U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a...
-
Upload
mariah-dixon -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
0
description
Transcript of U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a...
![Page 1: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
U(1)U(1) Define a property characterized by a Define a property characterized by a
single value.single value. E.G. Objects colorE.G. Objects color Change it uniformally (globally) without Change it uniformally (globally) without
changing physicschanging physics Change is QM change of phaseChange is QM change of phase
ie
![Page 2: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
SU(2)SU(2) Mixture of two thingsMixture of two things Same as misture of spin ½ z-componentsSame as misture of spin ½ z-components Equivalent to a rotation in a internal 3-4 space.Equivalent to a rotation in a internal 3-4 space. Changes the direction of the axis of quantization.Changes the direction of the axis of quantization.
Perform a global SU(2) transformation. You change the direction of the internal symmetry arrow. This could mean that you mix an amount of neutron into a proton or add some up quark to a down quark or you add some neutrino components to the electron.
![Page 3: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
LocalLocal Transformation depends on positionTransformation depends on position
![Page 4: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Space time symmetries
Momentum P Translation; Conserved ; labels states of a particle
Energy H Time evolution: Conserved; labels states of a particle
Angular momentum
L Rotations: Sometimes, labels composite state rotation
Spin S Rotations: Magnitude S for a particle identifies particles; z-projection possible
Total J=L+S Rotations: Conserved
Time reversal Sym. Change time direction things remain same
Isotopic space Sym. Rotation and translation symmetry
Lorentz Inv. Sym. Relativity and frames of reference equivalence
Time evolution
Sym. Physics is same at all times
U(1) Symmetry
Charge Q Electric charge ,Conserved; labels particles
Phase Always introduce an overall phase
Particle same as an anti particle
Charge Conjugation
C Good Q# when particle=antiparticle Almost always conservved; labels particles sometimes.
Particle-anti Sym. Change particle to anti without impact (partially true)
![Page 5: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Flavor approximate
Flavor u,d,s,c,t,b; ; labels particles; good for E&M and QCD, NOT weak since (u,d) and due to CKM mass matrix. Flavor mixing, Partially for the QCD
strangeness S Minus # strange quarks; labels particles see above comments
charm C Number of charmed labels particles see above comments
beauty B~ Minus number of bottom labels particles see above comments
topness T~ Number of top labels particles see above comments
Baryon No B 1/3[N(q)-N(qbar)] labels particles see above comments
Charge Q Defined as above but=2/3[Nu+Nc+Nt] - 1/3[Nd+Ns+Nb]
Complete flavor
S,C,T~,B~,Q,B establish flavor uniquelyOne choice of Q#s that id a quark flavor.
Isospin I Combination of u-ness and d-ness
Lepton number conservation
Electron no. Conserved as far we know; labels particles
Muon no. Conserved as far we know; labels particles
Tau no. Conserved as far we know; labels particles
The neutrinos are now believed to have mass. Once we allow neutrino mass, neutrino oscillations destroy strict lepton no Q# conservation except for the total. There is no decay
CPT Any field theory will require that the product of CPT is conserved
Chirality helicity Right handed left handed, for m=0 this character is maintained
e,μ,τ,νe,νμ,ντ, Lepton particles; labels particles
![Page 6: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Class Invariance Conserved quantityProper orthochronousLorentz symmetry
translation in time (homogeneity) energy
translation in space (homogeneity) linear momentum
rotation in space (isotropy) angular momentum
Discrete symmetry P, coordinate inversion spatial parityC, charge conjugation charge parityT, time reversal time parityCPT product
Internal symmetry U(1) gauge transformation electric charge
U(1) gauge transformationlepton generation number (accidental symmetry)electron, muon Tau number
U(1) gauge transformation Baryon number (accidental symmetry)
U(1) gauge transformation hypercharge B+S to label quark combos i.e. decuplet octet members
U(1)Y gauge transformation weak hyperchargeU(2) [U(1)xSU(2)] electroweak forceSU(2) gauge transformation isospinSU(2)L gauge transformation weak isospinPxSU(2) G-paritySU(3) "winding number" baryon numberSU(3) gauge transformation quark colorSU(3) (approximate) quark flavorS((U2)xU(3))[ U(1)xSU(2)xSU(3)] Standard Model
![Page 7: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Image Description Particle Represented
straight line, arrow to the right electron
straight line, arrow to the left positron
wavy line photon
![Page 8: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
An electron emits a photon
An electron absorbs a photon
A positron emits a photon
A positron absorbs a photon
A photon produces an electron and a positron (an electron-positron pair)
An electron and a positron meet and annihilate (disappear), producing a photon
![Page 9: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Rotating the arms through Rotating the arms through 9090oo
![Page 10: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A+BA+BC+DC+DAAC+D+BbarC+D+Bbar
A
B
D
A
BD
![Page 11: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Different time ordering same Different time ordering same topologytopology
A
B
D
A
B D
![Page 12: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CA
DB
A+B=C+D
DB
D
BC
AA+B=C+D
time
A C
A+B=C+Dt-channel u-channel
s-channel
![Page 13: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
WeakWeak
![Page 14: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
QCDQCD pion exchange pion exchange
![Page 15: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
exampleexampleeePN
Weak interaction
ddu
udu
neutron proton
dquark(-13)
uquark(+23)
e
(e)bar
W
d=u+e-+ebar
W
e
(e)bar
fundamental vertex spectator quarks added
![Page 16: U(1) Define a property characterized by a single value. Define a property characterized by a single…](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070616/5a4d1be27f8b9ab0599e0983/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ExampleExampleoP
Weak
sdu
ddu
Sigma proton
squark(-13)
dquark(-13)
u ord
ubar or dbar
Zo
=Po
Z
u ord
ubar or dbar
fundamental vertex spectator quarks added