U14 Atoms

Essential Natural Science 1Unit 14

Essential Natural Science 1

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RESOURCES

ACTIVITY

LINKS

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Contents

Atoms and

elements

Atoms

History and characteristicsThe Periodic TableOrganisation

Chemical formulas

Molecules and crystals

Elements found in nature

Hydrogen HeliumNitrogenOxygenCarbonIn the Earth's crustIn sea water


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HOME

Resources

History and characteristicsof atoms

How are elements classified?

How are atoms organised?

What is a chemical formula?

Hydrogen

NitrogenHelium Oxygen Carbon Elements in the Earth's crust

Elements in sea water


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Activity: Atoms and elements

Links


History and characteristics of atoms

400 BC 19th century Present

Democritus

Atomic theory:Matter is made upof tiny, indivisible units called atoms.

Atom comes from a Greek word, which means “not divisible”.

John Dalton

Matter is made up of indivisible atoms.

Each element is made up of identical atoms.

Atoms combine to form compounds of two or more different elements.

Atoms are made up of smaller particles.

electrons

neutrons

protons


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AlAluminium

13

BBoron

5

SiSilicon

14

CCarbon

6

AsArsenic

33

PPhosphorus

15

NNitrogen

7

PoPolonium

84

TeTellurium

52

SeSelenium

34

SSulphur

16

OOxygen

8

AtAstatine

85

IIodine

53

BrBromine

35

ClChlorine

17

FFluorine

9

HeHelium

2

RnRadon

86

XeXenon

54

KrKrypton

36

ArArgon

18

NeNeon

10

HHydrogen

1

LrLawrencium

103

NoNobelium

102

MdMendelevium

101

FmFermium

100

EsEinsteinium

99

CfCalifornium

98

BkBerkelium

97

CmCurium

96

AmAmericium

95

PuPlutonium

94

NpNeptunium

93

UUranium

92

PaProtactinium

91

ThThorium

90

LuLutetium

71

YbYtterbium

70

TmThulium

69

ErErbium

68

HoHolmium

67

DyDyprosium

66

TbTerbium

65

GdGadolinium

64

EuEuropium

63

SmSamarium

62

PmPromethium

61

NdNeodymium

60

PrPraseodymium

59

CeCerium

58

RgRoentgenium

111

DsDarmstadtium

110

MtMeitnerium

109

HsHassium

108

BhBohrium

107

SgSeaborgium

106

DbDubnium

105

RfRutherfordium

104

AcActinium

89

RaRadium

88

CsCesium

55

BiBismuth

83

PbLead

82

TiThallium

81

HgMercury

80

AuGold

79

PtPlatinum

78

IrIridium

77

OsOsmium

76

ReRhenium

75

WTungsten

74

TaTantalum

73

HfHafnium

72

LaLanthanum

57

BaBarium

56

SbAntimony

51

SnTin

50

InIndium

49

CdCadmium

48

AgSilver

47

PdPalladium

46

RhRhodium

45

RuRuthenium

44

TcTechnetium

43

MoMolybdenum

42

NbNiobium

41

ZrZirconium

40

YYttrium

39

SrStrontium

38

GeGermanium

32

GaGallium

31

ZnZinc

30

CuCopper

29

NiNíckel

28

CoCobalt

27

FeIron

26

MnManganese

25

CrChromium

24

VVanadium

23

TiTitanium

22

ScScandium

21

CaCalcium

20

MgMagnesium

12

FrFrancium

87

RbRubidium

37

KPotassium

19

NaSodium

11

BeBeryllium

4

LiLithium

3

6

7

1

2

3

