G R E G O R Y B O Y E SR O B E R T B R I C K N E R

T H O M A S C R A B T R E ED A N I E L C U R R I E R

C H A S E D A YK E I T H F R I E D M A N N

Bringing U B E Rto Bangladesh

Tiffin UniversityMGT614 - Global & Transnational Management

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Bangladesh Geography

Location: Southern AsiaBorders: India (to the West/North/East), Burma

(to the East), and Bay of Bengal (to the South)Size: 56,977sq miles, or about the size of IowaClimate: tropical (humid summers, mild

winters)Natural Resources: natural gas, timber, coalfacts & figures from CIA.gov/library

B A N G L A D E S H

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The People of

Bangladesh

Population: approx. 169 million as of 2015Demographics: 98% Bengali, 2% ethnic groups

0-14 years: 31.62% 15-24 years: 18.86% 25-54 years: 38.27% 55-64 years: 6.12% 65+ years: 5.13%

Language: 99% Bengala, 1% others (62% literacy)

Religion: 89.1% Muslim, 10% Hindu, 0.9% others

Government: Parliamentary DemocracyGDP: $577 billion in 2015Top Industries: Jute, cotton, garments, leather,

paper, iron, steel, cement, petroleum, tobacco, tea, salt, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, sugar, soap

facts & figures from CIA.gov/library

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What is UBER?

What: Uber is an tech-based taxi companyWhere: Uber services are available in 58

countries & 300 cities around the world and is headquartered in San Francisco

(TIME)How: Customers can request a car on their

smartphone via the Uber app. The app uses GPS; so the drivers can find the pick up

location and the riders can see where the car is at any time.. All transactions are done with a preloaded credit card, therefore no cash is needed during the trip.

Why: Uber’s popularity has boomed due to its reliability, convenience, and competitive prices when compared to traditional taxi cabs companies. Drivers may work a flexible schedule and do not need to go through extra classes or certifications.

background info from JP Pullen of TIME.com

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A Brief History of

UBER:2009-2012

Dec 2008: Future CEO Travis Kalanick hears the idea for Uber at a technology

conferenceMar 2009: UberCab, a black car service, is

founded Jun 2010: Uber launches in San Francisco. Cars

were requested via text messageOct 2010: Uber receives $1.25million in fundingFeb 2011: Uber closes a $11million deal that

values the company at $60millionMay 2011: Uber launches in New York CityDec 2011: Uber launches in Paris/gets $32mil

deal Jul 2012: Uber unveils lowcost version “UberX”Aug 2012: Rival company Lyft launches in San

Franall timeline info retrieved from N. McAlone, Business Insider

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A Brief History of

UBER:2013-

Present

Aug 2013: Uber launches in India and Africa. Also, Uber receives $258million from Google

Ventures, valuing the company at $3.76billion

Jul 2014: Uber comes to China after getting $1.2billion in funding at a $17billion

valuationAug 2014: UberPOOL lets you split fares

w/othersDec 2014: Uber partners with Chinese search

company Baidu, using mobile search & maps

Feb 2015: Robotics/driverless car facility opensMar 2015: Uber acquires deCarta mapping

startupApr 2015: UberCARGO & UberEATS launch in a

few major international cities Jun 2015: Violent protests against Uber in

France. Also, the California Labor Commission rules Uber drivers are employees, not contractors.

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Standard of Living

Cost of living in Bangladesh is 51.83% lower than in United States (Cost of Living, 2016).

Average Monthly Disposable Salary (After Tax) is $333.34 USD (Cost of Living, 2016)

A 3 bedroom apartment in City Centre would cost $328.48 USD (Cost of Living, 2016).

Basic Utilities (Electricity, Heating, Water, Garbage) for 915 sq. ft. Apartment would be

$35.63 USD (Cost of Living, 2016).

B A N G L A D E S H

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Standard of Living

(Transportation)

In establishing UBER in Bangladesh, it is important to determine how much is currently paid for transportation in that country.

One-way Ticket (Local Transport) $0.25 USDMonthly Pass (Regular Price) $11.41 USDTaxi Start (Normal Tariff) $1.01 USD Taxi 1 mile (Normal Tariff) $0.62 USD Taxi 1 hour Waiting (Normal Tariff) $2.54 USD Gasoline (1 gallon) $4.75 USD Volkswagen Golf 1.4 90 KW Trend line (Or

Equivalent New Car) $38,048.42 USD (Cost of Living, 2016).

