William Penn – early colonist;

came to America for religious

freedom; established Pennsylvania

in 1682.

Benjamin Franklin – important

colonial leader; enlightenment

thinker and inventor. Signed

Declaration of Independence and

oldest member of Constitutional

Convention

Samuel Adams – leader and

organizer of colonial protests

against British rule

George Washington – commander

of Continental Army in

Revolutionary War; 1st U. S.

President

Thomas Jefferson – imp. colonial

leader; penned Declaration of

Independence. 3rd U. S. President

Thomas Paine – colonial leader;

wrote pamphlet Common Sense

Marquis de Lafayette – French

nobleman who became military

leader for colonists in

Revolutionary War against British

rule

Patrick Henry – colonial orator;

famous for saying “…give me

liberty or give me death!”

Antifederalist

James Madison – delegate to

Constitutional Convention. Kept

records for future generations

John Paul Jones – American naval

hero of Revolutionary War.

John Marshall – early Chief

Justice of Supreme Court; under his

leadership the court gained prestige

and power

George Mason – a framer of the

Constitution. Anti-Federalist who

opposed its adoption.

Francis Scott Key – American

patriot who wrote “The Star-

Spangled Banner,” describing the

survival of the American flag

during the British bombardment of

Fort McHenry in the War of 1812

Andrew Jackson – general in War

of 1812; U.S. President during

Nullification Crisis and “Trail of

Tears’’

U. S. HISTORY

Colonization through Reconstruction

KEY PEOPLE KEY PEOPLE – cont.

John Calhoun – Vice President under Andrew Jackson; strong supporter of states’ rights.

From South Carolina; important spokesman in conflicts before Civil War.

Henry Clay – Congressional leader prior to Civil War. Senator from Kentucky; proposed

compromise efforts.

Jefferson Davis – named President of the Confederacy; from Mississippi.

Frederick Douglass – self-educated black abolitionist. Powerful speaker for abolitionist

cause.

Ulysses S. Grant – Chosen by Lincoln to lead Union troops in Civil War. Elected 18th

president in 1868.

Robert E. Lee – Commander of Confederate troops. Surrendered at Appomattox

Courthouse in Virginia to end Civil War. Admired by Northerners and Southerners.

Abraham Lincoln – 1st elected as senator from Illinois. Believed in a strong union; “A

house divided against itself cannot stand.” Elected President in 1861. Assassinated April

14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender.

Daniel Webster – Congressional leader for a strong union. From Massachusetts. Famous

for saying, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.”

SUPREME COURT

Judicial Review – principle established in early 1800s. Strengthened federal authority

when the issue threatened rights established in the Constitution.

Marbury v. Madison – 1st judgment by Supreme Court to strengthen principle of judicial

review, the power of judiciary to declare a law unconstitutional. (1803)

McCullough v. Maryland – ruled power of federal government supreme over states.

Supported Constitution as supreme law of the land. (1819)

Gibbons v. Ogden – gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress; curbed

acceptance of a monopoly by the state of New York. (1824)

Dred Scott v. Sandford – denied slaves the right of citizenship. (1857)

REFORM MOVEMENTS AND REFORMERS

Movement Time Period Accomplishment

ABOLITIONISTS 1830s-1840s Generally an anti-slavery movement

William Lloyd

Garrison 1831 white publisher of anti-slavery newspaper

Frederick Douglass 1847 black orator, abolitionist

EDUCATION 1830s ensure education was widely available

TEMPERANCE early 1800s campaign against abuse of alcohol

PRISON REFORM

Dorothea Dix 1840-1860 humane care of mentally ill and prisoners

SUFFRAGISTS

Elizabeth Cady 1848 organizer-Seneca Falls Convention,

Stanton women’s rights

Stanton

LITERATURE

AUTHOR TITLE(S) THEMES GENRE

James Fenimore Leatherstocking Reflected life in French and Novels

Cooper Tales, Last of Indian War and American

the Mohicans, Frontier. Adventure stories

Deer Slayer of trapping, trading, exploring

Stephen Crane Red Badge of Dealt with reality of war (Civil Novel

Courage War setting)

Nathaniel Scarlet Letter Depicted Puritan past, explored Novel

Hawthorne concepts of good and evil

Washington Rip Van Winkle, Used New England settings; Tales

Irving Legend of Sleepy gave Americans pride of past

Hollow

Henry Wadsworth Paul Revere’s Based poems on nation’s past Poetry

Longfellow Ride

Harriet Beecher Uncle Tom’s Depicted evils of slavery. Made Novel

Stowe Cabin slavery a moral issue, not political

Henry David Essay on Civil Emphasized contemplation. Essays

Thoreau Disobedience Believed each person should

decide right and wrong. He once

refused to pay a tax.

INVENTIONS

Bifocals – Ben Franklin

Cotton Gin - Eli Whitney (1793)

Steamboat – Robert Fulton (1807)

Bessemer Steel Process- removing

impurities from iron for making steel.

