Typologies of Violence
description
Transcript of Typologies of Violence
Typologies of Violence
• 1. Violence between states = war
Violence and Modernity: War
1. Modernising war2. Large-scale state violence within its own borders = terror
3. Mass violence in absence of overall state control = civil war (‘people’s war’; revolutionary war)
4. Violence of minorities aiming to overthrow the state = terrorism5. Low-level repressive state violence = civil violence
NB Weber’s definition of the state as the body holding a monopoly of organised violence
The problem to be considered
• Enlightenment expectations were that reason and science would succeed in building a harmonious, non-violent society– Voltaire Essay on War– Later in 19th C Socialists like the Duc de St. Simon –
trade and communications (railways) would so integrate the world that conflict would be impossible
– Also Marx and the ideal state of Communism
The terrible reckoning of violence
French revolutionary terror – 40,000 deathsNapoleonic wars – 1.8 million French and allies (inc 600,000
civilians)1.5 million allied forces (Britain, Russia, Austria,
Spain, Italy, Prussia
Total – 3.3 million
Deaths by category (France and allies)
• 371,000 killed in action• 800,000 killed by disease, primarily in the
disastrous invasion of Russia • 600,000 civilians• 65,000 French allies (mainly Poles fighting for
independence lost in 1795)• Total: 1,800,000 French and allies (mostly
Germans and Poles) dead in action, disease and missing
War deaths
• Crimean War (1854-6) c. 600,000 • American Civil War (1861-5) 750,000 (620,000
trad)• World War 1 (1914- 18) - 9m to 15m (6m ‘missing’)
(6m civilians)• Russian Civil War (1918-22) 10m• Spanish Civil War (1936-9) – c. 500,000• World War 2 (1939-45) - 60-70m dead (inc 27m
USSR; 0.25m USA; 0.5m Britain)
Deaths in recent wars• Vietnam (1955-75): The South c 1m dead (inc 58,000 US
troops); The North 600,000 military – total of 2m – 4m for war• Gulf War 1 Kuwait (1990-1) 190 coalition troops killed in action
(189 died in accidents and ‘friendly fire’); 25,000 Iraqi civilians and soldiers
• Gulf War 2 – Iraq (March-May 2003) 172 coalition troops killed c.200,000 involved – 30,000 Iraqi troops and civilians killed)
• Afghan Wars – 1979-8 (15,000 Soviet military: 75,000 plus Mujaheddin; maybe ) 0.6 to 1.0m civilians
- 2001- ?? (3,162 coalition dead; 15,000 civilians; Taliban – unknown)
Why have wars expanded?
• 1. Technology – weapons derived from industry
An army ‘marches on its stomache’ – Napoleon• 2. Logistics – organisation• 3. Soldiers – recruitment, conscription• 4. Money = ever-larger tax revenues
• 2 + 3 + 4 = modern state – prerequisite for mass warfare (+ ideology esp. Nationalism)
Military revolution - technology
• 1750 – muskets (accuracy 100/150 yards; 5 rounds per minute)
- Cannon – shot and some crude shells = wars of mobility (cavalry) and close quarters fighting
- bayonets, swords, daggers
Musket 18th.c; Indian Cannon 1799
Military revolution - technology
Begins to change in early 19th C• C 1850 – rifle (rifling in barrel) increases
accuracy to 500 yards. Bullet magazines and rapid re-loading increase frequency of firing. 1870 true rifle.
• 1862 Gatling gun – hand-cranked machine gun; Maxim gun – automatic – 100s of rounds per minute
Military revolution - technology• Second half of nineteenth century
– Dynamite and high explosive (chemical industry)– Internal combustion engine– railways– Steel - e.g. armour plating of shipsLeads to - dreadnoughts at sea
long range artillery (20 miles by WW1)high-explosive shell. Obliterate anything exposed so
Warfare becomes defensive – trenches (American CW and Russo-Japanese War as prototypes of First World War) (mortars 100-300 yds define distance of trenches)
Schlieffen Plan
Russian Attack on East Prussia
The Western Front
Battle of the Somme 1916
Thiepval
Military revolution - technology
• From WW1 to WW2• Aircraft – airships (derived from hot-air
balloons) – failure cf gas- biplanes/triplanes – spotting; bombing; dogfights (NB first flight – 17 Dec 1903 – 120 ft; 12 seconds (7 mph) alt 10 ft.)