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Income Distribution

Definition: Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles. Percentage shares by quintile may not sum to 100 because of rounding (Bangladesh, 2016).

The value for Income share held by highest 20% in Bangladesh was 41.41 as of 2010 (Bangladesh, 2016).

The value for Income share held by second 20% in Bangladesh was 12.37 as of 2010 (Bangladesh, 2016).

The value for Income share held by third 20% in Bangladesh was 16.07 as of 2010 (Bangladesh, 2016).

The value for Income share held by fourth 20% in Bangladesh was 21.27 as of 2010 (Bangladesh, 2016).

The value for Income share held by lowest 20% in Bangladesh was 8.88 as of 2010 (Bangladesh, 2016).

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Global Trend of Wealth

Distribution

B A N G L A D E S H

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Wage Levels in

Bangladesh

The minimum wage in Bangladesh is 1,500 taka ($19) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry-specific wages; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ($68) per month (List of Minimum Wages, 2016).

The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry (List of Minimum Wages, 2016).

Country

Daily Minimum Wages Monthly Wage

Exchange Rate

Per US$1In Country Currency In US$ In Country

Currency In US$

Bangladesh 176.67 b/ 2.21 5,300.00 1/ 66.22 80.0401

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

BangladeshEmploymen

tLevels

In Bangladesh, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labor force.

Unemployment Rate in Bangladesh decreased to 4.30 percent in 2013 from 4.50 percent in 2012 (Bangladesh Unemployment Rate, 2016).

Unemployment Rate in Bangladesh averaged 4.50 percent from 2003 until 2013, reaching an all time high of 5.10 percent in 2009 and a record low of 4.30 percent in 2006 (Bangladesh Unemployment Rate, 2016).

Unemployment rates can affect if UBER is a viable option.

Unemployment would be a predictor whether or not people would be interested in using UBER for work or if they had finances to do so.

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Bangladesh Unemploye

d Rate

B A N G L A D E S H

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Bangladesh Workforce

Due to rapid growth of the population in the last few decades the Bangladeshi labor force has grown rapidly, as there was a large proportion of young people born in the 1960s and 1970s (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

According to Bangladeshi national statistics, in 1995-96 only 12.4 percent of the labor force had formal employment, while 40 percent were considered "employed in family-based" businesses, 29.6 percent were considered "self-employed," and 17.9 percent had their jobs on a "daily basis”(Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

The trade unions are very strong in Bangladesh, although only 3.5 percent of the workforce is unionized, but most of the unions are limited to the public sector or state-controlled enterprises (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

According to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), there are a total of 23 national trade union centers in Bangladesh and approximately 5,450 trade unions .

B A N G L A D E S H

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Bangladesh Workforce

Unlike many Middle Eastern countries, women in Bangladesh enjoy considerable freedom and are generally involved in education and labor, although the employment and literacy rates among them generally are lower than among men (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

Recent surges in the garment industry brought new employment opportunities for women, as around 95 percent of people employed in this sector are women (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

Currently, more than 37 percent of the labor force is women (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

However, unionization among women, and hence the protection of their rights, is generally lower than among men (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

According to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, included in export sectors such as garments and leather production, there are over 6 million child laborers between the ages of 5 and 14 years who work for pay and are not enrolled in school (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

About 1.9 million working children are below the age of 10 (Bangladesh - Working conditions, 2016).

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Household Consumptio

n in PPP TermsCountr

y All food Clothing

and footwear

Fuel and power

Health care

Education

Transport &

Communications

Other

Bangladesh 49 4 18 8 9 4 8

United States 13 9 9 4 6 8 51

Data represent percentage of consumption in PPP terms. a Excludes energy used for transport. b Includes government and private expenditures.

SOURCE: World Bank. World Development Indicators 2000.