Henry Bessemer (1860s)

IMPORTANT DATES

1607 1st permanent English

settlement in North

America, Jamestown

1776 Declaration of Independence

1787 U.S. Constitution drafted

1803 Louisiana Purchase

1861-1865 Civil War

1863 Emancipation Proclamation

COLONIAL DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, LAWS, ACTS

YEAR DOCUMENT EXPLANATION

1215 Magna Carta Limited the power of the King of England, emphasized that people had rights

1619 House of Burgesses In Virginia; marked beginning of representative government in English

colonies

1620 Mayflower Compact Rules established for self-government by Pilgrims at Plymouth

1639 Fundamental Orders Expanded idea of representative government in colonies

of Connecticut

1689 English Bill of Rights Provided for rights of the individuals; provided right to trial by jury

1776 Declaration of Independence Document notifying Britain that the 13 colonies were free and independent

1777 Articles of Confederation 1st American constitution; limited power of Congress; gave states final

authority

1783 Treaty of Paris Ended American Revolution; Britain recognized the U.S. as independent

nation

1787 Northwest Ordinance Set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided way for a state to be admitted

to the United States

U. S. DOCUMENTS, TREATIES, LAWS, ACTS

DATE DOCUMENT EXPLANATION

1787 Constitution drafted Took place in Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia

1788 Federalists Defined those who supported ratification of the Constitution as Federalists;

papers those who opposed ratification, Anti-Federalists

1791 Bill of Rights 1st 10 Amendments to Constitution; guarantee individual rights

1803 Marbury v. Madison Strengthened concept of judicial review; Supreme Court could declare a

law to be unconstitutional

1819 McCullough v. Ruled power of federal government as supreme over states

Maryland

1823 Monroe Doctrine Warned European nations not to interfere with the newly independent nations

in Latin America

1824 Gibbons v. Ogden Gave control of interstate commerce to U.S. Congress

1848 Seneca Falls Declared women’s rights

Convention

1857 Dred Scott Decision Denied slaves right of citizenship

1863 Emancipation Freed slaves in the states that had seceded from the Union; delivered by President

Proclamation Lincoln officially on Jan. 1st

1865 13th

Amendment Abolished slavery throughout nation

1866 14th

Amendment Gave rights of citizenship to all persons born in the U. S.

1869 15th

Amendment Forbade states from denying African-American males the right to vote

QUOTES

Colonial Era

William Penn Pennsylvania… “a holy experiment”

Revolutionary Period Patrick Henry “Give me liberty or give me death.”

Thomas Paine Common Sense

The American Crisis Number 1

“These are the times that try men’s

souls.”

Declaration of

Independence “We hold these truths to be self

evident, that all men are

created equal,…”

Preamble to the “We, the people of the United States,

Constitution in order to form a more

perfect Union,…”

QUOTES – cont.

Early Republic

Preamble to the “We, the people of the United States,

Constitution in order to form a more

perfect Union,…”

George Washington Farewell address – “…steer clear of

permanent alliances…”

Abraham Lincoln Nomination speech “A house

divided against itself cannot

stand.”

Abraham Lincoln 2nd Inauguration “With malice

toward none; with charity for

all;…”

Abraham Lincoln Gettysburg Address “…government

of the people, by the people,

and for the people, shall not

perish from the earth.”

U. S. HISTORY TO 1877

Date Event Significance

1607 Jamestown 1

st permanent English settlement

1619 Virginia House of Beginning of representative government in colonies

Burgesses

1624 New Netherland Dutch buy Manhattan Island from the Indians

1620 Mayflower Compact Beginning of self-government by colonists

1730- 1st Great Renewal of faith; affected people of all backgrounds

1740 Awakening

1754- French and Indian Removes French from North America; begins problems

1763 War between England and the colonies

1775 Shot Heard Round Lexington/Concord; beginning of American Revolution

the World

1776 Declaration of Colonies declare intent to separate from England

Independence

1781- American War between Great Britain and its 13 colonies; led to

1783 Revolution founding of United States of America. Imp. battles:

Lexington, Concord, Saratoga.

1781 Battle of Fighting ends in American Revolution; British general,

Yorktown Charles Cornwallis, surrenders

1783 Treaty of Paris England recognizes the United States as a nation

1787 Constitutional Meeting to revise the Articles of Confederation;

Convention resulted in new form of govt. (Constitutional)

1787 Northwest Law that set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided

Ordinance way for new states to be admitted

1790s Industrial Beginning of mass production, interchangeable parts;

Revolution lower costs of goods. Led to urbanization and

Poor working conditions

1791 Bill of Rights 1st ten amendments; guarantee individual freedoms

1800- 2nd

Great Religious movement; led to condemnation of slavery

1804 Awakening

1812 War of 1812 War with England over impressments of sailors.

Francis Scott Key – “Star Spangled Banner”

Andrew Jackson gained fame at the Battle of New

Orleans.

1823 Monroe Doctrine Policy statement by Pres. James Monroe warning European

countries not to interfere with newly independent countries

in Latin America

U. S. HISTORY TO 1877 – cont.

Date Event Significance

1835- Trail of Tears Forced relocation of Cherokee Indians to west of

1838 the Mississippi; Pres. Andrew Jackson

1840s Manifest Destiny Phrase coined by a newspaper; referred to belief that

the U. S. was meant to expand to the Pacific Ocean

1846 War with Mexico U. S. gained states of California, New Mexico, Nevada,

Arizona, Colorado. Under Pres. James K. Polk

1861- Civil War Union (North) v. Confederacy (South). Imp. battles:

1865 Ft. Sumner, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Appomattox, Saratoga

1863 Emancipation Lincoln freed slaves in states of rebellion; changed character

Proclamation of war to include ending slavery as well as preserving

the Union

1865 Lincoln’s Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford Theater.

Death Radical Republicans gained power; military reconstruction

followed.

1877 End of Troops removed from the South; Pres. Hayes

Reconstruction

TAKS Review Glossary

1. 10% plan: Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction that was very lenient. It stated

when 10% of the population of a state took an oath of loyalty to the Union

they could adopt a new constitution abolishing slavery and rejoin the Union.

2. 10th

Amendment: established the principle of federalism. Power will be

divided between the state and the federal government. Any powers not

specifically given to the federal government will belong to the states.

3. 13th

amendment: abolished slavery.

4. 14th

amendment: granted African Americans their citizenship.

5. 15th

Amendment: gave Blacks the right to vote. Together these 3

amendments are called the Civil War amendments.

