©2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 6 Sensory Impairments: Hearing and Vision.
Types of Hearing Impairments
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Transcript of Types of Hearing Impairments
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Types of Hearing Impairments
• Conduction hearing impairment can result from:– damaged eardrum, which would prevent
sound waves from being carried into the middle ear properly)
– damage to the bones of the middle ear: sounds cannot be conducted from the eardrum to the cochlea
LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Types of Hearing Impairments
• Nerve hearing impairment can result from:– damage in the inner ear– damage in the auditory pathways and cortical
areas of the brain
LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Surgery to Help Restore Hearing
• Cochlear implant: a microphone implanted just behind the ear that picks up sound from the surrounding environment– The speech processor selects and arranges
the sound picked up by the microphone. – The implant is a transmitter and receiver,
converting signals into electrical impulses.
• Collected by the electrode array in the cochlea and then sent to the brain
LO 3.5 Hearing Impairment and Improvement
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Cochlear Implant(a) In a cochlear implant, a microphone implanted just behind the ear picks up sound from the surrounding environment. A speech processor, attached to the implant and worn outside the body, selects and arranges the sound picked up by the microphone. The implant itself is a transmitter and receiver, converting the signals from the speech processor into electrical impulses that are collected by the electrode array in the cochlea and then sent to the brain.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Cochlear Implant(b) This child is able to hear with the help of a cochlear implant. Hearing spoken language during the early years of a child’s life helps in the development of the child’s own speech.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Why do we change sounds, clothing styles, color preferences… So we notice them?
Old VersionJohnny Cash Fullsom Prison Blueshttp://www.last.fm/music/Johnny+Cash/_/Folsom+Prison+Blues
New VersionEverlastFullsom Prison Blueshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JW4eAHsaq-0
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
How Scary is a Scary movie without the sound?The movie “Psycho” by Alfred HitchcockTry it without sound first….Bates Motel?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81qweiWqyTU
If you have time you may wish to try others…Here are the top 10 scariest movies of 2011.http://www.movie-moron.com/?p=14023
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Ghost Huntershttp://www.syfy.com/ghosthunters/
How can they listen on different wavelengths? Is there a parallel universe?Are there ghosts?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Subliminal perception—the ability to notice stimuli that affect only the unconscious mind.
BACKMASKING IN MUSIC….http://jeffmilner.com/backmasking.htm
Really good BACK MASKING You tube Beatles 7 minuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UVDlg4x468Stairway to Heavenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgtxpRNT-r0&feature=relatedPokeman Raphttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cGEwFIsk0g&feature=related
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Taste
• Taste buds– taste receptor cells in mouth; responsible for
sense of taste
• Gustation– the sensation of a taste
LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(a) The right side of this drawing shows the nerves in the tongue’s deep tissue.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(b) The taste bud is located inside the papillae and is composed of small cells that send signals to the brain when stimulated by molecules of food.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Tongue and Taste Buds—A Crosscut View of the Tongue(c) Microphotograph of the surface of the tongue, showing two different sizes of papillae. The taste buds are located under the surface of the larger red papillae, whereas the smaller and more numerous papillae form a touch-sensitive rough surface that helps in chewing and moving food around the mouth.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Taste
• Five Basic Tastes:– sweet– sour– salty– bitter– “brothy,” or umami
LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Smell
• Olfaction (Olfactory Sense)– sense of smell
• Olfactory Bulbs– areas of the brain located just above the sinus
cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells
• There are at least 1,000 olfactory receptors.
LO 3.6 How Senses of Taste and Smell Work
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The Olfactory Receptors(a) A cross section of the nose and mouth. This drawing shows the nerve fibers inside the nasal cavity that carry information about smell directly to the olfactory bulb just under the frontal lobe of the brain (shown in green).
