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TYPESOF
DISPENSED PREPARATIONS
Dr. Dhaivat C. ParikhInstitute of Pharmacy, Nirma University
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
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Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
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Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Aerosols
Suspensions of Fine, Solids or Liquid in GAS
For Respiratory Track or Skin
Using Atomizers or Nebulizers
By applying Pressure to BULB – Ejects MIST suspended in Air
Guide Patient to Use – Not to Exhale
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Applications
Fluid or Semi-Fluid
Intended for SKIN
Topical Preparation
Suspension or Emulsion
E.g. – Majority Anti-parasitics
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Cachets
Preparation Like Capsules
For Nauseous or Disagreeable Powders in Tasteless Form
Moulded from Rice Paper as Upper & Lower
WET Seal – with Water Upper & Lower Same Size
DRY Seal – LOCKING Upper is Slightly Bigger
Like Current Capsules
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Cachets
Capacity : 0.2 to 2 gm of Powder
Softened by immersion in Water before Oral Administration
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Capsules
Generally Cylindrical Shape
For Unpleasant Medicaments
Hard Capsule Gelatin – Body & Cap – Locking System
Soft Capsule (Flexible Capsule) Solid, Liquid, Semi-solid
Gelatin with Glycerol for Flexibility
Variety of Shapes – Spherical like Perl, Ovoid, Hemi-Spherical
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Collodions
Fluid Preparation
External Use –Topical
Applied with Brush or Rod
Vehicle is Volatile – Ether / Alcohol
Flexibility in Film by Castor Oil
Forms Film – Pyroxylin (Nitrocellulose)
Unmedicated for Protective – Small Cuts
Medicated for Prolong Contact with Skin
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Creams
Very Popular in External Category Product
Semi-solid EMULSION
External Use –Topical
Aqueous –Oil in Water Emulsion
OR
Oily –Water in Oil Emulsion –GREASY
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Draughts
Liquid Oral – INTERNAL Preparation
Only ONE or TWO larger Dose – 50 mL
Unit Dose Preparation to be Supplied
Exception for Paediatric – 10 or 15 mL in Multiple-Dose Volume
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Dusting Powders
Free Flowing Powders
Very-Fine Powder
For External Use Only
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Ear Drops
Solution (Liquid Preparation)
For Cavity (Not Internal – Not External)
Drops to be instilled into Ear with Dropper
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Elixirs
CLEAR Liquid ORAL Preparation
Potent or Nauseous Drugs
Pleasant Flavour and Attractive Colour
Generally Stable Mixture
Exception Dry Granules to be Dissolved in Solvent by
Patient just before Use
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Emulsions
Oil in Water OR Water in Oil
Internal or External
Stabilized by Emulsifier / Gum
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Enemas
RECTAL Administration
For Cavity (Not Internal – Not External)
Solution / Suspension / Emulsion
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Gargles
Aqueous Solutions
For Cavity (Not Internal –Not External)
Throat Infection –Prevention or Treatment
Dispensed as Concentrated Preparation
To be Diluted with Warm Water before Use
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Gels
Aqueous Colloidal Suspension of Hydrated Forms of INSOLUBLE Medicament
Also Internal – Like ANTACID
Jellies are External Preparation
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Granules
Solid Oral Preparation
For Unpleasant Medicament
Small irregular shape particles (2 – 4 mm)
Generally, Unit Dose Supply
To be Dispersed in Water before Use
Drug + Sugar + Others are Moistened to Coherent Mass and Passed through Sieve and Dried
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Effervescent Granules
Granules of Acids with Bicarbonates Citric Acid & Tartaric Acid
Granule in Water – Reaction in Acid & Base
Generation of CARBON DIOXIDE Gas
Gas subsides Unpleasant Taste of Drug
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Inhalations
Liquid VOLATILE Preparation
To relieve Congestion & Inflammation of Respiratory Track
[A] Volatile at Room Temperature Use Handkerchief or Fabric Face Mask
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Inhalations
[B] To be added to Hot (Not Boiling) ~ 650C Vapour is inhaled for about 10 Minutes
Generally, Alcoholic Preparation
May have Light Magnesium Carbonate as Adsorbent of Volatile ingredient
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Insufflations
Medicated Dusting Powder
Blown by INSUFFLATOR (Like Atomizer) whereby Powder is Difficult to Apply
Nose, Throat, Body Cavity, Ear
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Irrigations
Medicated Solution for Treatment of Infection in Body Cavity
Like Bladder, Vagina & Less often Nose
Administered by Thin Rubber/Plastic Tube Catheter for Bladder
Vulcanite or Plastic Pipe for Vagina
Glass irrigator for Nose
Solution & Device must be Sterile
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Irrigations
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Jellies (Gels)
Transparent / Translucent, Non-Greasy, Semi-solid
Mainly For External Use
Gelatin, Starch, Sodium alginate
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Linctuses
Viscous Liquid ORAL preparation
Mainly for Cough Relief
More Syrup, Sometimes Glycerin
Small Dose, Prolong Action
To be Sipped Slowly
Swallowed Neat
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Liniments
Fluid / Semi-Fluid / Semi-Solid
For External Use only
Application on Skin –Topical
Alcoholic / Oily / Emulsion
Tobe Massaged (with Friction)
Pain Relief (Counter Irritant)
NOT for BROKEN Skin
Sometime with Warm Dressing or with Brush
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Lotions
Fluid – Skin Topical Application
Without Friction
Sometimes Covered to Prevent Evaporation
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Lozenges (Troches)
Solid Preparation
Drug for Mouth & Throat Infections
Drug for Mouth Freshness, Cough Remedies
Drug + Sugar + Gum
Gum = Hardness, Cohesiveness, Slow Release
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Lozenges (Troches)
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Mixtures
Liquid ORAL in Aqueous vehicle
Solution / Suspension
Not for Very Long Time duration
Freshly Prepared
Used Quickly (within a Month)
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Mouthwashes
Similar to Gargles
For Oral Hygiene
Treatment of Oral infections
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Nasal Drops
Solution to be instilled into Nose with Dropper
Usually Aqueous
Generally Not Oily – Inhibit Cilia Movement in Nasal mucosa and if used Long may reach to Lungs & cause Lipoidal pneumenia
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Ointments
Semi-solid, Greasy - For External Use Only
Skin, Rectus, Nasal mucosa, etc.