6. 17th

amendment: allowed for the direct election of the Senators by the people

with the popular vote. Prior to 17th the state legislatures chose the Senators.

7. 18th

amendment: Prohibition or it outlawed the sale and manufacturing of any

alcoholic beverages.

8. 19th

amendment: gave women the right to vote.

9. 1st and 2

nd Great Awakenings: Religious movements that swept the country.

10. 21st amendment: cancelled the 18

th or ended Prohibition.

11. 22nd

amendment: limited the president to 2 terms or no more than 10 years in

office.

12. 26th

amendment: gave 18 years old the right to vote.

13. Abigail Adams: former 1st Lady and spoke for women’s rights and abolition

of slavery.

14. Abolitionists: those opposed to the existence of slavery.

15. John Quincy Adams: was the sixth President of the US and the first President

whose father was also President. He helped negotiate the Adams Onis Treaty

where the US gained Florida. He defeated Andrew Jackson for the Presidency

in the House of Representatives through what many called a Corrupt Bargain

with Henry Clay. He is the only President to serve in the House of

Representatives after his Presidency.

16. Samuel Adams: born in Massachusetts in 1722. He was founder of the Sons

of Liberty and responsible for the Boston Tea party. He organized the

Committees of Correspondence to help bring unity to the colonies and spread

the news of the British war plans.

17. Adams Onis Treaty: 1819-treaty where US obtained Florida.

18. Albany Plan Of Union: proposal to unite all the colonies under one rule to

fight the French in the French and Indian war. Proposed by Ben Franklin and

it failed because the states did not want to give up their power.

19. Alexander Hamilton: leader of the Federalist Party and created the Bank of the

US. His political career was cut short due to his death in a duel with Aaron

Burr.

20. Alien Act: allowed the President to deport or kick out any person who he

deemed dangerous to our country.

21. Amendment Process: amendments can be proposed by a 2/3 vote in the

House and the Senate or if 2/3 of the state legislatures asked for a national

convention to propose an amendment. All proposed amendments had to be

ratified by 3/4 of the State legislatures.

22. American Party: the political party called the Know Nothings that was against

immigration into the US.

23. Susan B. Anthony: worked for women’s rights , the abolitionists movement

and the temperance movement. She started the Daughters of Temperance and

has been honored by the US with a $1 coin. She worked alongside Elizabeth

Cady Stanton is the women’s rights movement.

24. Anti-Federalists: those opposed to the ratification of the Constitution unless it

contained a Bill of Rights. Eventually they became the Democratic Party in

1828.

25. Appalachian Mountains: mountain range in the eastern US.

26. Appomattox Court House: site where the Confederates under Robert E. Lee

surrendered to the Union army under US Grant.

27. James Armistead: African American slave who joined George Washington

and the continental Army and served as a double agent or spy during the war.

He infiltrated the British army and acquired numerous British secrets that

helped turn the tide of the war. Marquis de Lafayette helped him gain his

freedom in 1787 and he adopted Lafayette’s surname in gratitude.

28. Articles of Confederation: the first constitution for the Unites States that gave

the states all the power and the federal government little power.

29. Astrolabe: allowed early Portuguese sailors to tell their latitude and longitude

by the position of the stars.

30. Crispus Attucks: African American and former slave was the first of 5

unarmed citizens killed at the Boston Massacre. He was a former dock

worker and a member of the Sons of Liberty.

31. John James Audubon: member of the Hudson River School and was a

naturalists who specializes in the painting of the birds of America. The

Audubon Society was named in his honor and today protects birds and their

habitats.

32. Bacon’s Rebellion: led by Nathaniel Bacon as a protest against the Virginia

government when it refused to protect western farmers against the Indians.

He attacked Indian villages as well as Jamestown (he set fire to Jamestown).

The rebellion ended when Bacon got sick and died suddenly.

33. Battle of Antietam: Civil War battle that Lincoln claimed as an Union victory

and led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

34. Battle of Vicksburg: Civil War battle that gave the North control of the

Mississippi river.

35. Phillip Bazaar: a Chilean immigrant and resident of Massachusetts . He was

a member of the US navy during the Civil War and was awarded the

Congressional Medal of Honor in 1865 for his bravery. He participated in an

assault on Fort Fisher, a Confederate fort, and carried dispatches.

36. Benedict Arnold: The first American traitor who switched sides during the

Revolutionary war.

37. Bering Strait: narrow waterway separating Asia and North America. The

land under the Bering Strait was called Beringia and for future migration into

North America.

38. Bessemer Steel Process: the purification of iron by heating it to high

temperatures and pouring off the impurities that rise to the top.

39. Betsy Ross: sewed flags for Washington army during the Revolutionary war.

40. Bicameral: 2 houses in the legislature which makes the laws.

41. Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments to the Constitution that guarantee

individual liberties.

42. Black Codes: laws passed after the Civil War to discriminate against the free

blacks.

43. William Blackstone: A British jurist or attorney. He wrote Commentaries on

the Laws of England and his work influenced the Founding Fathers of the US

such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

44. Blackwell, Elizabeth: first woman in America to earn a medical degree. She

graduated first in her class from Geneva College.

45. Blanche K. Bruce: first Black Senator from Mississippi.

46. Border States: Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and Delaware. These were

states that allowed slavery but were not ready to secede from the Union.

47. Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770: 5 citizens were killed while harassing

British soldiers including Crispus Attucks.

48. Boston Tea Party: 1773: a group of the Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk

Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor.

49. Boycott: the refusal to buy products.

50. Bull Run: site of the first official battle of the Civil war won by the

Confederates.