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Olfactory Receptors(b) A diagram of the cells in the nose that process smell. The olfactory bulb is on top. Notice the cilia, tiny hair like cells that project into the nasal cavity. These are the receptors for the sense of smell.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Somesthetic Senses
• Somesthetic senses: the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses– “soma”: body– “esthetic”: feeling
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Somesthetic Senses
• Skin senses: the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain– sensory receptors in the skin– gate-control theory: pain signals must pass
through a “gate” located in the spinal cord
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Cross Section of the Skin and Its ReceptorsThe skin is composed of several types of cells that process pain, pressure, and temperature. Some of these cells are wrapped around the ends of the hairs on the skin and are sensitive to touch on the hair itself, whereas others are located near the surface, and still others just under the top layer of tissue.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Somesthetic Senses
• Kinesthetic sense: sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other– proprioceptive receptors (proprioceptors)
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Somesthetic Senses
• Vestibular senses: the sensations of movement, balance, and body position
• Sensory conflict theory: an explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea, and other physical discomforts
LO 3.7 Sense of Touch, Pain, Motion, and Balance
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Now THE CENTER OF BALANCE TEST.CAN WE HAVE A FEW BOY & GIRL VOLUNTEERS.UP TO THE FRONT OF THE CLASSROOM.
BEND AT THE WAIST AND PLACE YOUR HEAD TIGHT AGAINST THE WHITEBOARD AT WAIST LEVEL. WITHOUT STEPING BACK, JUST STRAIGHTEN-UP….CAN YOU ALL DO IT? WHY OR WHY NOT?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ_ByifZvzI
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perception and Constancies
• Perception– the method by which the sensations
experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion
• Size Constancy– the tendency to interpret an object as always
being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
LO 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perception and Constancies
• Shape Constancy– the tendency to interpret the shape of an
object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina
• Brightness Constancy– the tendency to perceive the apparent
brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
LO 3.8 3.8 Perception and Perceptual Constancies
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Principles
• Figure–Ground– the tendency to perceive objects, or figures,
as existing on a background
• Reversible Figures– visual illusions in which the figure and ground
can be reversed
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Necker CubeThis is an example of a reversible figure. It can also be described as an ambiguous figure, since it is not clear which pattern should predominate.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Figure–Ground IllusionWhat do you see when you look at this picture? Is it a wine goblet? Or two faces looking at each other? This is an example in which the figure and the ground seem to “switch” each time you look at the picture.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Principles
• Similarity– the tendency to perceive things that look
similar to each other as being part of the same group
• Proximity– the tendency to perceive objects that are
close to each other as part of the same grouping
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Principles
• Closure– the tendency to complete figures that are
incomplete
• Continuity– the tendency to perceive things as simply as
possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Principles
• Contiguity– the tendency to perceive two things that
happen close together in time as being related
LO 3.9 Gestalt Principles of Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Principles of GroupingThe Gestalt principles of grouping are shown here. These are the human tendency to organize isolated stimuli into groups on the basis of five characteristics: proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and common region.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Gestalt Principles of GroupingThe Gestalt principles of grouping are shown here. These are the human tendency to organize isolated stimuli into groups on the basis of five characteristics: proximity, similarity, closure, continuity, and common region.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Development of Perception
• Depth perception: the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Monocular Cues
• Monocular cues (pictorial depth cues): cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only– linear perspective: the tendency for parallel
lines to appear to converge on each other– relative size: perception that occurs when
objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Monocular Cues
• Monocular Cues (cont’d)– interposition (overlap): the assumption that an
object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Monocular Cues
• Aerial perspective: the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater
• Texture gradient: the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Monocular Cues
• Motion parallax: the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away
• Accommodation: as a monocular clue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Monocular Cues
• Pictorial Depth Cues• Linear Perspective
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Pictorial Depth Cues(a) Both the lines of the trees and the sides of the road appear to come together or converge in the distance. This is an example of linear perspective.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Pictorial Depth Cues(b) Notice how the larger pebbles in the foreground seem to give way to smaller and smaller pebbles near the middle of the picture. Texture gradient causes the viewer to assume that as the texture of the pebbles gets finer, the pebbles are getting farther away.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Pictorial Depth Cues(c) In aerial or atmospheric perspective, the farther away something is the hazier it appears because of fine particles in the air between the viewer and the object. Notice that the road and farmhouse in the foreground are in sharp focus while the mountain ranges are hazy and indistinct.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Binocular Cues
• Binocular cues: cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes– convergence: the rotation of the two eyes in
their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Binocular Cues
• Binocular Cues (cont’d)– binocular disparity: the difference in images
between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects
LO 3.10 What Is Depth Perception?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perceptual Illusions
• The Hermann grid is possibly due to the response of the primary visual cortex.