B A N G L A D E S H

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Pay & Benefits

90% of Uber employees are considered independent contractors

All drivers are considered contractorsDrivers earn a set percentage of each trip they

completeDrivers do not earn company-paid benefits

such as medical, dental, or other ‘traditional’ benefits

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Pay & Benefits

10% of Uber employees are support center employeesThese employees work at the corporate

headquarters, regional offices, or from home-based locations

These employees include traditional corporate positions, including operations, technical developers, and customer service positions

Earn a set hourly wage or annual salaryMany (but not all) support center employees

earn medical, dental, and ‘traditional’ benefits

Most support center employees eligible for discounts at local businesses (such as gyms) or reimbursements for cellular phones and internet

B A N G L A D E S H

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Pay & Benefits

Since 90% of Uber’s workforce are considered independent contractors, there are lower payroll and benefit costs from traditional employee-employer arrangements

Additionally, Uber drivers are responsible for providing their own vehicle, insurance, and equipment. Lowers overall investment and capital

equipment costsSince Uber drivers are required to provide

their own insurance, lowers company liability and insurance costs

Under Bangladesh Law, independent contractors are responsible for paying their own taxes Eliminates the cost and complication of

withholding taxes and paying them on behalf of the employee

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Working for Uber

Uber does not offer standard employee benefits, but drivers are free to work when they want This flexibility in working hours, is one of the biggest

reasons why people decide to work for the company

Since drivers can set their own schedule, without fear of adhering to an attendance policy, Uber does not have track complicated leave policies Such policies would apply to support center

employees However, since the population for these would be

smaller, there is less administration costs

B A N G L A D E S H

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Working Conditions

Uber drivers work in their own vehicle Vehicle must pass an inspection at the Uber regional

office prior to becoming an independent contractor Drivers must carry their own automobile and liability

insurance

Uber drivers must be comfortable working with the general public Customers can be from any walk of life Some customers can be rude, unruly, or require

special assistance

Drivers must be comfortable driving on the crowded streets of Bangladesh, and able to adapt to changing traffic and weather conditions Streets in Bangladesh are congested and drivers

compete with pedestrians, motorcycles, and ricksaws Weather in Bangladesh can range from hot and humid

summers, to rainy conditions in the monsoon season Many cars lack air conditioning

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Skills Needed

Uber drivers must be fully licensed and pass a background check to be eligible to become a driverAccidents or unsafe drivers can hurt business,

and lower public perception of the company’s services

Uber drivers must be able to provide their own vehicleOnly 2% of Bangladesh citizens own their own

vehicleMost citizens own either motorcycles or

bicycles39% of Bangladesh employees own

motorcycles60% of Bangladesh employees own bicycles

While there may be demand for quicker transportation via a car or van, finding qualified drivers with their own vehicle may be difficult

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Government

Intervention

Bangladesh generally has allowed employers and private businesses to operate with limited government intervention in the employee-employer relationship

Many Bangladesh-based companies are industrial or in the textile industry Most laws passed that effect businesses are

related to worker safety in these industries The country generally has less restrictive laws in

the transportation and taxi industry

Bangladesh has laws that will allow Uber to continue to the independent contractor system for employing drivers As in the United States, Uber is not required to

maintain a traditional employee/employer relationship with drivers.

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Labor Unions

Currently, no Uber employees anywhere in the world are represented by a labor union

The independent contractor status of the drivers makes it difficult for drivers to unionize, as they are not technically employeesHowever, some drivers may not work in

protest if they are dissatisfied with pay or benefits

Low risk of support center employees unionizing, as most office workers do not chose to be represented by labor unions

B A N G L A D E S H

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Labor Unions

Labor unions are strong in Bangladesh government jobs, but most industries (including transportation) enjoy limited intervention from labor unions

Labors unions are growing within the garment and textile industries Risk of spillover into other industries Workers may believe that aligning with a labor

union may provide them with better pay and benefits

Attempts at unionizing Uber drivers in the United States have been growing News may travel to Bangladesh and encourage

drivers to unionize Negative publicity from the United States may

make Uber a target for the Bangladesh government to intervene

B A N G L A D E S H

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Hofstede’s Value

Dimensions

GEERT HOFSTEDE – Dutch academic and author regarded as one of the leading representatives of intercultural research and studies.

Geert Hofstede revolutionized the way globalization in business is conducted by linking basic values and organizational behavior

Businesses from all over the globe analyze Hofstede’s studies to prepare for launch into a new market

FIVE VALUE DIMENSIONS:1. Power Distance2. Uncertainty Avoidance3. Individualism4. Masculinity5. Long-term/Short-term Orientation

UBER RECOMMENDATION: Utilize Hofstede’s five value dimensions to

understand Bangladesh organizational behavior.

