Grunt Productions

2008

Types of FogTypes of Fog

A brief by Lance GrindleyA brief by Lance Grindley

Grunt Productions

2008

Grunt Productions

2008

• Radiation fogRadiation fog generally forms when the air near the surface generally forms when the air near the surface cools to its saturation temperature due to radiational cools to its saturation temperature due to radiational cooling at night when the sun has set. cooling at night when the sun has set.

• We start with a clear evening with moderate or high We start with a clear evening with moderate or high humidity and light winds. As the sun's energy diminishes at humidity and light winds. As the sun's energy diminishes at dusk, the ground surface radiates its heat away faster than dusk, the ground surface radiates its heat away faster than it can gain it from other sources, and thus its temperature it can gain it from other sources, and thus its temperature drops. The cool surface then cools the air in contact with it. drops. The cool surface then cools the air in contact with it. Throughout the night, the surface and overlying air Throughout the night, the surface and overlying air continue to cool (unless warmer air moves in, or a cloud continue to cool (unless warmer air moves in, or a cloud deck forms above); the degree of cooling depends on deck forms above); the degree of cooling depends on several factors including cloud cover, wind speed and several factors including cloud cover, wind speed and number of hours of darkness. number of hours of darkness.

• If the air reaches its condensation, or If the air reaches its condensation, or dewpointdewpoint, , temperature during that nocturnal cooling, fog will form. A temperature during that nocturnal cooling, fog will form. A wet surface — moist soil or pools of standing water — wet surface — moist soil or pools of standing water — significantly increases the chances of radiation fog significantly increases the chances of radiation fog formation, so the radiation fog potential is high after a formation, so the radiation fog potential is high after a rainfall, particularly if followed by a cold front which clears rainfall, particularly if followed by a cold front which clears the skies and lowers the air temperature. Radiation fog is the skies and lowers the air temperature. Radiation fog is not as common over water surfaces since the cooling of the not as common over water surfaces since the cooling of the water surface by radiation is much slower during the night water surface by radiation is much slower during the night than the cooling occurring over the land. than the cooling occurring over the land.

Grunt Productions

2008

Grunt Productions

2008

Grunt Productions

2008

• Advection fogsAdvection fogs are fogs formed when air moves are fogs formed when air moves either over a cooler surface or over a warmer, either over a cooler surface or over a warmer, moist surface, and as a result the air mass moist surface, and as a result the air mass reaches saturation. Most often this occurs when a reaches saturation. Most often this occurs when a moist air mass moves over a cold surface, such moist air mass moves over a cold surface, such as a large, cold body of water or snow/ice cover, as a large, cold body of water or snow/ice cover, whose temperature is below the dew point of the whose temperature is below the dew point of the advecting air mass, and its lowest reaches are advecting air mass, and its lowest reaches are cooled to condensation.cooled to condensation.

• The formation of advection fogs is enhanced The formation of advection fogs is enhanced when the distance (fetch) over which the when the distance (fetch) over which the advecting air moves is large. A low wind speed advecting air moves is large. A low wind speed heightens the likelihood as the air remains in heightens the likelihood as the air remains in contact with the surface long enough to cool the contact with the surface long enough to cool the air layer sufficiently. Advection fogs are often air layer sufficiently. Advection fogs are often persistent since the weather situation that forms persistent since the weather situation that forms them can last a day or more. Usually, either a them can last a day or more. Usually, either a frontal passage and change of air-mass or a frontal passage and change of air-mass or a major change in wind direction are needed for major change in wind direction are needed for dissipation of advection fog to take place. dissipation of advection fog to take place.

Grunt Productions

2008

Grunt Productions

2008

Grunt Productions

2008

• UpslopeUpslope and and valley fogsvalley fogs are two special cases are two special cases • They form when air moving in hilly or mountainous terrain cools to They form when air moving in hilly or mountainous terrain cools to

condensation. condensation. • For example, when air tries to move over a terrain obstacle, it For example, when air tries to move over a terrain obstacle, it

cools to some degree as it rises, the degree of cooling depending cools to some degree as it rises, the degree of cooling depending on the amount of rise. During that cooling, if the air temperature on the amount of rise. During that cooling, if the air temperature falls below the dew point, the resulting condensation will form a falls below the dew point, the resulting condensation will form a cloud. If that cloud hugs the ground, it becomes fog at that cloud. If that cloud hugs the ground, it becomes fog at that surface. For example, an air mass moving over a water body may surface. For example, an air mass moving over a water body may gain moisture until it is very near its saturation level. While still gain moisture until it is very near its saturation level. While still over the water, it may not cool enough to reach condensation, but over the water, it may not cool enough to reach condensation, but when forced over the shore, the rise from water level may cause when forced over the shore, the rise from water level may cause enough cooling to form a cloud/fog. enough cooling to form a cloud/fog.

