | COURTYARD

Several single story freestanding buildings form most of northeastern

building complexes. Due to most of the residents’ occupancy as farmers,

the northeastern building complex has much larger void space than

traditional Beijing quadrangle houses. Beijing quadrangle houses usually

have about 50% of void spaces while northeastern house have nearly 70%

of void space for circulation and storage.

Because early immigrants had to settle in rural area, many buildings had

defense tower at four corners.


1 2

3 4


[COURTYARD SPACE - Beijing quadrangle houses usually have about 50% of void spaces while northeastern house have nearly 70% of void space for circulation and storage. ]

1 2

3 4


Typical Quadrangle House Nothern Chinese House

[PASSAGEWAY - Since most buildings joined together, the passageway is also linked. ]

[PASSAGEWAY - Most of northern houses’ passageway only runs along the building length.]


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | PASSAGEWAY

Unlike traditional courtyard house, several individual freestanding build-

ings form northeastern houses. Thus, the passageway only remains the

length of each building without connecting each other.

The width of the passageway is much narrower than southern

passageway. The function of this gray area became not as prominent as

southern passageway. The majority of resident’s outdoor activities move

toward to courtyard space.


[TYPICAL QUADANGLE HOUSE- Off axis entrance creates an ambiguity]

[NORTHEASTERN HOUSE - Centered entrace provide more direct accessibility.]


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | ENTRANCE

Traditionally, entrance plays a very important role in Chinese architec-

ture. It is an important component of the house that move people from the

exterior world into the interior. Depending on the rank and wealth of the

household, the entryway might be of muted colors or might have columns

and door panels painted bright red.

Earlier people that moved to northeast of China were mostly poor

farmers, who were seeking better farm land. For them, the accessibility

of a house was much important that expressing its rank or wealth, thus

central entrance was a more popular choice for construction.


up to 3 meters

[Platform - In the Northeast, the platform was much more determined by function and less by status. Thus the heights did not vary as much according to status.]


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | PLATFORM

The platform of buildings in northeastern China gives a solid support for

buildings that sit on uneven site and provides a clean base for building

construction.

During the nine hundred year Zhou dynasty, the height of a build-

ing’s base was linked to the status and position of the residents.


Load Bearing Wall

Non-Load Bearing Wall / Partitions


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | WALL

Because of the availability of mud brick techniques, people in northeast

started using brick walls as load bearing wall, and have wooden beams sit

on top of gable to support roof system. It also provided sufficient flexibility

for interior spaces while still maintain modular grid.


Load Bearing Stone/Brick Wall

Roof Purlins

[Frame - Load bearing walls on two ends directly supports the roof purlins and provide sufficient flexibility for interior space arrangement.]


Roof Purlins

NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | FRAME

Since using brick wall as main structural support of a building, the frame

of a structure became much simpler and straightforward. Roof pulins sit

directly on top of gable wall. There are no wooden pulins inside of struc-

ture, which makes the interior space very flexible while maintaining a rigid

grid system.


[Ying Shan Ding 硬山顶 - roof profile flush with the end of the wall with only some simple decorative brickwork - the use of Ying-Shan Ding increased in Ming Dynasty because of the development of fired brick .]


NOTHEASTERN CHINESE ARCHITECTURE | ROOF

Because the wooden roof purlins sit on end walls, it is much easier to set

the roofline flush with load bearing wall.

The Yingshanding roof profile comprises a gable that is flush with

the end of the roof. It is common roof type throughout northern China. This

type of roof is suited to areas of limited rainfall, where there is no critical

need for shielding the gable end of the building from weathering.

CHAPTER 3: KOREAN VENACULAR ARCHITECTURE



- Korean Architecture - || 70

[AXIS - The most original structure and entrance has strong axis, but because Korean dwellings grow organically, the strong axis quality was lost along the way. When we look at some houses and there must be a axis, although whole assembly looks more complex.]


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | AXIS

The Korean Architecture still respect the axis quality in building design.

The most original structure and entrance has strong axis, but be-

cause Korean dwellings grow organically, the strong axis quality was lost

along the way. When we look at some houses and there must be a axis,

although whole assembly looks more complex.


“I” Shaped Plan “L” Shaped Plan “I” Shaped & “L” Shaped Plan Combinations

[MODULAR - TUnlike Chinese houses, the Korean houses doesn’t have a strict order of building around should placed in a courtyard. Usually the earliest structure remains on the axis, and other expansion buildings grow naturally from it. The most important builidngs stay on axis and other buildings are built around them.]


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | MODULAR

Unlike Chinese houses, the Korean houses doesn’t have a strict order of

building around should placed in a courtyard. Usually the earliest structure

remains on the axis, and other expansion buildings grow naturally from

it. The most important builidngs stay on axis and other buildings are built

around them.


ChinaWest Korea

China Korea

Eliminate “Fire-Tower” “God Room” became import part of complex


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | COURTYARD

Traditional Chinese architecture is inward focused and western architec-

ture is very objective and outward focussed.