51. Burgoyne, John: commander of the British army during the Revolutionary

War that bet he could defeat the Americans in less than one year. He was

defeated and surrendered his army at The Battle of Saratoga.

52. Burr, Aaron: American politician that challenged and killed Alexander

Hamilton in a duel.

53. John C. Calhoun: was born in south Carolina and became spokeman for the

South against the tariff. He served as vice president for both Johjn Quincy

Adams and Andrew Jackson. He believed in states’ rights and nullification.

54. Capital intensive: requires a large amount of capital or money such as

industry and their machines.

55. Capitalism: an economic system based on private property and free

enterprise.

56. Caravel: Portuguese ship that could sail into the wind with the use of

triangular sails and the stern rudder.

57. William Carney: a slave from Virginia who escaped and joined the 54th

Massachusetts (an all black regiment during the Civil War). Carney fought at

the Battle of Fort Wagner and was shot 4 times and survived and continued to

fight. He is the first African American to receive the Congressional Medal of

Honor.

58. Cartographers: mapmakers

59. Cash crop: crops grown in large quantities to sale on the open market.

60. Caucus: meeting of political party leaders to choose their candidate for the

Presidency. Replaced by the nominating Convention.

61. Census: the official count of the population of the US done every 10 years.

62. Checks and balances: the method used to make sure each of the 3 branches of

government remain equal. Examples include the veto, overriding the veto,

presidential appointments etc.

63. Wentworth Cheswell: a founding father of the US and grandson to the first

African American land owner in New Hampshire. Cheswell’s life revolved

around freedom, justice and the betterment of American citizens. He fought in

the American Revolution including the Battle of Saratoga. He was very

involved in the politics of New Hampshire.

64. Civic Virtue: duties expected of all citizens such as voting and jury duty.

65. Civil Disobedience: essay written by Henry David Thoreau on why some

laws are unjust and citizens should not obey. He refused to pay a $1 tax to

support a war he did not believe in.

66. Clara Barton: founded the American Red Cross.

67. Henry Clay: a War Hawk, US senator, US representative, and Speaker of the

House. He was called the Great Compromiser for his work in settling

conflicts between the North and the South. Made a “corrupt bargain” with

John Quincy Adams to become Secretary of State and defeat Jackson for the

Presidency. He ran for president 3 times and was never elected.

68. Columbian exchange: exchange of trade and anything else between the

Americas and Europe. EX- diseases, chocolate etc.

69. Committee of Correspondence: system of communication throughout the

colonies to spread information about British activities.

70. Communism: political system where the means of production is owned by the

government.

71. Compromise of 1850: 5 part plan that allowed California into the Union as a

free state and enacted a tough Fugitive slave law that required all citizens to

capture and return runaway slaves to the South.

72. Compromise: two or more sides agree to a proposal.

73. Concurrent Powers: powers shared by the states and federal government.

74. Conquistador: Spanish explorer in the Americas.

75. Continental Divide: geographical formation in the Rocky Mountains which

divides river flow. East of the divide the rivers flow to the Gulf of Mexico

and west the rivers flow to the Pacific.

76. Cotton Gin: a machine invented by Eli Whitney that separated the cotton seed

from the cotton fiber. It could do the work of 50 men.

77. Copperheads: Peace Democrats that wanted the North to negotiate with the

South to end the Civil War.

78. Coureur de Bois: French fur trapper.

79. Cultural borrowing: things accepted from other cultures.

80. Cultural diversity: a wide variety or different ways of life.

81. Custom duties: taxes on foreign imported goods.

82. Daughters of Liberty: women of the colonists who led protest against the

British. They were famous for brewing tea from raspberry leaves.

83. Jefferson Davis: served in the US Senate from Mississippi and when the

Confederacy was formed became the President for the Confederate States of

America. After the war he was charged with treason but never tried in a court

of law. He was stripped of his eligibility to run for public office.

84. Democratic Republicans: see Anti-Federalists

85. Baron de Charles de Montesquieu: famous French nobleman who wrote the

Spirit of Laws which proposed separating the government into separate

branches so any individual could not gain absolute power. He is responsible

for the Checks and balances system and separation of powers in our

government today.

86. Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who fought with the Americans during

the Revolutionary War. He joined Washington at Brandywine and became

like a son to him. His influence was instrumenbtal in getting the French to

join the war.

87. Depression: a period of slow economic activity and widespread

unemployment.

88. Dolley Madison: famous first lady who saved an oil painting of Washington

before the British burned Washington DC during the War of 1812.

89. Benjamin Franklin: an inventor, writer, printer, diplomat, scientist, humorist,

and statesman. He published Poor Richard’s Almanac He was author of the

Albany Plan of Union during the French and Indian War and was responsible

for negotiating with the French to persuade them to enter the Revolutionary

War.

90. Frederick Douglass: African American who escaped from slavery in

Maryland and later returned and purchased his freedom. He founded a an

anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star and served as an advisor to

president Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.

91. Dred Scot vs. Sandford: SC case that said slaves were property, not citizens,

and as such they could be taken anywhere making slavery legal everywhere.

92. Due Process of Law: idea that government must follow procedures

established by law and guaranteed by the Constitution.

93. Elastic Clause: Article 1, Section 8 Clause 18 of the constitution that stretches

the power of Congress. Allows Congress to pass any laws necessary to better

run the country.

94. Electoral College: a special group of voters selected by their states voters to

vote for the president and vice-president. If a person does not receive a

majority in the Electoral College, the House of Representatives chooses the

President.

95. Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin and the concept of interchangeable

parts.(led to Mass Production)

96. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony: fought for

women’s rights and organized the Seneca Falls Convention for women.

97. Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln’s declaration freeing all slaves in areas

of rebellion. No slaves were actually freed because the South sill controlled

the area.