B A N G L A D E S H

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Power Distance

POWER DISTANCE Power distance is the level of acceptance by a society of

the unequal distribution of power in institutions

KEY QUESTIONS: What are the attitudes toward hierarchy and the level

of respect for authority? How reluctant are employees to express disagreement

with their managers?CONCLUSION: Bangladesh scores high (80 of 100) Subordinates expect direction – UBER needs employee

structure Ideal boss: caring dictator

High Low

B A N G L A D E S H

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Uncertainty Avoidance

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE Uncertainty avoidance is that extent to which people in a

society feel threatened by ambiguous situationsKEY ELEMENTS: High uncertainty results in more formal rules and

procedures designed to provide more security and career stability

Low-risk decisions are made, aggressiveness is scarce, lifetime employment is common

CONCLUSION: Bangladesh scores mid to high (60 of 100) Because UBER is unorthodox, launch will face

challenges UBER needs to establish rules and clear structure to

gain interest and confidence High Low

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Individualism

INDIVIDUALISM The tendency for people to look after themselves and their

immediate families with less emphasis on the needs of society

KEY ELEMENTS: Citizens work well alone versus in a group High individualism yields higher gross national product

and a freer political system Individualism, wealth, and a political system with

balanced power are all related in this type of cultureCONCLUSION: Bangladesh scores low (20 of 100) Bangladesh is family-driven and is motivated by group

connection UBER must develop an “UBER Community” feel

High Low

B A N G L A D E S H

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Masculinity

MASCULINITY Refers to the degree of assertiveness, materialism, and

lack of concern for othersKEY ELEMENTS: Society is driven by competition, achievement, and

success “Winner” is seen as the best performer and quality of

life has less emphasis on determination of successCONCLUSION: Bangladesh scores middle of the scale (55 of 100) Bangladesh values competition and achievement but

also cherishes life outside of work UBER will be a good fit due to good pay, flex hours,

working at employee’s own pace

High Low

B A N G L A D E S H

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Long-term Short-term Orientation

LONG-TERM / SHORT-TERM ORIENTATION Long-term orientation is the extent to which a culture

programs its members to accept delayed gratification of material, social, and emotional needs

KEY ELEMENTS: Long-term orientation societies focus on long-term

goals with less gratification upfront Short-term orientation societies value short-term

results and profitability CONCLUSION: Bangladesh scores middle of the scale (47 of 100) UBER will not have any major obstacles Strategy can be per company structure with incentives

and compensation at normal rates

High Low

B A N G L A D E S H

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Hofstede Summary

UBER has identified the following key takeaways that will be implemented into company launch:

1. UBER is an unorthodox attempt at transportation and will therefore face pushback as it attempts to enter the Bangladesh market

2. UBER will overcome challenges with a clear organizational and employee structure

3. An employee community for UBER drivers should be established with optional attendance to allow employees to feel like they are part of the UBER Family.

4. UBER will show support for the Bangladeshi Community and promote family-oriented employees with annual employee/family recognition events free of charge

B A N G L A D E S H

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Market Analysis

Industry Analysis In-Country IntroductionThe transportation industry in Bangladesh is

heavily subsidized and regulated (taxi fare prices included) by the federal government

Developing a good working relationship with the federal government would be essential in order to enter the market

B A N G L A D E S H

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Market Analysis

Industry Analysis In- Country AttractivenessThe road system

carries over 80 percent of passenger traffic in the transportation sector

A large percentage of the population depends on some form of taxi service for transportation

City centers like Dhaka provide large centralized populations of

potential customers

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Market Analysis

Industry Analysis In-Country ObstaclesSmartphones represented only 6% of phone

sales in 2013Nearly 40% of Bangladesh citizens live on

$1.25 a day and do not have the ability (no smartphones) to pay for Uber services

The low percentage of main and improved roads is one of the largest drawback’s of the transportation market

Underdevelopment of key infrastructure (bridges and bypasses) have left the southwest and eastern zones of the country isolated

Congested roads and highways in major city centers are a safety and efficiency concern for potential Uber drivers

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Transport Sector

Key Statistics

Length of roads: 270,565km

39% All-season roads

30% Paved roads

Main roads: 20,735km

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Market Analysis

Market SegmentationWho: Upper class

citizens and tourists who own a smartphone, can afford Uber services and live in a major city center

Size: Around 6% of the population that owns a smartphone and the 150,000 tourists that visit each year