Korean Architecture has both an inward and outward focus. The

buildings are always surrounded by big open space, but at the same time

buildings also form an inward courtyard for privated activities.

Korean buildings eliminated defense towers that some northern

Chinese buildings had and placed a “God Room” at the northeast corner of

the house.


FULL CORRIDOR

PARTIAL CORRIDOR

NO CORRIDOR


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | PASSAGEWAY

The corridor in Korean architecture is a transitional space between interior

and exterior and also an important space where people gather together to

enjoy some social activities.

Most Korean buildings have a partially covered corridor or a center

Jian that totally open to the public. Some buildings either have a full length

corridor or no corridor at all.


Han (Chinese) Korean


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | ENTRANCE

The Traditional Korean building entrance follows two criteria: one is that it

always faces south, and the other that it is always on the center axis with

the original structure of the building. Because Korean building complex

es grow naturally, the current layout doesn’t necessary have a strong axis

and symmetry.


[Load Bearing Pillars - Wood frame decreased the material use and give flexibility to arrange partitions in between.]


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | FRAME

Several single story freestanding buildings form most northeastern building

complexes. Due to most of the residents’ occupation as farmers, the north-

eastern building complex has a much larger void space than traditional the

Beijing quadrangle houses. Beijing quadrangle houses usually have about

50% of void spaces while northeastern house have nearly 70% of void

space for circulation and storage.


Stone Base

Elevated

[Platform - Korean dwellings are hybrid of both stone and stilts platform express the social heiarchy, while functionally reduce the moisture.]


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | PLATFORM

Korean dwelling’s platform echo with other traditional Chinese architec-

ture has a strong stone base on the bottom. In addition, Korean architec-

ture usually elevates the floor plate on top of the stone platfrom about

20-30 centimeters in order to reduce moisture. Most of the times, the stone

platform also act as column base, giving the structure a solid support.


[Partitions - Non-load bearing walls fill in between columns, create spaces for different activities.]


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | WALL

Like traditional Chinese architecture, the actual walls in Korean architec-

ture are non-load bearing walls and only serve and separation of spaces.

Instead of using all lattice wooden screen partitions, Korean architecture

make clear distinction between partitions and doors/windows. The mate-

rial that Korean minority used for constructing walls is mud with a white

paper finish or white stucco, which create high contrast with the wooden

pillars.


[Si-Zhu Ding 四注顶 - structurally rather complex, four sides sloped roof - commonly seen in palaces, temples, and large residentces, but on small dwellings as well, such as Korean community.]


TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE | ROOF

One major distinction between Korean buildings and Chinese buildings is

the roof profile.

Chinese architecture developed various roof profile through history

. Korean building’s roof profile echo Chinese architecture during the Tang

dynasty - massive hipped tiled roofs, which are only be seen in Chinese

palace or temple construction.

Korean architecture uses a more complicated hipped roof is that

instead of the simple intersections of four sloping surfaces, a vertical place

is inserted on both ends.

CHAPTER 5: YANBIAN KOREAN PREFECTURE, CHINA

Traditional Korean DressSourse: http://newcric.com/2010/06/05/korean-traditional-wedding-dress/

- Yanbian Korean Prefecture, China - || 91

Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, in Northeastern China. Yanbian is

bordered to the north by Heilongjiang, on the west by Baishan City and Jilin City, on the

south by North Hamgyong Province of North Korea, and on the east by Primorsky Krai of

Russia. Yanbian is designated as an autonomous prefecture due to the large number of

ethnic Koreans living in the region. The prefectural capital is Yanji, and the total area is

42,700 square kilometers (16,500 sq mi)

In the Ming Dynasty, Yanbian was governed by the Jianzhou Guard-district, and

in the late Qing Dynasty the area was divided into the Yanji and Hunchun sub-prefectures.

In the 19th century, it was Chinese immigrants that migrated en masse from China proper

to areas that were formerly off limits to Han Chinese migration. Qing China was not a Han

Chinese state, but a Manchurian state. And, the Manchurian policy of trying to ensure that

they were not assimilated by the Han Chinese stood as the main reason why immigration

wasn’t allowed into traditionally Manchurian lands (1644 - 1800s). Those who took part

| KOREANS MINORITY IN CHINAsource: wikipedia


Korean Imigration Illustration


in the Chinese Civil War did so with the implicit understanding that after the Chinese

communists won, the Chinese communists would assist Korean communists in their own

civil war.

In the 19th century, Korean immigrants migrated en masse from the Korean

peninsula to China. After the foundation of the Republic of China, a second wave arrived.

