PROJECT IN SCIENCE

Submitted by:

Zareena Cunanan

Kenji Delmoro

PROJECT IN SCIENCE

Submitted by:

Zareena Cunanan

Kenji Delmoro

TOPIC: EARTHQUAKE WAVES AND TYPHOONS

Seismic waves are not earthquakes themselves, but therefore are the cause of earthquakes AND volcanic eruptions, or waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers that impart low-frequency acoustic energy. Acoustic energy is found in sound, and are mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, ultrasound, and infrasound. Seismic waves can also be made by volcanic eruptions themselves.

Earthquakes create various types of waves with different velocities; when reaching seismic observatories, their different travel time help scientists to locate the source of the earthquake hypocenter. In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior, and man made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

SUBTOPIC: SEISMIC WAVESSUBTOPIC: EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES TO

TYPHOONS

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESFACT ABOUT EARTHQUAKESDid you know? “Earthquakes” happen in stars, too? The study of this is called Asteroseismology (from Greek ἀστήρ, astēr, "star"; σεισμός, seismos, "earthquake"; and -λογία, -logia) also known as stellar seismology. It is the science that studies the internal structure of pulsating stars by the interpretation of their frequency spectra. This study helps discover more of not only how earthquakes happen on stars, but on earth, too.

WAIT!

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESThere are 2 types of seismic waves. These are body waves and surface waves. Body waves happen under the surface of the earth. Surface waves happen on the surface of the earth.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESBODY WAVESThere are 2 types of seismic waves. These are body waves and surface waves. Body waves happen under the surface of the earth. Surface waves happen on the surface of the earth.

Body waves are seismic waves that ONLY occur under the ground. They are the cause of surface waves, and are sensed first in seismic observatories. They also vary in the temperature and composition of the elements underground.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESBODY WAVES

PRIMARY WAVESBody waves are seismic waves that ONLY occur under the ground. They are the cause of surface waves, and are sensed first in seismic observatories. They also vary in the temperature and composition of the elements underground.

Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that are longitudinal in nature. P waves are pressure waves that travel faster than other waves through the earth to arrive at seismograph stations first, hence the name "Primary". These waves can travel through any type of material, including fluids.In air, they take the form of sound waves, hence they travel at the speed of sound. Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in granite.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESBODY WAVES

PRIMARY WAVESPrimary waves (P-waves) are compressional waves that are longitudinal in nature. P waves are pressure waves that travel faster than other waves through the earth to arrive at seismograph stations first, hence the name "Primary". These waves can travel through any type of material, including fluids.In air, they take the form of sound waves, hence they travel at the speed of sound. Typical speeds are 330 m/s in air, 1450 m/s in water and about 5000 m/s in granite.

SECODARY WAVESSecondary waves (S-waves) are shear waves that are transverse in nature. S waves follow after Primary waves. S-waves can travel only through solids. S-waves are slower than P-waves, and speeds are typically around 60% of that of P-waves in any given material.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESSURFACE WAVESSurface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They are called surface waves because they weaken as they get further from the surface. Because of the long duration and large amplitude of the surface waves, they can be the most destructive type of seismic wave. Surface waves travel more slowly than the other type of seismic waves.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESSURFACE WAVESSurface waves travel along the Earth's surface. They are called surface waves because they weaken as they get further from the surface. Because of the long duration and large amplitude of the surface waves, they can be the most destructive type of seismic wave. Surface waves travel more slowly than the other type of seismic waves.

RAYLEIGHT WAVESRayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that travel like ripples of water. The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, in 1885. They are slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the speed of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic materials.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVESSURFACE WAVES

RAYLEIGHT WAVESRayleigh waves, also called ground roll, are surface waves that travel like ripples of water. The existence of these waves was predicted by John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, in 1885. They are slower than body waves, roughly 90% of the speed of S waves for typical homogeneous elastic materials.

LOVE WAVESLove waves are horizontally polarized shear waves (SH waves), existing only in the presence of a semi-infinite medium overlain by an upper layer of finite thickness. They are named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who created a mathematical model of the waves in 1911. They usually travel slightly faster than Rayleigh waves, about 90% of the S wave speed.

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKESEarthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. They don't just slide smoothly; the rocks catch on each other. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving.

CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKESAfter a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that's built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs. During the earthquake and afterward, the plates or blocks of rock start moving, and they continue to move until they get stuck again. The spot underground where the rock breaks is called the focus of the earthquake. The place right above the focus (on top of the ground) is called the epicenter of the earthquake.

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