• Müller-Lyer illusion: illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Muller-Lyer Illusion(a) Which line is longer? In industrialized Western countries, people generally see the lines in part (a) in situations similar to those in part (b). According to one theory, people have become accustomed to seeing right angles in their environment and assume that the short, slanted lines are forming a right angle to the vertical line.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Muller-Lyer IllusionThey make that assumption because they are accustomed to seeing corners, such as the ones depicted in the house interiors shown on the right in part (b). Consequently, in part (a), they tend to perceive the line on the right as slightly longer than the line on the left.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perceptual Illusions
• Moon illusion: the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky– apparent distance hypothesis
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perceptual Illusions
• Illusions of Motion– autokinetic effect: a small, stationary light in a
darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate that the light is not moving
– stroboscopic motion: seen in motion pictures, in which a rapid series of still pictures will appear to be in motion
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perceptual Illusions
• Illusions of Motion– phi phenomenon: lights turned on in a
sequence appear to move– rotating snakes: due in part to eye
movements– The Enigma: due in part to microsaccades
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/944383/cool_illusionols/Good 4 minute clip on the different types of illusions
Does this picture lookFamiliar? Why?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perceptual Illusions
• Ame’s Room Illusion
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
Sometimes called ‘Mystery Spots’
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Factors that Influence Perception
• Perceptual set (perceptual expectancy): the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
• Top-down processing: the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Factors that Influence Perception
• Bottom-up processing: the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
LO 3.11 How Visual Illusions and Other Factors Influence Perception
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Perceptual SetLook at the drawing in the middle. What do you see? Now look at the drawings on each end. Would you have interpreted the middle drawing differently if you had looked at the drawing of the man’s face or the sitting woman first?
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
The Devil’s TridentAt first glance, this seems to be an ordinary three-pronged figure. But a closer look reveals that the three prongs cannot be real as drawn. Follow the lines of the top prong to see what goes wrong.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
What happens when your senses blend?Can you taste color?
Synesthesiahttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/30572-one-step-beyond-synesthesia-video.htm
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION SCIENCE OR NOT?
Extrasensory perception (ESP) involves reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind.
The study of psi phenomena such as ESP is called parapsychology. The consensus of the Parapsychological Association is that certain types of psychic phenomena such as psychokinesis(movement of matter), telepathy and astral projection(outside of the body) are well established.
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Uri Geller and his famous “spoon bending”http://youtu.be/-zJXlKiqBZo
Chriss Angel and his version of the spoon bending phenomenon
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
And how about TV shows (science or entertainment)
such as the Ghost whisperer
Medium
Ghost Hunters
And…
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Zener cards used in the early twentieth century
for experimental research into ESP.
Let us try a quick, very unscientific, version of telepathy testing. Can you read my mind with the Zener Cards?
Find a piece of paper and number 1-20…
Here is another unscientific versionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn7-JZq0Yxs
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Psychology, Third EditionSaundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
Secrets of the Psychics on ‘Ted Talks’
[Psychics] use exactly the same gimmicks that we magicians do — the same physical methods, the same psychological methods — and they effectively and profoundly deceive millions of people around the earth, to their detriment.” (James Randi)
http://www.ted.com/talks/james_randi.htmlGood clip on assumptions…try at least the first minute or so!