Location: Major urban city centers (Dhaka, Chittagong, and Khulna) that contain

improved roads and large populations

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Market Analysis

Market SegmentationAccessibility: Low number of smartphone sales

in Bangladesh is a serious concern for market potential

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Market Analysis

Competition In-CountryTrust Transport Services: Regional Pakistani

company that offers a wide variety of transportation services such as taxis, bus and minibus services and ambulances

Toma Construction and Co. Ltd.: Better known as Toma Group. Toma is a global business that produces concrete, builds bridges, roads and buildings and also provides water development and taxi services

Rickshaws: Outnumber taxis in major city centers. There are roughly 3 million rickshaw pullers operating on the streets during peak times in Dhaka

B A N G L A D E S H

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Market Analysis

Competition In-CountryAccording to the Dhaka Tribune, taxicab

companies Trust Transport Services and Toma Group were forced to almost double rates for consumers in 2014 based on government mandated pricing

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Market Analysis

Marketing ConsiderationsLong Term Objectives: Raise customer base

through increased smartphone usage, better network coverage and improved infrastructure

Payback period: A long payback period is projected due to low smartphone usage

Risk: Risk of entering market is high based on government regulations, small customer base, number of competitors, and

underdeveloped infrastructure Costs: Entry costs would be low, with the

majority of costs stemming from IT services for maintaining Uber programs and functions

B A N G L A D E S H

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Market Analysis

ConclusionsBased on the market analysis, the Bangladesh

transportation market is not favorable for an Uber launch in the near future

The market could become favorable over time as advancements in technology and infrastructure are made in Bangladesh

A decrease in government regulations (specifically price control) over the transportation market would also make an

entry more appealing

B A N G L A D E S H

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CompanyInternal

Strengths

A well recognized brand

A high standard of service

An unlimited fleet

Verified drivers and cars

Very little competition

Cheaper than a taxi

High valuation

Cashless payment system

Can track highly rated drivers

Does not hire drivers and no full-time employees

Low operational cost; relies on driver/passenger interaction

Dual rating system boosting trust and safety

Convenient for drivers: schedule flexibility, reject clients, etc.

B A N G L A D E S H

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CompanyInternal

WeaknessesUber’s idea can be easily imitated

Driver and Uber relationships are ethically questionable

No bond between clients and drivers

Low incentive for drivers to stay

Driver Earnings/Cost Ratio

Unpredictable schedule

Privacy: Uber records the customer’s pick up and drop off locations

B A N G L A D E S H

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Company External

Opportunities

Capitalize on customer dissatisfaction stemming from traditional cab company’s higher cost and longer wait times

It can exploit new markets in big countries

Growing markets where taxi services are not available

A potential rise in drivers will decrease estimated time of arrival

Can increase in valuation

Electric cars can improve driver earning/cost ratio

Additional specialty services can be a result (i.e. partner with automotive industry driving clients to and from car servicing)

B A N G L A D E S H

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Company ExternalThreats

Bad publicity from driver earning/cost ratio that affects potential new driver employment

New legal regulations could ban Uber from operatingConflict with local authority Fines Infiltrated market will cause price to fall. Long term

revenue decline Fraud from new drivers and between new

driver/customerFuture self driving carsOvervaluation Average Uber trip in the U.S. is $13.36 (Davidson, 2015);

Bangladesh has low transportation cost and high gasoline prices (*See Standard of Living Slide)

Bangladesh has low unemployment rate (*See Employment Level slide)

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Benefits to Locating

✓Uber’s economic opportunity is building small businesses for community needs

✓Uber’s low cost could be appealing to the top 5th of the population in Bangladesh; 74% of the countries

wealth is distributed to the top 5th (*See Global Trend of Wealth Distribution slide)

✓High quality, safe, reliable and affordable transportation options for new market

✓The Uber platform is generating up to 20,000 new driver jobs every month in other markets

✓Uber’s presence can decrease the number of impaired drivers✓Stimulates company growth✓AMBER Alert Systems✓Stimulates new markets economy ✓Low Unemployment rate could mean increasing use of Uber

(*See Employment level slide)

Source: UBER Newsroom Staff. 2014. An Uber Impact

B A N G L A D E S H

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Liabilities to Locating

Insurance claims: drivers report accidents to their insurance carriers, however most insurance carriers do not honor claims that happened on company time (Cecil, 2015)

Adapting to the Bangladesh culture (Deresky, 2014): Uber has low quality relationships between

itself and drivers. How will the new culture accept?

Cross cultural negotiations

Establishing long term success rate; why enter a new market for the short term?