98. Embargo: to prohibit or not allow trade with a country.

99. Emigrants: people who move within the boundaries of a country. EX Gold

Rush

100. Empresario: a person who arranged for the settlement of land in Texas

(Stephen F. Austin).

101. English Bill of Rights: signed in 1689 when William and Mary became

the new King and Queen during the Glorious Revolution. This gave more

power to the Parliament and limited the power of the monarch.

102. Enlightenment: Movement stressing the importance of science and

reasoning and the importance of education.

103. Era Good Feelings: time period when there was only one political party

(Dem. Rep.). This was during the term of James Monroe.

104. Erie Canal: artificial waterway connecting Lake Erie with the Hudson

River in Albany, New York. 385 miles long.

105. Ethnic groups: other races of people.

106. Executive Branch: a branch of government headed by the President that

enforces the laws.

107. Export: Goods sent out of the country for sale.

108. Farewell Address: Washington’s farewell to the nation where he warned

the US to stay out of foreign alliances and avoid political parties.

109. Federalism: the division of power between the federal and state

government.

110. Federalists Papers: 85 essays written in favor of the ratification of the

Constitution. Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.

111. Federalists: the first political party in favor of the ratification of the

Constitution.

112. Fort Sumter: Union fort in Charleston Harbor S C. and site of the first

military engagement of the Civil War.

113. Francis Marion: known as the Swamp Fox during the Revolutionary War

and was skilled in hit and run fighting called Guerilla Warfare.

114. Frederick Douglas: African American who purchased his freedom and

became an outspoken abolitionists and trusted aid to Lincoln.

115. Free enterprise: the economy of the US where everyone has the right to

own their business.

116. Robert Fulton: built the first steamboat in America (Clermont). The

steamboat was prone to accidents but made the shipping of goods faster and

cheaper.

117. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: the first written constitution in

America

118. Gadsden Purchase: 1853-narrow strip of land below New Mexico and

Arizona purchases for $10 million for the purpose of the transcontinental RR.

It completed the land area for the US 48 continental states.

119. Bernardo De Galvez: the acting governor of the Louisiana Territory

during the Revolutionary War. He sided with Americans during the war and

sent Texas Longhorns to Valley Forge to feed Washington’s army. He also

bought gunpowder, weapons, clothing, and many other vital supplies for the

Colonial army. Galveston, Texas is named in his honor.

120. George III: King of England prior to and during the Revolutionary War.

121. Georgia: colony originally organized by James Oglethorpe in 1733 as a

haven for debtors.

122. Gettysburg: 3 day battle that essentially crippled the Confederate army and

is known as the turning point of the Civil War.

123. Grandfather Clause: a clause that allowed individuals who did not pass

the literacy test to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before

Reconstruction.

124. Ulysses S. Grant: graduate of West Point military academy. He became

famous by leading the North to a victory in the Civil War. He later became the

18th

President of the US and his presidency was plagued by corruption.

125. Glorious Revolution: The time period in English History when King

James was overthrown by Parliament and William and Mary of the

Netherlands were put in power. They were forced to sign the English Bill of

Rights.

126. Great Compromise: plan of government that established the house base

upon population and the Senate with equal representation.

127. Grievances: Complaints- most famous is the Declaration of

Independence.

128. Guerilla Warfare: a hit and run technique used in fighting a war where

you ambush the enemy and then escape.

129. Habeas Corpus: legal order meaning you must be charged with a crime

within 72 hours or released.

130. Alexander Hamilton: was a proponent of a strong central government. He

served with Washington in the Revolutionary War and later became his

Secretary of the Treasury. He was the founder of the Bank of the United

States and became a lifelong enemy of Thomas Jefferson. He was killed in a

duel with Aaron Burr in 1804.

131. Harpers Ferry: site of an attempted slave uprising led by John Brown in

Virginia. He was captured and hanged.

132. Harriet Tubman: the most famous conductor of the Underground RR that

helped slaves escape from the South.

133. Patrick Henry: became a symbol of America’s struggle for independence

and self-government. He was a lawyer, patriot, orator, and his most famous

words were “Give me liberty or give me death”.

134. Hessians: German soldiers hired by the British during the Revolutionary

War.

135. Thomas Hooker: a preacher who originally settled in Massachusetts but

could not agree with puritan ways and moved and established the colony of

Connecticut. He adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which

was the first written constitution in the America.

136. Horace Mann: known as the Father of Education and President of the

Massachusetts School Board. Believed in free public education.

137. House of Burgesses: the first democratic elected assembly in the colonies

in 1619.

138. House of Representatives: the part of the legislative branch that makes the

laws and membership is based upon the population of the state.

139. Immigrants: people who move across international boundaries to settle in

a new country. The Irish(potato famine) had the largest number of

immigrants to the US in the 1800’s and the Germans were the second largest.

140. Impeach: bring charges against a government official.

141. Imports: goods brought into the country for sale.

142. Impressment: forcing Americans to serve in the British Navy.

143. Indentured Servant: laborer who agreed to work for a person for 4-7 years

in exchange for passage to the New World.

144. Indian Removal Act: passed in 1832 ordered the Indians of the Southeast

to move to the Indian territory of Oklahoma.

145. Industrial Revolution: the change from making things by hand to making

things by machine. Involved use of resources, improved transportation, and

technological breakthroughs.

146. Interchangeable Parts: (1798) idea created by Eli Whitney to make parts of

machines or other items uniform in order to produce them in mass quantities.

147. Intolerable Acts: passed because of the Boston Tea Party. The port of

Boston was closed until the tea was paid for, no town meetings; citizens were

required to house and feed British soldiers (Quartering Act). Also called the

Coercive Acts.