• When we see clouds hugging a mountain summit, you can be sure When we see clouds hugging a mountain summit, you can be sure it is foggy on the mountain it embraces. In areas like the raincoast it is foggy on the mountain it embraces. In areas like the raincoast of the Pacific Northwest of North America, upslope movement of of the Pacific Northwest of North America, upslope movement of moist Pacific air can cause extensive fog at higher elevations moist Pacific air can cause extensive fog at higher elevations which disappears when the air descends on the lee of the ranges. which disappears when the air descends on the lee of the ranges.

• Valley fogs form when the air near the terrain heights cools — Valley fogs form when the air near the terrain heights cools — usually by radiation at night — and descends through its greater usually by radiation at night — and descends through its greater density into the surrounding valleys, flowing like water. Pooled in density into the surrounding valleys, flowing like water. Pooled in the valley, the cold air may condense the water vapor present into the valley, the cold air may condense the water vapor present into a fog which fills the valleys to a depth. Satellite photographs show a fog which fills the valleys to a depth. Satellite photographs show the dramatic regionality of valley fog, bright fingers of fog lying the dramatic regionality of valley fog, bright fingers of fog lying between mountain ridges. between mountain ridges.

Grunt Productions

2008

Grunt Productions

2008

• frontal fogfrontal fog, which may also be called , which may also be called precipitation precipitation fogfog. This fog type generally occurs when rain . This fog type generally occurs when rain falling from warm air aloft evaporates at or near falling from warm air aloft evaporates at or near the surface under light wind conditions. The the surface under light wind conditions. The evaporating precipitation as it falls through colder evaporating precipitation as it falls through colder air thus increasing the surface air's moisture air thus increasing the surface air's moisture burden until condensation is achieved. Such fogs burden until condensation is achieved. Such fogs are most common in the vicinity of warm or are most common in the vicinity of warm or stationary fronts, but they can form at cold fronts stationary fronts, but they can form at cold fronts as well. However, cold fronts generally move and as well. However, cold fronts generally move and mix too quickly to allow the condition to persist mix too quickly to allow the condition to persist for long.for long.

• Precipitation fogPrecipitation fog can also occur under other can also occur under other conditions, such as beneath an area where rain conditions, such as beneath an area where rain falls from air driven upslope over terrain. It may falls from air driven upslope over terrain. It may also form briefly in areas where hot surfaces are also form briefly in areas where hot surfaces are quenched by showers. In this situation the hot quenched by showers. In this situation the hot surface forces evaporation of the rain hitting it surface forces evaporation of the rain hitting it and the vapor mixes with the cool air surrounding and the vapor mixes with the cool air surrounding the falling rain to become over-saturated. the falling rain to become over-saturated.

Grunt Productions

2008

• A Foggy SituationA Foggy Situation• Because of its obscuring nature, fog is Because of its obscuring nature, fog is

often used as a metaphor for the often used as a metaphor for the hidden, unknown or unclear. Poet hidden, unknown or unclear. Poet Emily Dickenson's last words were Emily Dickenson's last words were reported to be: "The fog is rising." Its reported to be: "The fog is rising." Its image fills literature and poetry and image fills literature and poetry and song. But fog as fog has its own place song. But fog as fog has its own place in the hearts of many writers. My in the hearts of many writers. My favorite, and perhaps the best known, favorite, and perhaps the best known, is Carl Sandburg's short poem is Carl Sandburg's short poem FogFog..

• Even before my eyelids rose to greet Even before my eyelids rose to greet the dawn, I knew fog had settled over the dawn, I knew fog had settled over the city. The repeated moan of the the city. The repeated moan of the Victoria Harbour foghorn had been my Victoria Harbour foghorn had been my distant town crier, spreading the news distant town crier, spreading the news over the sleepy city. When I first over the sleepy city. When I first looked out my window, the fog was looked out my window, the fog was thick around me and closed around the thick around me and closed around the neighborhood. Trees and buildings only neighborhood. Trees and buildings only tens of meters distant were swallowed tens of meters distant were swallowed by the fog's embrace. I settled back by the fog's embrace. I settled back and enjoyed a few more minutes of and enjoyed a few more minutes of sleep. sleep.

The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves

on.on.Carl Sandburg, FogCarl Sandburg, Fog