Establishing relationships with future partners; a key advantage is to mingle w/other large

companies who could eventually pay a monthly service fee

Automobile accidents; death in certain cases

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Potential Solutions to Liabilities

New policy for rideshare drivers from insurance companies; this spurs new revenue for a neighboring industry

Research the country’s culture 2-3 years before hand and build relationships w/ other companies (Deresky, 2014)

Develop a system that’s compatible, easy, and effective for all classes to use (Deresky, 2014)

Use Strategic Planning Process, (i.e. define mission, assess environment using SWOT, alternative strategies, finally choose a strategy) and Implementation Process (i.e. implement using complementary structure, systems, and operational processes) before embarking to help formulate a strategy (Deresky, 2014)

Populate strategic alliances; these can help two or more firms better pursue their mutual goals by combing their resources (Deresky, 2014)

Establish an incentive plan that stimulates new driver growth (Deresky, 2014)

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Conclusions

Uber’s internal strengths out number its internal weaknesses

External threat out weigh the amount of external opportunities

Uber’s benefits to locating equal its liabilities Solutions to potential cultural conflict can be

resolved and even avoided with a well thought out strategy

B A N G L A D E S H

U B E R

Recommendation

Make use of company strengths to gain hold of long term market share

Our formulated strategy will allows us to penetrate our new market seamlessly

Newly designed incentive plans will appeal to many potential drivers

A low unemployment rate & high usage of public transportation will allow Uber to thrive

B A N G L A D E S H

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References (1 of 2)

Bangladesh Income Distribution. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/income-distribution Bangladesh Unemployment Rate | 2003-2016 | Data | Chart | Calendar. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/bangladesh/unemployment-rate Bangladesh Working conditions.(2016). Retrieved from http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Bangladesh-WORKING-CONDITIONS.html

Cecil, A. 2015. The insurance secret that Uber doesn’t want you to know. Policy Genius. Retrieved from https://www.policygenius.com/blog/insurance-secret-uber-doesnt-want-know/ Cost of Living in Bangladesh. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.numbeo.com/cost-of living/country_result.jsp?country=Bangladesh Daily Mail (2011). The Rickshaw Graveyard. DailyMail.com. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2041149/Bangladeshs-rickshaw-graveyard-Thousands-traditional-taxis-piled-high.html  Davidson, J. 2015. Here’s How Much the Average Ride Costs on Uber and Lyft. Money. Retrieved from http://time.com/money/3959091/uber-lyft-price-per-trip/

Deresky, H. (2014). International Management: Managing Across Boarders and Cultures. (8th ed.). Pearson Education Inc.

Discovery Bangladesh (2016). Transportation of Bangladesh. Discovery Bangladesh Inc. Retrieved from http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/transportation.html

The Economist. (2008, November 28). Geert Hofstede. Retrieved February 21, 2016, from http://www.economist.com/node/12669307

GSMA Intelligence (2016). Bangladesh profile. GSMA Intelligence. Retrieved from https://gsmaintelligence.com/research/?file=140820-bangladesh.pdf&download

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References (2 of 2)

List of Minimum Wages. (2016). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_by_country#cite_note-27 Mahmud, A. (2014). New taxi service “awful” for commuters. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/apr/24/new-taxi-service-%E2%80%98awful%E2%80%99-commuters McAlone, A. (2015). Business Insider: Here’s how Uber got its start and grew to become the most valuable startup in the world. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-uber-and-its-rise-to-become-the-most-valuable-startup-in-the-world-2015-9 Pullen, J. P. (2014). TIME: Everything you need to know about Uber. Retrieved from http://time.com/3556741/uber/ South Asia Bangladesh. (2016). CIA: The World Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html Toma Group (2016). Toma profile. Toma Group Ltd. Retrieved from http://www.tomagroup.com.bd/about/toma/  Trust Transport Services (TTS) (2016). TTS profile. TTS. Retrieved from http://www.trusttpt.com/about.php Uber Staff. 2014. An Uber Impact: 20,000 Jobs Created on the Uber Platform Every Month. Uber Newsroom. Retrieved from https://newsroom.uber.com/an-uber-impact-20000-jobs-created-on-the-uber-platform-every-month-2/ The World Bank Group (2013). Bangladesh Transport Sector. The World Bank Group. Retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSARREGTOPTRANSPORT/0,,contentMDK:20674801~menuPK:868784~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:579598,00.html