148. Isabella Baumfree: or Sojourner Truth was an African American woman

who was a leading abolitionist and women’s rights supporter that spoke with

wit and wisdom.

149. Andrew Jackson: was a war hero and Indian fighter during the War of

1812. He became the first official Democratic president in 1828 and his

nickname was “Old Hickory”. As President he promoted the spoils system

and started mudslinging in his presidential campaigns. He is also famous for

the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia.

150. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: one of the most figures in the Civil War.

He was a confederate leader and was famous for his ability to face his

opponents like a stonewall without backing down. He was killed by friendly

fire in the Battle of Chancellorsville when he had complications from his

wounds and pneumonia.

151. Jamestown (Virginia): site of first permanent English colony in America

in 1607.

152. James Oglethorpe: founder of Georgia in 1733.

153. Thomas Jefferson: was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses and

the 1st and 2

nd continental congress. He wrote the Declaration of

Independence and served as Secretary of State under Washington. He was

leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and in 1801 became the third

President of the US. He was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase in 1803

and the Embargo Act in 1807. He died on the same day as John Adams on

July 4th

, 1826.

154. Jim Crow Laws: laws creating segregation and allowing for separate but

equal facilities.

155. John Brown: violent abolitionist in Kansas and at Harper’s Ferry.

156. John Cabot: English explorer who sailed along the coast of America in

1497 and landed in Newfoundland.

157. John Jay: the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

158. John Paul Jones: American naval hero during the Revolutionary. In 1776

with his ship the Bonhomme Richard, he defeated the British battleship the

Serapis. Jones famous quote: “I have not yet begun to fight” .

159. John Marshall: the most famous Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He

served for 34 years and his most important ruling created Judicial Review.

His most famous cases were Marbury vs. Madison , McCullough vs.

Maryland and gibbons vs. Ogden.

160. Judicial Branch: the branch of government that interprets the law and

consists of the court system and the Supreme Court.

161. Judicial Review: established by Marbury vs. Madison in 1803 and gives

courts the right to rule on the constitutionality of law.

162. Kansas Nebraska Act: Popular Sovereignty decides slavery in Kansas and

Nebraska.

163. King George III: King of England during the Revolutionary war.

164. Know Nothing Party: see American Party

165. Labor intensive- means something that requires a large amount of laborers

such as the production of cotton.

166. Laissez Faire: French term meaning to let alone and let the economy

develop without government interference.

167. Landmark Case: Supreme Court case that greatly changes law.

168. Legislative Branch: the branch of government that makes the laws.

169. Latitude: measurement of location north or south of the equator.

170. Robert E. Lee: Commander of the Confederate forces during the Civil

War. He turned the same job for the Union army. He was from Virginia. He

surrendered to US Grant at Appomattox Court House to end the Civil War.

171. Abraham Lincoln: the first Republican President elected to the office in

1860. He became famous for his debates against Stephen Douglas while

running for the Illinois Senate. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation

which declared freedom for the slaves within the Confederacy. He delivered

his famous Gettysburg Address and on April 14, 1865 he was assassinated by

John Wilkes Booth.

172. Lewis and Clark: explorers hired by Jefferson to map and keep records all

about the Louisiana Territory. Along the way, Sacagawea served as their

Indian guide on their route to the Pacific.

173. Limited Government: the government is not all powerful.

174. Line of Demarcation: line created by the Pope that divided the world

between Spain and Portugal. Spain could colonize west of the line and

Portugal to the east. This was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

175. Literacy: the ability to read or write.

176. John Locke: English philosopher that believed in the protection of

individual rights such as life, liberty, and property. He believed people

created government. He wrote The First and Second Treatises on Civil

Government.

177. Longitude: Parallel measurements of location east and west of the Prime

Meridian.

178. Louisiana Purchase: area of land west of the Mississippi River bought

from France and Napoleon that doubled the size of the US in 1803.

179. Loyalists: American colonists who sided with the British and King

George during the Revolutionary War.

180. James Madison: known as the Father of the Constitution because he wrote

the large state plan known as the Virginia Plan. He believed in Separation of

Powers and Checks and Balances. He supported ratification of the

Constitution and wrote over a third of the Federalists Papers. He was the 4th

President of the US and involved the US in the War of 1812.

181. Majority: more than half the votes—50% + 1.

182. Manifest Destiny: The right for the US to expand it boundaries from the

Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

183. Martin Luther: posted the 95 Thesis or complaints against the Catholic

Church on a church door in Whittenburg, Germany and started the Protestant

Reformation.

184. Maryland: original colony founded by Cecil Calvert or Lord Baltimore as

a haven or safe area for Catholics.

185. George Mason: a Virginian who influenced Thomas Jefferson when he

wrote the Declaration of Independence and James Madison when he wrote US

Bill of Rights. He was an Anti-Federalist and was at the constitutional

convention but refused to sign the constitution and worked against its

ratification.

186. Mayflower Compact: agreement signed in 1620 that allowed for self

government in the Plymouth colony. 41 Pilgrims signed the document and

agreed to work together to help the colony succeed.

187. Mercantilism: the theory that a nation’s power depended upon its wealth.

Britain believed you had to build up gold reserves and expand trade as part of

mercantilism.

188. Mexican Cession: the area that consists of New Mexico, Arizona,

California, Nevada, Utah and Colorado that the US obtained from Mexico

after the war in 1848.

189. Middle Colonies: central Atlantic colonies whose economy was bases on

the production of grains and the mining of iron ore.

190. Missouri Compromise: 1820- Missouri admitted as a slave state and

Maine admitted as a free state.

191. Monarchy: rule by a King or Queen.

192. James Monroe: the 5th

President of the US during a time period called the

Era of Good Feelings. He was an Anti-Federalist and was opposed to the

ratification of the Constitution. He is best known for the Monroe Doctrine.