4

5

7

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

The Periodic Table

of Elements

CLICK ON GREEN BUTTONS TO LEARN MORE

LANTHANIDES

ACTINIDES


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AlAluminium

13

BBoron

5

SiSilicon

14

CCarbon

6

AsArsenic

33

PPhosphorus

15

NNitrogen

7

PoPolonium

84

TeTellurium

52

SeSelenium

34

SSulphur

16

OOxygen

8

AtAstatine

85

IIodine

53

BrBromine

35

ClChlorine

17

FFluorine

9

HeHelium

2

RnRadon

86

XeXenon

54

KrKrypton

36

ArArgon

18

NeNeon

10

HHydrogen

1

LrLawrencium

103

NoNobelium

102

MdMendelevium

101

FmFermium

100

EsEinsteinium

99

CfCalifornium

98

BkBerkelium

97

CmCurium

96

AmAmericium

95

PuPlutonium

94

NpNeptunium

93

UUranium

92

PaProtactinium

91

ThThorium

90

LuLutetium

71

YbYtterbium

70

TmThulium

69

ErErbium

68

HoHolmium

67

DyDyprosium

66

TbTerbium

65

GdGadolinium

64

EuEuropium

63

SmSamarium

62

PmPromethium

61

NdNeodymium

60

PrPraseodymium

59

CeCerium

58

RgRoentgenium

111

DsDarmstadtium

110

MtMeitnerium

109

HsHassium

108

BhBohrium

107

SgSeaborgium

106

DbDubnium

105

RfRutherfordium

104

AcActinium

89

RaRadium

88

CsCesium

55

BiBismuth

83

PbLead

82

TiThallium

81

HgMercury

80

AuGold

79

PtPlatinum

78

IrIridium

77

OsOsmium

76

ReRhenium

75

WTungsten

74

TaTantalum

73

HfHafnium

72

LaLanthanum

57

BaBarium

56

SbAntimony

51

SnTin

50

InIndium

49

CdCadmium

48

AgSilver

47

PdPalladium

46

RhRhodium

45

RuRuthenium

44

TcTechnetium

43

MoMolybdenum

42

NbNiobium

41

ZrZirconium

40

YYttrium

39

SrStrontium

38

GeGermanium

32

GaGallium

31

ZnZinc

30

CuCopper

29

NiNickel

28

CoCobalt

27

FeIron

26

MnManganese

25

CrChromium

24

VVanadium

23

TiTitanium

22

ScScandium

21

CaCalcium

20

MgMagnesium

12

FrFrancium

87

RbRubidium

37

KPotassium

19

NaSodium

11

BeBeryllium

4

LiLithium

3

6

7


1

2

3

4

5

7

6

ROW

Elements with similar chemical properties

Vertical column or GROUP

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18


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LANTHANIDES

ACTINIDES


AlAluminium

13

BBoron

5

SiSilicon

14

CCarbon

6

AsArsenic

33

PPhosphorus

15

NNitrogen

7

PoPolonium

84

TeTellurium

52

SeSelenium

34

SSulphur

16

OOxygen

8

AtAstatine

85

IIodine

53

BrBromine

35

ClChlorine

17

FFluorine

9

HeHelium

2

RnRadon

86

XeXenon

54

KrKrypton

36

ArArgon

18

NeNeon

10

HHydrogen

1

LrLawrencium

103

NoNobelium

102

MdMendelevium

101

FmFermium

100

EsEinsteinium

99

CfCalifornium

98

BkBerkelium

97

CmCurium

96

AmAmericium

95

PuPlutonium

94

NpNeptunium

93

UUranium

92

PaProtactinium

91

ThThorium

90

LuLutetium

71

YbYtterbium

70

TmThulium

69

ErErbium

68

HoHolmium

67

DyDyprosium

66

TbTerbium

65

GdGadolinium

64

EuEuropium

63

SmSamarium

62

PmPromethium

61

NdNeodymium

60

PrPraseodymium

59

CeCerium

58

RgRoentgenium

111

DsDarmstadtium

110

MtMeitnerium

109

HsHassium

108

