TypesOf Is

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8/6/2019 TypesOf Is


4 LEVELS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

´ Operational-level Systems

« Support operational managers by keeping track of

the elementary activities and transactions of the

organisation. The principle purpose of systems at

this level is to answer routine questions and track

the flow of transactions through the organisation.

Covers things such as sales, receipts, cash

deposits, payroll, credit decisions, flow of materials.

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´ Knowledge-level Systems

« Support knowledge and data workers in an

organisation. The purpose of these systems

is to help the organisation discover, organise

and integrate new and existing knowledge in

to the business, and to help control the flow

of paperwork. These systems, specially in the

form of collaboration tools, workstations, andoffice systems, are the fastest growing

applications in business today.

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´Management-level Systems

«Designed to serve the the monitoring,controlling, decision-making, and

administrative activities of middle managers.

These typically provide periodic reports rather

than instant information on operations. Someof these systems support non-routine

decision-making, focusing on less-structured

decisions for which information requirements

are not always clear. This will often require

information from outside the organisation, as

well as from normal operational-level data.

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´ Strategic-level Systems

«Help senior management tackle and address

strategic issues and long-term trends, both

within the organisation and in the external

environment. Principal concern is matching

organisational capability to changes, and

opportunities, occurring in the medium to

long term (i.e. 5 - 10 years) in the external

environment.

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« Typically, an organisation might haveoperational, knowledge, management andstrategic level systems for each functionalarea within the organisation. This would bebased on the management model adopted bythe organisation, so, while the most

commonly-adopted systems structure wouldsimply follow the standard functional model,structures reflecting bureaucratic, productand matrix models are also possible.

« As identified before, enterprise levelinformation systems attempt to encompassthe whole organisation in one system.

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OPERATIONAL-LEVEL SYSTEMS

´ Transaction-Processing Systems (TPS)

«Basic business systems

« Perform daily routine transactions necessary for

business functions

« At the operational level, tasks, resources and goals

are predefined and highly structured

«Generally, five functional categories are identified,as shown in the diagram.

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KNOWLEDGE-LEVEL SYSTEMS

´ Office Automation Systems (OAS)

« Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of data

workers within the organisation

«Data workers tend to process rather than create

information. Primarily involved in information use,

manipulation or dissemination.

« Typical OAS handle and manage documents,scheduling and communication.

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´ Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

« Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of knowledge workers within the organisation

« In general, knowledge workers hold degree-

level professional qualifications (e.g.

engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobs

consist primarily in creating new information

and knowledge

«K

WS, such as scientific or engineering designworkstations, promote the creation of new

knowledge, and its dissemination and

integration throughout the organisation.

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MANAGEMENT-LEVEL SYSTEMS

´Management Information Systems (MIS)

«MIS provide managers with reports and, insome cases, on-line access to the

organisations current performance andhistorical records

« Typically these systems focus entirely oninternal events, providing the information for

short-term planning and decision making.«MIS summarise and report on the basic

operations of the organisation, dependent onthe underlying TPS for their data.

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´ Decision-Support Systems (DSS)

« As MIS, these serve the needs of themanagement level of the organisation

« Focus on helping managers make decisionsthat are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly

changing, and not easily specified in advance«Use internal information from TPS and MIS,

but also information from external sources

«Greater analytical power than other systems,

incorporate modelling tools, aggregation andanalysis tools, and support what-if scenarios

«Must provide user-friendly, interactive tools

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Voyage-estimating Decision Support System

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STRATEGIC-LEVEL SYSTEMS

´ Executive Support/Information Systems(ESS/EIS)

« Serve the strategic level of the organisation

« ESS/EIS address unstructured decisions andcreate a generalised computing andcommunications environment, rather thanproviding any fixed application or specific

capability. Such systems are not designed tosolve specific problems, but to tackle achanging array of problems

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« ESS/EIS are designed to incorporate dataabout external events, such as new tax lawsor competitors, and also draw summarisedinformation from internalMIS and DSS

« These systems filter, compress, and trackcritical data, emphasising the reduction of

time and effort required to obtain informationuseful to executive management

« ESS/EIS employ advanced graphics softwareto provide highly visual and easy-to-use

representations of complex information andcurrent trends, but they tend not to provideanalytical models

8/6/2019 TypesOf Is


8/6/2019 TypesOf Is


Inter-relationships and inter-dependencies between IS types

TypesOf Is

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