193. Monroe Doctrine: warned European nations to stay out of the affairs of

the Americas and no longer try to colonize the Americas.

194. Montezuma: leader of the Aztecs who was conquered by Cortes.

195. Mormons: religious group that escaped persecution by moving to Utah.

Led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young.

196. Mount Holyoke: the first college for women.

197. Mudslinging: name calling in political elections.

198. Nationalism: love for one’s own country

199. Nativist: a person who favor those born in a country. They are against

immigration.

200. Nat Turner: led a slave revolt in the south and killed 55 whites before he

was killed.

201. Naturalized Citizen: an immigrant who becomes a citizen.

202. Navigation Acts: restrictions of colonial trade such as all ships had to be

built in England or the colonies, enumerated articles (cotton, tobacco and

sugar) could only be sold to England.

203. New Amsterdam: Dutch controlled area of Manhattan Island that became

New York City.

204. New England Colonies: Northeastern colonies along the Atlantic seaboard

whose economy was based on shipbuilding, trade, forestry, and fishing.

205. New Jersey Plan: small state plan that called for equal representation in

government.

206. North Star: anti slavery newspaper published by Frederich Douglas.

207. Northwest Passage: an all water route to Asia through North America.

208. Northwest Territory: area of land around the Great lakes that became 5

states. This was the major accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation

which was our first government in the US. The Ordinance of 1785 organized

the land into sections and the Northwest Ordinance created territorial

governments in the area.

209. Nullification Crisis: In 1832, when South Carolina nullified or cancelled

the Tariff of 1832 and threatened to secede or withdraw from the Union.

210. Nullify: to cancel a federal law.

211. Oligarchy: political system where the country is ruled by a few or a group

of individuals.

212. Olive Branch Petition: last ditch effort by the colonists to avoid war with

England. King George III refused the petition.

213. Oregon Country: area of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of

Montana that was shared through joint occupation between the U.S. and

Britain.

214. Pacifists: those opposed to war.

215. Thomas Paine: Born in England in 1737 and traveled to the US and

became important in the Patriots’ cause. He was a soldier in the Continental

Army. He wrote two famous pamphlets-Common Sense and the American

Crisis.

216. Parliament: legislative body of England that consisted of the House of

Lords and House of Commons.

217. Patriot: those who favored independence.

218. Patroon: a Dutch land owner.

219. William Penn: born in London and his father was the Admiral of the

English Navy. He turned his father and country against him when he joined

the Quakers. He established the colony of Pennsylvania and his government

was called the Frame of government. He insisted women should have the

same equal rights as men.

220. Pickett’s Charge: famous charge during the Battle of Gettysburg which

devastated the Confederate Army.

221. Pilgrims: Separatists who journeyed to the colonies in 1620 to create their

own religious group.

222. Plantation System: large farms of the south that used slave labor.

223. Plurality: the person with the most votes.

224. Popular sovereignty: allowing the vote of the people to decide an issue.

225. Preamble: the introduction to the Constitution.

226. Precedent: a tradition established early by George Washington. Most

famous precedent was the no third term precedent.

227. Presidio: a Spanish fort.

228. Primary sources: first hand accounts of actual events. (auto-biographies

etc.)

229. Proclamation of 1763: an imaginary line along the crest of the

Appalachian Mountains that no one was allowed past into the Ohio River

Valley.

230. Prohibition: outlawed the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages

through the 18th amendment. It was later repealed by the 21st amendment.

231. Propaganda: ideas or information used to sway public opinion.

232. Puritans: Protestants who came to Massachusetts to purify the Church of

England.

233. Reconstruction: the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

234. Rural: in the country- most Americans lived in Rural areas prior to the

Industrial Revolution.

235. Quakers: people of Pennsylvania and the very first abolitionists.

236. Quartering Act: part of the Intolerable or Coercive Acts that allowed

British Soldiers to be housed in the homes of American citizens.

237. racism: hatred for other races.(Prejudice)

238. ratification: to approve

239. Reconstruction: the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War.

240. Rendezvous: French term meaning a get together. The yearly meeting of

mountain men to sale their furs from trapping season.

241. Republic: Representative government that uses elected officials to make

the laws.

242. Reserved Powers: powers that belong only to the states and not the

federal government.

243. Revels, Hiram: Black Senator from the state of Mississippi.

244. Richmond, Virginia: capitol of the Confederacy in the Civil War.

245. Roanoke Island: first attempted English settlement in the new world that

failed.

246. Robert Fulton: built the first steam boat in America called the Clermont

which were prone to accidents but made shipping faster and cheaper.

247. Rocky Mountains: mountain range in the western US.

248. Rule of law: no one, not even the highest government official is above the

law.

249. Rural: means in the country—prior to the Industrial Revolution most

Americans lived in rural areas.

250. Haym Salomon: Polish born Jewish immigrant who played an important

role in the financing the American Revolution. He joined the Patriots and was

a member of the sons of Liberty. He spent all his money helping the

Americans win the war and died penniless in 1785.

251. Salutary Neglect: British policy of ignoring the colonies between 1690-

1760 which allowed the colonies to develop their own self government.

252. Saratoga: site of the battle which was the turning point of the

Revolutionary War because it persuaded the French to join the war on our

side.

253. Secondary sources: descriptions or interpretations prepared by people

who were not involved in the event described.

254. Sectionalism: the love for your area of the country.

255. Sedition Act: forbade anyone from criticizing the government or any of

its officials.

256. Segregation: the separation of blacks and whites in all areas of activities.

257. Senate: part of the legislative branch that makes the laws and all states

have equal representation or 2 senators per state.