BhBohrium

107

SgSeaborgium

106

DbDubnium

105

RfRutherfordium

104

AcActinium

89

RaRadium

88

CsCesium

55

BiBismuth

83

PbLead

82

TiThallium

81

HgMercury

80

AuGold

79

PtPlatinum

78

IrIridium

77

OsOsmium

76

ReRhenium

75

WTungsten

74

TaTantalum

73

HfHafnium

72

LaLanthanum

57

BaBarium

56

SbAntimony

51

SnTin

50

InIndium

49

CdCadmium

48

AgSilver

47

PdPalladium

46

RhRhodium

45

RuRuthenium

44

TcTechnetium

43

MoMolybdenum

42

NbNiobium

41

ZrZirconium

40

YYttrium

39

SrStrontium

38

GeGermanium

32

GaGallium

31

ZnZinc

30

CuCopper

29

NiNickel

28

CoCobalt

27

FeIron

26

MnManganese

25

CrChromium

24

VVanadium

23

TiTitanium

22

ScScandium

21

CaCalcium

20

MgMagnesium

12

FrFrancium

87

RbRubidium

37

KPotassium

19

NaSodium

11

BeBeryllium

4

LiLithium

3

6

7


1

2

3

4

5

7

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

HHydrogen

atomic symbol

name of the element


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LANTHANIDES

ACTINIDES


AlAluminium

13

BBoron

5

SiSilicon

14

CCarbon

6

AsArsenic

33

PPhosphorus

15

NNitrogen

7

PoPolonium

84

TeTellurium

52

SeSelenium

34

SSulphur

16

OOxygen

8

AtAstatine

85

IIodine

53

BrBromine

35

ClChlorine

17

FFluorine

9

HeHelium

2

RnRadon

86

XeXenon

54

KrKrypton

36

ArArgon

18

NeNeon

10

HHydrogen

1

LrLawrencium

103

NoNobelium

102

MdMendelevium

101

FmFermium

100

EsEinsteinium

99

CfCalifornium

98

BkBerkelium

97

CmCurium

96

AmAmericium

95

PuPlutonium

94

NpNeptunium

93

UUranium

92

PaProtactinium

91

ThThorium

90

LuLutetium

71

YbYtterbium

70

TmThulium

69

ErErbium

68

HoHolmium

67

DyDyprosium

66

TbTerbium

65

GdGadolinium

64

EuEuropium

63

SmSamarium

62

PmPromethium

61

NdNeodymium

60

PrPraseodymium

59

CeCerium

58

RgRoentgenium

111

DsDarmstadtium

110

MtMeitnerium

109

HsHassium

108

BhBohrium

107

SgSeaborgium

106

DbDubnium

105

RfRutherfordium

104

AcActinium

89

RaRadium

88

CsCesium

55

BiBismuth

83

PbLead

82

TiThallium

81

HgMercury

80

AuGold

79

PtPlatinum

78

IrIridium

77

OsOsmium

76

ReRhenium

75

WTungsten

74

TaTantalum

73

HfHafnium

72

LaLanthanum

57

BaBarium

56

SbAntimony

51

SnTin

50

InIndium

49

CdCadmium

48

AgSilver

47

PdPalladium

46

RhRhodium

45

RuRuthenium

44

TcTechnetium

43

MoMolybdenum

42

NbNiobium

41

ZrZirconium

40

YYttrium

39

SrStrontium

38

GeGermanium

32

GaGallium

31

ZnZinc

30

CuCopper

29

NiNickel

28

CoCobalt

27

FeIron

26

MnManganese

25

CrChromium

24

VVanadium

23

TiTitanium

22

ScScandium

21

CaCalcium

20

MgMagnesium

12

FrFrancium

87

RbRubidium

37

KPotassium

19

NaSodium

11

BeBeryllium

4

LiLithium

3

6

7

CCarbon

6

It has six protons.

atomic number


1

2

3

4

5

7

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

carbon atom


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LANTHANIDES

ACTINIDES

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It has seven protons.