The population increase was caused by the Japanese invasion of that region. The

Japanese were trying to use Korean immigration to diffuse the staying power of Chinese

in that region. After the end of World War II, many Koreans did not go back to Korea, even

though their country had been liberated (as there were economic and political problems

back in their country). Instead, they joined the Chinese Civil War and were mobilized by

both Chinese communists and the Chinese Nationalists. When the civil war was over, the

new Chinese government gave Koreans their own autonomous region in 1952. Yanbian

was upgraded to an ethnic autonomous prefecture in 1955.

Korean migration into what is now China (Manchuria) began at the tail end of the

19th century and were for the most part escaping the economic hardships faced under

Japanese economic policy.

In 1952, the Korean migrants composed some 60% of the local population, but

Typical Street ViewPhoto by Chunhua Li


by 2000 their share shrank to 32%. The Chinese government subsidize Korean language

schools and publications, but also take measures to prevent an emergence of the Korean

irredentism in the area. From the late 1990s the Koreans began to be assimilated into

Chinese culture with increasing speed, often switching to daily use of Chinese and

choosing to attend the Chinese language schools.


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Site viewSource: Google Map


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| APPROACH TO SITEPhoto by Chunhua Li


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Site viewSource: Google Map


| SITE IMAGES

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Photo by Chunhua Li


| SITE TOPOGRAPHY

The site sits in a vally.The topography drops approximately 45 meters from the ridge to the valley.


| SITE TRAFFICA major street that connects northern residential area and downtown placed west edge of the site; the branch of this street pass by north side of the stadium.


| SITE PROGRAM

YANBIAN UNIVERSITY

ZOO

ZOO

STADIUM

SOCCER SCHOOL

HIGH-END RESIDENTIAL WWII MEMORIAL

KOREAN CULTURAL CENTER

RESIDENTIAL

RESIDENTIAL

The site is located northwest of the city. It is surrounded by University, High-end residential, Zoo, Cultural Center, and Memorial Musuem.


1. MAIN ENTRANCE

2. WING BUILDING-1

3. WING BUILDING-2

4. STADIUM SOUTH

6. STADIUM WEST

5. STADIUM EAST

7. STADIUM NORTH

8. WING BUILDING -3

9. WING BUILDING - 4

10. REAR BUILDING

10 feet hight difference from plaza to promenade. Could be a place have a stepped community space. Expect a low-rise structure.

Adjacent to steep hill. Great view to the stadium and the woods. Could be potential high-rise residential structure.

Very back of the site. Strucutre shouldn’t be too tall, so that I won’t block other residents. Should be very end piece of the strucutre.

Sit next to culture center and main pathway to other residential community.

Adjacent to steep hill and high-end residential. Origianal soccer school site. Also next to main path from east.

Mian access from east. Transitional space between main court to back.

Transitional space between plaza and main court.

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| SITE CHARACTERAccording to the site force that I have studied, I devided the site to ten parts. Each part have special character that requires different design approach.


| SITE AXIS

1. HIGH-END RESIDENTIAL AXIS

2. STADIUM AXIS

3. UNIVERSITY (PERFCT NORTH) AXIS

The Site is located at an angled site with three different axis. One is perfect north axis that aline with university campus, another one is the staium axis, and last one is alined with northern residential axis.


| SITE MODULAR

1. FRONT PLAZA

2. STADIUM

3. REAR PLAZA

In order to understand the modular quality of the site better, I seperated the site to three different parts that centered with axises.


2. STADIUM

3. REAR PLAZA

1. FRONT PLAZA

| SITE COURTYARDThere are three main open spaces available on the site. Front plaza, currently occupied as parking space, main stadium field, and a practise field on the back.


1. MAIN ENTRANCE

2. ENTRANCE TO STADIUM

3. EAST ENTRANCE

4. REAR ENTRANCE

| SITE ACCESSThere are several possible entrances to the site. Except north, south entrances there is also an east entrance facing toward memorial hall and other residential communities.

| BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cody, Jeffrey W. Building in China: Henry K. Murphy’s “adaptive Archi-1.

tecture,” 1914-1935. Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong: Chinese UP, 2001. Print.

Jodidio, Philip, and Janet Adams. Strong. I. M. Pei: Complete Works. 2.

New York: Rizzoli, 2008. Print.

Knapp, Ronald G., and Kai-Yin Lo. House, Home, Family: Living and Be-3.

ing Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2005. Print.

Knapp, Ronald G. China’s Old Dwellings. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 4.

2000. Print.

Knapp, Ronald G. Chinese Houses: the Architectural Heritage of a Na-5.

tion. Singapore: Tuttle, 2005. Print.

Liang, Sicheng, and Wilma Fairbank. A Pictorial History of Chinese 6.

Architecture: a Study of the Development of Its Structural System and

the Evolution of Its Types. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1984. Print.

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. Chinese Imperial City Planning. Honolulu: 7.

University of Hawaii, 1990. Print.

8. 周立军，陈博超，张成龙，孙清军，金虹，中国民居建筑丛

书，东北民居，中国建筑工业出版社，2009

Uc in 1307441722 Passageway

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