258. Seneca Falls Convention: organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady

Stanton and was the first women’s rights convention.

259. Separation of powers: the division of government into the 3 branches.

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.

260. Separatists: Pilgrims who wanted to start their own church and sparate

from the Church of England.

261. Sharecropping: a system of farming where the farmer rents the land and

has to share a portion of the crop with the landowner.

262. Shay’s Rebellion: led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts as a protest

against the government failure to protect farmers land from repossession by

the courts. It showed the need for a strong central government to protect the

rights of citizens.

263. Slave codes: restrictions against slaves such not learning to read or write

etc. (Black codes after the war.)

264. Smuggling: illegally trading with other countries.

265. Sons of Liberty: led by Samuel Adams and were resistance fighter against

British rule. They were responsible for the Boston Tea Party.

266. Southern Colonies: southern Atlantic states whose economy was bases on

the production of cotton, tobacco, and rice.

267. Spoils system: to the victor belong the spoils, reward workers in your

campaign with government jobs. Started by Andrew Jackson.

268. Stamp Act: British tax imposed on the colonists on all legal documents.

269. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: leader in the women’s rights movement. She

helped plan the Seneca Falls convention and wrote the Declaration of

Sentiments and Resolutions.

270. States Rights: the right of any state to nullify or cancel any federal law.

Created by the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

271. Strikes: the refusal of workers to work and therefore shutting down the

business.

272. Subsistence Farming: the type of farming practiced in the New England

colonies. Families produced, in small gardens, enough food only for their

families.

273. Suffrage: the right to vote.

274. Tariff: tax on imported goods.

275. Temperance: drinking little or no alcohol.

276. Henry David Thoreau: Transcendentalist author of Walden and Civil

Disobedience. He spent time in jail for his refusal to pay $1 in taxes to support

the Mexican War. He believed a person should follow their own conscience

and not be influenced by outside foes.

277. Three-fifths compromise: how slaves would be counted for representation

purposes in the House of Representatives. 5 slaves would count as 3 or 60%

of the slaves would count toward the states population.

278. Tories or Loyalists: those on the side of the British or King George.

279. Total War: type of warfare during the Civil War where the union

destroyed everything that could be used by the south in the war effort. Waged

by William Tecumseh Sherman and George Sheridan.

280. Trail of Tears: the forced march of the Cherokee Indians in 1830 to

Oklahoma.

281. Transcendentalists: stressed the relationship between the human spirit and

nature and the importance of the individual conscience. Leaders were

Emerson and Thoreau.

282. Treaty of Ghent: ended the War of 1812 and returned everything to the

way it was before the war.

283. Treaty of Greenville: treaty that gave the state of Ohio to the Americans

at a cost of one-eighth of a cent per acre.

284. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: the treaty that ended the Mexican War and

gave the Mexican Cession to the US.

285. Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the French and Indian war and Britain gained

Canada and all land from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River.

286. Treaty of Paris(1781) ended the American Revolution and made the US an

independent nation.

287. Triangular trade: New England trade that consisted of 3 legs from NE to

Africa to trade for slaves, to sell the slaves in the West Indies (this part is

called the Middle Passage) and finally back to NE to start over again.

288. Unalienable Rights: rights that cannot be taken away.

289. Uncle Tom’s Cabin: famous book about the evils of slavery written by

Harriet Beecher Stowe.

290. Underground Railroad: a system that helped enslaved African Americans

escape from the South to the North.

291. Urban: means in the city—after the Industrial Revolution many

Americans moved to urban areas or the suburbs to work in factories.

292. Utopia: community based on the vision of a perfect society.

293. Veto: to reject an act of Congress by the President or executive branch.

294. Vicksburg: battle site along the Mississippi River during the Civil War.

The Union Victory gave the North control of the Mississippi River.

295. Vigilantes: private citizens in California that took the law in to their own

hands.

296. Vikings: the first Europeans to land in the New World. Leif Erickson

actually landed in Newfoundland.

297. Virginia Dare: first English born child in the new world (at Roanoke).

298. Virginia Plan: large state plan of government. Key point was

membership in congress would be based on Population.

299. War Hawks: Congressmen who wanted war with England in 1812.

300. Mercy Otis Warren: an American Patriot. She authored plays, poems,

and essays supporting the idea of independence. She was an Anti-Federalist

after the war and was opposed to the newly written constitution.

301. George Washington: Virginian born in 1732 and a delegate to the House

of Burgesses. He fought during the French and Indian War and was chosen

Commander in chief of the continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

He was President of the Constitutional convention and the First President of

the US. He is referred to as “the Father of our country”. He warned the

country the dangers of political parties and the importance of avoiding foreign

alliances in his Farewell Address.

302. Daniel Webster: born in New Hampshire and served as a member of the

House of Representatives and a US Senator from Massachusetts. He was

known as the “Great Orator” of his time. He was the leader of the Federalist

Party and was opposed to the War of 1812.

303. Whig Party: political party of the 1840’s led by Clay and the two Whig

Presidents were William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor.

304. Whiskey Rebellion: Pennsylvania farmers refused to pay a tax on whiskey

and the rebellion was ended when the army was sent to collect the taxes.

305. Wilmot Proviso: an agreement that failed to pass in the Congress that

would have outlawed slavery in any new territories won from Mexico after the

war.

306. Writ of Assistance: legal document that allows officers to search homes

and warehouses- a search warrant.

307. XYZ Affair: problem with the French when Talleyrand asked for a 10

million dollar loan for France and $250,000 for himself and then the French

would stop attacking American ships.

308. Yeoman: the largest group of whites in the south that did not own slaves.

309. Yorktown: final battle of the Revolutionary War. Charles Cornwallis

surrendered his army to Washington and the French army and navy.