atomic number

nitrogen atom AlAluminium

13

BBoron

5

SiSilicon

14

CCarbon

6

AsArsenic

33

PPhosphorus

15

NNitrogen

7

PoPolonium

84

TeTellurium

52

SeSelenium

34

SSulphur

16

OOxygen

8

AtAstatine

85

IIodine

53

BrBromine

35

ClChlorine

17

FFluorine

9

HeHelium

2

RnRadon

86

XeXenon

54

KrKrypton

36

ArArgon

18

NeNeon

10

HHydrogen

1

LrLawrencium

103

NoNobelium

102

MdMendelevium

101

FmFermium

100

EsEinsteinium

99

CfCalifornium

98

BkBerkelium

97

CmCurium

96

AmAmericium

95

PuPlutonium

94

NpNeptunium

93

UUranium

92

PaProtactinium

91

ThThorium

90

LuLutetium

71

YbYtterbium

70

TmThulium

69

ErErbium

68

HoHolmium

67

DyDyprosium

66

TbTerbium

65

GdGadolinium

64

EuEuropium

63

SmSamarium

62

PmPromethium

61

NdNeodymium

60

PrPraseodymium

59

CeCerium

58

RgRoentgenium

111

DsDarmstadtium

110

MtMeitnerium

109

HsHassium

108

BhBohrium

107

SgSeaborgium

106

DbDubnium

105

RfRutherfordium

104

AcActinium

89

RaRadium

88

CsCesium

55

BiBismuth

83

PbLead

82

TiThallium

81

HgMercury

80

AuGold

79

PtPlatinum

78

IrIridium

77

OsOsmium

76

ReRhenium

75

WTungsten

74

TaTantalum

73

HfHafnium

72

LaLanthanum

57

BaBarium

56

SbAntimony

51

SnTin

50

InIndium

49

CdCadmium

48

AgSilver

47

PdPalladium

46

RhRhodium

45

RuRuthenium

44

TcTechnetium

43

MoMolybdenum

42

NbNiobium

41

ZrZirconium

40

YYttrium

39

SrStrontium

38

GeGermanium

32

GaGallium

31

ZnZinc

30

CuCopper

29

NiNickel

28

CoCobalt

27

FeIron

26

MnManganese

25

CrChromium

24

VVanadium

23

TiTitanium

22

ScScandium

21

CaCalcium

20

MgMagnesium

12

FrFrancium

87

RbRubidium

37

KPotassium

19

NaSodium

11

BeBeryllium

4

LiLithium

3

6

7


1

2

3

4

5

7

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

NNitrogen

7


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LANTHANIDES

ACTINIDES

GO BACK


AlAluminium

13

BBoron

5

SiSilicon

14

CCarbon

6

AsArsenic

33

PPhosphorus

15

NNitrogen

7

PoPolonium

84

TeTellurium

52

SeSelenium

34

SSulphur

16

OOxygen

8

AtAstatine

85

IIodine

53

BrBromine

35

ClChlorine

17

FFluorine

9

HeHelium

2

RnRadon

86

XeXenon

54

KrKrypton

36

ArArgon

18

NeNeon

10

HHydrogen

1

LrLawrencium

103

NoNobelium

102

MdMendelevium

101

FmFermium

100

EsEinsteinium

99

CfCalifornium

98

BkBerkelium

97

CmCurium

96

AmAmericium

95

PuPlutonium

94

NpNeptunium

93

UUranium

92

PaProtactinium

91

ThThorium

90

LuLutetium

71

YbYtterbium

70

TmThulium

69

ErErbium

68

HoHolmium

67

DyDyprosium

66

TbTerbium

65

GdGadolinium

64

EuEuropium

63

SmSamarium

62

PmPromethium

61

NdNeodymium

60

PrPraseodymium

59

CeCerium

58

RgRoentgenium

111

DsDarmstadtium

110

MtMeitnerium

109

HsHassium

108

BhBohrium

107

SgSeaborgium

106

DbDubnium

105

RfRutherfordium

104

AcActinium

89

RaRadium

88

CsCesium

55

BiBismuth

83

PbLead

82

TiThallium

81

HgMercury

80

AuGold

79

PtPlatinum

78

IrIridium

77

OsOsmium

76

ReRhenium

75

WTungsten

74

TaTantalum

73

HfHafnium

72

LaLanthanum

57

BaBarium

56

SbAntimony

51

SnTin

50

InIndium

49

CdCadmium

48

AgSilver

47

PdPalladium

46

RhRhodium

45

RuRuthenium

44

TcTechnetium

43

MoMolybdenum

42

NbNiobium

41

ZrZirconium

40

YYttrium

39

SrStrontium

38

GeGermanium

32

GaGallium

31

ZnZinc

30

CuCopper

29

NiNickel

28

CoCobalt

27

FeIron

26

MnManganese

25

CrChromium

24

VVanadium

23

TiTitanium

22

ScScandium

21

CaCalcium

20

MgMagnesium

12

FrFrancium

87

RbRubidium

37

KPotassium

19

NaSodium

11

BeBeryllium

4

LiLithium

3

6

7


1

2

3

4

5

7

6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

HgMercury

80blue: liquidblack: solidred: gaspurple: man-made


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LANTHANIDES

ACTINIDES

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Single atoms Molecules CrystalsSimple molecules

Compound molecules

Simple crystals

Compound crystals

noble gases

helium (He)

oxygen (O2)

water (H2O)

diamond (carbon)

salt (sodium and chlorine)




Compound molecules

Simple crystals

Compound crystals

noble gases


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helium (He)

oxygen (O2)

water (H2O)

diamond (carbon)





Compound molecules

Simple crystals

Compound crystals

noble gases


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oxygen (O2)

helium (He) water (H2O)

diamond (carbon)





Compound molecules

Simple crystals

Compound crystals

noble gases


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water (H2O)helium (He)

oxygen (O2) diamond (carbon)