Base is usually Anhydrous
Drug in Solution / Suspension in Base
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Paediatric Drops
Liquid Preparation
Very Small Dose
Use Calibrated Dropper
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Paints
Liquid for Skin / Mucosa –Use Soft Brush
Skin Paint –Volatile solvent – Dry Film
Throat Paint –Viscous & Sticky (Glycerin) for Longer Action of Drug on Local Site
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Pastes
Semi-solid External –Topical
High Proportion of Finely Powdered (Solid)
Base may be Anhydrous (Parafin) or Hydrous (Glycerol and Mucilage)
Stiffness – useful for Protective Coating
Currently – Dental & Oral
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Pastilles
Like Lozenges / Troches
Softer than Lozenges / Troches
Solid –To be Dissolved Slowly in Mouth
Cough, Mouth/Throat Infection, Freshness
(Glycerol + Gelatin) OR (Acacia + Sugar)
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Pessaries
Solid Preparation for introduction in Vagina
Tobe Melt / Dissolve in Vagina – Local Effect
Anti-fungal, Anti-Bacterial, etc
1. Moulded –Cone Shape (like Suppositories)
2. Compressed –Any Shape Flat - Tablets
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Pills
Solid ORAL preparation
Generally, Hand-made
Spherical / Ovoid –Usually Sugar Coated
Now Replaced by Tablets & Capsules
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Poultices
Paste like – For External Use
Reduce INFLAMMATION by Retaining Heat
Heat the Poultice (Heat as Patient bear hot), and Spread on Thick Dressing & Apply
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Powders
Solid Preparation for INTERNAL use.
Bulk Powder for Non-Potent Drug
Individual Powder for Potent Drug
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Solutions
Generalized Term – Multiple purposes
Oral / Irrigation / Dermatological
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Solution Tablets
Tablets to be Dissolved in Water to prepare Solution (to be used immediately)
They are formulated to Quickly Dissolved
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Sprays
Like Aerosols
Drug in Aqueous or Alcoholic media
To be apply on Mucosa of Nose / Throat with Atomizer or Nebulizer
Generally OILY Sprays are Not used.
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Suppositories
Conical / Ovoid shaped Solid Preparation
For Rectal Use Only
Melt / Dissolve / Disperse for Local / Systemic
In Past Small Cone shaped – for Ear infection
Long & Very Narrow – BOUGIES – For Nasal or Urethral Infection
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Syrups
Liquid Oral Preparation
Vehicle is Conc. Sucrose Aqueous Solution
Medicated Syrups –used as Stock Solution
Flavouring Syrups –Vehicle with Flavour
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Tablets
Solid Preparation
Compression or Moulding Method
Not widely used in Past
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Vitrellae
Thin walled Glass Capsule containing VOLATILE ingredients
Supplied in Silk Bag / Covered in Cotton
Crush the Capsule and inhale the Vapours
PREPARATIONS FOR
EXTEMPORANEOUSDISPENSING
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Extracts
Concentrated Preparation containing Active ingredients of Vegetable or Animal Drugs.
Drugs are Extracted with Suitable Solvent
LIQUID –Concentrated Liquid
DRY – Solvent Removed After Extraction
SOFT – Semi-solid Mass after Evaporation
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Glycerins
Liquid Solution
Drug in Glycerol
With or Without addition of Water
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Infusions
Fresh Extracts of Vegetables
Extracted using Cold or Hot Boiling Water
Not for Longer Use (Because may have Microbial Contamination on Long Storage)
Generally, to be used within 12 Hours
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Oxymels
Vehicle is HONEY with ACID
Generally, ACID is Acetic Acid
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Spirits
Vehicle is Alcoholic or Aqueous-Alcoholic (Hydro-Alcoholic) Solution of VOLATILE Substances.
Very Few Medicinal Spirits
Generally, FlavouringAgents
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Tinctures
Alcoholic Preparations having Active Drug (Generally from Vegetable Source)
Relatively Weaker than Extract
Extract - More Concentrated than Tincture
Dr. Dhaivat Parikh
Waters
AROMATIC Waters
Dilute Preparation
Usually SATURATED Preparations
Solutions of Volatile Oils or Volatile Substances like Camphor or Chloroform
Generally, Flavoring Agents
THANKSDr. Dhaivat C. Parikh
Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University