• Tanks (diesel engines)– to break through trenches
Blitzkrieg (lightning war)
• = blitzkrieg – massive concentration of power at a small point – punch hole in defence – pour through using mobile infantry, spread out and attack from behind
Blitzkrieg – Volkhov Jan 1942
Mass bombing
Guernica 1937 c. 1000; Coventry 1940 c. 1000 in two raids;
Dresden (Feb 1945) c. 25,000; Tokyo (1945) 75,000 +
Nuclear bombs - Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug 1945) 100,00 each
Broadgate, Coventry 16 November 1940
Dresden Feb 1945
Nuclear WeaponsHiroshima Nagasaki
Hiroshima August 1945
Genbaku – A bomb Dome Hiroshima 1945
Hiroshima 2006 – Ground Zero
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cIjTodmfk0Slide 49
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtCVblxDRc&feature=endscreen&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msHJLwYWX30
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20JCGDwBt7A
Military revolution - technology
1945 a kind of apogee – military development bifurcates:
1. The hi-tech path continues producing weapons that, in many cases, can scarcely be used
• World War 2 and beyond– Rockets – Katiushas; V1; V2 – missiles – ICBMs - mirv– Jet engines– Computers and communications (12 signals exchanged at
Trafalgar: 50,000 per hour in Gulf War 1)– Cruise missiles; Drones
2. ‘Asymmetric warfare’- ‘People’s War’
• Up to 1945 – size matters – the wealthiest and best equipped win. But ‘conventional’ war is increasingly challenged
• Post-1945 in anti-colonial and anti-imperialist wars small forces have sometimes prevailed over or counter-balanced the most advanced equipment– Guerilla and Revolutionary wars (‘People’s Wars) –
China; Cuba; Latin America; Kenya; Malaya– Vietnam war – ‘bicycles versus B-52 bombers’– Current wars in Middle East
NB – other components of military revolution
• 2. Logistics – organisation• 3. Soldiers – recruitment, conscription• 4. Money = ever-larger tax revenues
• 2 + 3 + 4 = modern state – prerequisite for mass warfare (+ ideology esp. Nationalism)
Logistics and organisation
In a modern army only around ten percent are frontline troops – the rest organise, plan, maintain, transport etc.
Requires a major bureaucracy to sustain it with endless skills, technical, practical and managerial
Recruitment
In 18th c – volunteers, mercenaries, press-gangs
Napoleon institutes first nationwide conscription – Levee en masse - originates in 1793 with CPS as a mass call to arms and defence (embryonic total war – men called to fight, women to work in factories – linked to emergence of citizenship)- institutionalised from 1797 on
Rise of Modern Nation State
United States Federal, State and Local Government SpendingFiscal Year 1845
•• GDP: $1,842.0 million(1)• Amounts in $ million•• Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total• Pensions 0 0 0 0 0• Health Care 0 0 0 0 0• Education 0 0 0 0 0• Defense 14.4 a 0 0 0 14.4 a• Welfare 0 0 0 0 0• Protection 0 0 0 0 0• Transportation 0 0 0 0 0• General Government 0 0 0 0 0• Other Spending 11.8 a 0 0 0 11.8 a• Interest 1 a 0 0 0 1 a• Balance 0 a 0 0 0 0 a• Total Spending 27.3 a 0 0 0 27.3 a• Federal Deficit -7 a 0 0 0 -7 a• Gross Public Debt 15.9 a 0 0 0 15.9 a• Legend:• a - actual reported• source: usgovernmentspending.com
United States Federal, State and Local Government SpendingFiscal Year 1900
•GDP: $20,567.0 million(1)Amounts in $ million
Fed Gov. Xfer State Local TotalPensions 0 0 0 0 0Health Care 0 0 0 0 0Education 0 0 0 0 0Defense331.6 a 0 0 0 331.6 aWelfare 0 0 0 0 0Protection 0 0 0 0 0Transportation 0 0 0 0 0General Government 0 0 0 0 0Other Spending 256.8 a 0 0 0 256.8 aInterest 40.2 a 0 0 0 40.2 aBalance 0 a 0 0 0 0 aTotal Spending 628.6 a 0 0 0 628.6 aFederal Deficit -41 a 0 0 0 -41 aGross Public Debt 2,137.00 a 0 0 0 2,137.00 aLegend:• a - actual reported• source: usgovernmentspending.com
United States Federal, State and Local Government SpendingFiscal Year 1930