Compound molecules

Simple crystals

Compound crystals

noble gases


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diamond (carbon)

helium (He)

oxygen (O2)

water (H2O) salt (sodium and chlorine)




Compound molecules

Simple crystals

Compound crystals

noble gases


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salt (sodium and chlorine)helium (He)

oxygen (O2)

water (H2O)

diamond (carbon)


CrystalsMolecules

What is a chemical formula? A representation of the elements in a substance


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Simple substances

Compound substances

Crystals

Compound crystals


CrystalsMolecules



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Simple substance

oxygen molecule

2 oxygen atoms

O2

symbol for the element

Simple substances

number of atoms

Crystals

Compound crystalsCompound substances


CrystalsMolecules



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Compound substance

water molecule

1 oxygen atom

2 hydrogen atoms

symbols for each element

number of atoms

H2O

Compound substances

Crystals

Compound crystals

Simple substances


CrystalsMolecules



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Element

carbon

carbon atomssymbol for the element

The chemical formula is the same as the chemical symbol.

Crystals

C

Compound crystals

Simple substances

Compound substances


CrystalsMolecules


NaCl


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Compound crystals

symbols forthe elements

sodium chloride

chlorine atomsodium atom

proportionof each

Compound crystals

CrystalsSimple substances

Compound substances


Hydrogen

• gas• the most abundant element in the Universe • colourless• odourless• flammable• the lightest element

Universe

Living things

Earth's crust

H2Hydrogen

Sun


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83.9 %

63 %

0.22 %


Helium

• a noble gas • formed by single atoms• lighter than air• not flammable

He

1868 – It was first discovered on the Sun during a solar eclipse.

eclipse

helium

helium balloons


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Universe

Helium

15.9 %


• the most abundant

gas in the atmosphere • colourless• odourless• inert

Nitrogen

Living things

N2

Atmosphere

nitrates

proteins


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Nitrogen

78 %

1.4 %


• gas • colourless• odourless• the most abundant element on Earth

Oxygen

21 %

25.5 %

47 %

Oxygen

O2

water

H2Oozone

O3


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Living things

Earth's crust

Atmosphere


• the basis of all organic compounds• has a unique ability to form compounds

graphite

Carbon

0.03 %

9.5 %

0.19 %

Living things

Earth's crust

Atmosphere

Carbon

C

coal

oilcarbon dioxide


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2.2 %

Elements in the Earth's crust

CLICK ON THE GREEN BUTTONS TO LEARN MORE

3.5 %

4.5 %

7.9 %


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Aluminium

Iron

Calcium

Magnesium

28 % Silicon

47 % Oxygen (O)28 % Silicon (Si)7.9 % Aluminium (Al)4.5 % Iron (Fe)3.5 % Calcium (Ca)2.5 % Sodium (Na)2.5 % Potassium (K)2.2 % Magnesium (Mg)


28 % Silicon


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quartz

microchip


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silica (SiO2)

• solid substance• brown colour• generally found as a compound


7.9 % Aluminium


micas

feldspars


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• soft, light metal• light grey colour• only found as a compound• obtained from bauxite

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• metal

• grey colour

• generally found as a compound

4.5 % Iron


pyrite

hematite

steel

iron and oxygen

iron and sulphur iron and carbon


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2.2 %

talc


• metal • silver-white colour• found as a compound

olivine


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Magnesium


• metal • greyish white colour• found only as a compound


limestone stalactites

calcite

calcium carbonate


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3.5 %

Calcium

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composition of sea water

characteristics of water

Chlorine

Sodium

Potassium




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• yellowish green gas• denser than air• irritating and toxic• used to disinfect swimming pools

Chlorine

Sodium

Potassium






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• metal• soft • shiny• only found in compounds• reacts easily with oxygen

Sodium

halite

Potassium

Chlorine






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• metal• soft• shiny• only found in compounds

Potassiumpotassium chloride

Chlorine

Sodium






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Salts Grams per litre

sodium chloride 24

magnesium chloride 5

sodium sulphate 4

calcium chloride 1.1

potassium chloride 0.7

sodium bicarbonate 0.2

others 0.5

TOTAL 35.5

Average chemical composition of sea water

Potassium

Chlorine

Sodium



Water

water molecules

(H2O)

hydrogen bridges

68 % waterGO BACK


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Interactive activity: Atoms and elements


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The Periodic Table of Elements

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Atoms and the Periodic Table: What is an element?

U14 Atoms

Education

Transcript of U14 Atoms