• GDP: $91,200.0 million(1)• Amounts in $ million•• Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total• Pensions 21.2 i 0 15 i 48 i 84.2 i• Health Care 103.4 i 0 196 i 217 i 516.4 i• Education 22.4 i -11.2 i 243 i 2,027.00 i 2,281.20 i• Defense 1,465.30 i 0 0 0 1,465.30 i• Welfare 3.5 i -1 i 108 i 229 i 339.5 i• Protection 26 i 0 88 i 534 i 648 i• Transportation 372.9 i -136.9 i 692 i 1,108.00 i 2,036.10 i• General Government 123.9 i 0 106 i 339 i 568.9 i• Other Spending 899 i -28.4 i 223 i 1,284.00 i 2,377.60 i• Interest 648.9 i 0 100 i 573 i 1,321.90 i• Balance 269.6 i 0 i 3 i 10 i 282.6 i• Total Spending 3,956.10 i -177.4 i 1,774.00 i 6,369.00 i 11,921.70 i• Federal Deficit -874.1 i 0 0 0 -874.1 i• Gross Public Debt 16,185.30 a 0 2,450.00 i 14,888.00 i 33,523.30 i
United States Federal, State and Local Government SpendingFiscal Year 1950
•• GDP: $293,700.0 million(1)• Amounts in $ million•• Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total• Pensions 994 a 0 163 a 198 a 1,355.00 a• Health Care 963 a 0 947 a 801 a 2,711.00 a• Education2,839.00 a -369 a 1,358.00 a 5,819.00 a 9,647.00 a• Defense 24,239.00 a 0 0 0 24,239.00 a• Welfare 1,622.00 a -1,346.00 a 3,583.00 a 1,830.00 a 5,689.00 a• Protection 88 a 0 283 a 1,285.00 i 1,656.00 i• Transportation1,122.00 a -429 a 2,058.00 a 2,315.00 a 5,066.00 a• General Government 514 a 0 317 a 724 a 1,555.00 a• Other Spending 6,605.00 a -227 a 2,099.00 a 3,720.00 a 12,197.00 a• Interest 4,404.00 a 0 109 a 349 a 4,862.00 a• Balance 1,410.00 a 0 a -53 a 0 a 1,357.00 a• Total Spending44,800.00 a -2,371.00 a 10,864.00 a 17,041.00 a 70,334.00 a• Federal Deficit 1,273.00 a 0 0 0 1,273.00 a• Gross Public Debt 256,853.00 a 0 5,285.00 a 18,830.00 a 280,968.00 a• Legend:• a - actual reported• i - interpolated between actual reported values• source: usgovernmentspending.com
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cIjTodmfk0Slide 49
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtCVblxDRc&feature=endscreen&NR=1
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msHJLwYWX30
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20JCGDwBt7A
Violence and Modernity: War
2. Social costs and scars of war (achievements?)
• As we have already seen the costs, scars and consequences of war are inseparable from its other aspects.
• We have been looking, for example at its interaction with the modern state. War is at the core of modern citizenship and the developing ideologies – especially nationalism – are geared to uniting people to fight. War is a, arguably the, main raison d’etre of the modern state.
Impacts associated with war
• economic development• Technological, medical and scientific
development• Cultural/psychological impact• Political manipulation• Social change (gender roles; weakens class)• Engenders revolutions• Destroys empires and economies
Impacts 1 Economic Development
• Victory can strengthen a country’s economic grip by defeating a rival – classic example is Britain vs France Seven Years’ War and beyond
• Imperialism and imperial state• War makes state a leading investor and/or
customer• War (and space) spending has a ‘Keynesian’ effect
on economy• ‘Military-industrial complex,
Impacts 2 Technological, medical and scientific development
Impacts 3 Cultural/psychological impact
• Enormous impact of war on culture high and low
• Goya and war painting from Napoleonic period
• From figurative to abstract art – music Tchaikovsky to Stravinsky– Painting - Kandinsky
Goya – Executions of the Third of May 1808
Goya Il Colosso
Goya from The Disasters of War
Salvador Dali Soft Construction
Robert Capa Death of a Loyalist Soldier 1936
Impacts 3 Cultural/psychological impact
• Enormous impact of war on culture high and low
• Goya and war painting from Napoleonic period
• From figurative to abstract art – music Tchaikovsky to Stravinsky– Painting - Kandinsky
Kandinsky 1908
Kandinsky 1912
Kandinsky 1912
Kandinsky 1919
Kandinsky 1923
War Movies
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gz3Cc7wlfkI
Political Manipulation
• Chauvinistic military campaigns to influence elections(Falklands factor)French imperialism in N.AfricaBismarck
Social change
• gender roles; in mass warfare women move into ‘male’ civilian roles at work (what happens when the surviving men come back?)
• weakens class – ‘all in it together’
Rosie the Riveter (US WWII)
Ministry of Labour/ RoSPA UK 1943
British Women Workers WW2
Engenders Revolutions
• Russian Revolution
• Chinese Revolution – People’s Liberation Army, Long March, Yunan Period
Destroys Empires