TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION : BUILDING, BRIDGE AND ROAD

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UNIT 1:

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION :BUILDING, BRIDGE AND ROAD

By: Khairunnisa Binti Muhamad

Pegawai Latihan VokasionalDepartment of Building Construction (Advanced System)

Session: July- Dec 2013


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TOPICCONTENT:

1.1 Overview of construction development

1.2 Building Construction (Project delivery method)

1.3 Uniform multi storey building construction

1.4 Bridge construction1.5 Road construction


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1.1 OVERVIEWOFCONSTRUCTIONDEVELOPMENT

Construction can be described as a basic industry

that fulfills human needs.

The building we occupied,

roads we drive on and bridge that we cross

construction is a process that consists of the

building or assembling of infrastructure.


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Construction could be in a;

single activity such as building a house, a road or a

bridge;

large scale construction such as development of new

commercial area which consists of buildings and otherinfrastructure facilities.

1.1 OVERVIEWOFCONSTRUCTIONDEVELOPMENT

Who manage and supervise

construction activities???


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Project manager

Project manager

Design engineer

Construction

engineer

Project Architect


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4 categories of construction sector

RESIDENTIAL

List Example??

Privately fundedby individualowners/privateowner .

Normally usefairly lowtechnology andreadily available

technology.

COMMERCIALBUILDING

List Example??

Private orpublicfunding

Typicaldesign orspecialization

INFRASTRUCTURE& HEAVY HIGHWAY

List example??

Public funded

Design by civilengineer

Build by heavyconstructioncontractors

INDUSTRIAL

List examples??

Mostly privatefunded

Special design

High level oftechnologyused


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bui ld ing may refer to

any man-made structure used or intended for

supporting or sheltering any use or continuous

occupancy, or

An act of construction.

Structural heigh t

the height to the highest architectural detail on building

from street-level

1.2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION


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CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Agricultural buildings

Commercial buildings

Residential Buildings

Educational buildings

Government buildings

Industrial buildings

Military buildings

Parking and storage

Religious buildings

Transit stations


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1.2.1 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS

Conventional or traditional

methods

Modern or industrialized

methods

Conventional or traditional methods


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Modern or industrialized methods


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1.2.1 PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS


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FEEL LIKEEINSTEIN


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Defini t ion:A mult i -s toryis a building that has

multiple floorsabove ground in the building. General purpo sein constructing a multi-story

building is to increase the area of the building

without increasing the area of the land the building

is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases,

money.

un i form mult i -s toreycarries a meaning of

building that has same structure throughout its

multiple floors. Multi-storey buildings usually must

have additional safetysystems, such as fire

sprinklers and fire escapes, as mandated by

building codes.

1.3 UNIFORM MULTI-STOREY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storey


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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WORKS CONCEPT

PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE

CONSTRUCTION STAGE


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Design Team consists of

ClientArchitect

Landscape architect (if necessary)

Civil and structure engineerMechanical and electrical engineer

Infrastructural engineer

Quantity surveyors


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Major construction activities of a building consist of six (6) elements

namely;

Site preparation/mobilization

Foundation Works

Structural works

Architectural works : Exterior and Interior

Mechanical & Electrical Services

Infrastructural Works/ External Works


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CONSTRUCTIONPROCESS


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SITE PREPARATION AND

MOBILIZATION


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Clearing the site

Setting out the building

Establishing a datum level

Mobilization process consists of moving in activities

by the builder. These includes;

establishing accommodation and facilities for site

staff, storage for materials and machineries;

temporary drainage to avoid flooding; and

temporary fencing/hording for security.

ACTIVITIES


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STRUCTURALWORKS

ROOF

uppermost part of a building Function Of Roof??

SUPERSTRUCTURE

upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline

SUBSTRUCTURE

structure below a baseline or the lowest support of a structure

FOUNDATION

Shallow Foundation / Deep Foundation


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MECHANICALANDELECTRICALSERVICES

The typical M&E systems in a building are;HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning

system

cold and hot water systems,

plumbing systems (storm and sanitary drainage),fire protection and security,

electrical distributions,

lighting and

building transportation (e.g. lifts and elevators).


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INFRASTRUCTURALWORKS/EXTERNALWORKS

roads,

drainage,accommodation of services


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A bridge is a structure built to span a valley, road, body ofwater, or other physical obstacle, for the purpose of providing

passage over the obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending

on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the

bridge is constructed, the material used to make it and thefunds available to build it.


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Basically, there are four main factors used in

describinga bridgenamely:

span (simple, continuous, cantilever),

material (stone, concrete, metal, etc.),

placement of the travel surface in relation tothe structure (deck, pony, through)

form (beam, arch, truss, etc.).


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The three basic types o f spansare shown in

below


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three common travel surface

configurations


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There are six main types of bridges;

beam bridges

cantilever bridges arch bridges

suspension bridges

cable-stayed bridges and

truss bridges.


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1) Beam and Girder types

A beam bridge is a direct descendant of the log bridge. It isnormally made from shallow steel such as;

'I' beams,

box girders,

reinforced concrete, orpost-tensioned concrete.


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Main components of beam bridge

pile,

deck and

pile base


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2) Arch types
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Australia_sydney-404.jpg


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arch bridges supports system

M th d f l ifi ti f h


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Methods of classification for arch

bridges

M th d f l ifi ti f


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Methods of classification for masonry

types-arch bridge

3) S i t


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3) Suspension types

The longest bridges in the world are suspension bridges or their cousins,

the cable-stayed bridge.

The deckof any suspension bridge is hung from suspenders of wire rope,

eye-bars or other materials.

Materials used for the other parts also vary;

piers (steel or masonry)

deck (girders or trussed)A tied arch resists spreading (drift) at its bearings by using the deck

as a tie piece.

Main characteristic of suspension bridge are;

aesthetic,

light, andstrong.

Therefore, these bridges can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet (far

longer than any other kind of bridge) and used to be the most expensive kind

of bridge to build


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Types of suspension bridges


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BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION: PROJECT

DELIVERYIdentify location & feasibility

study by PWD

Site Survey by land Surveyor for

location & boundary line

Open Tender- Design and

build

Contract Award

Detail Design and method of

construction produced & clarified

Construction-segmented/ pre-

stress/ fabrication & erection/

false work

Completion-handover &

maintenance

Revise design/

method

PWD approval

Process flow in design and build contract for bridgeconstruction


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Method of bridge constructionis varies and depend

on the contractors design either to be in;

segmented,pre-stressing,

fabrication and erection stage or

false work.


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SUPERSTRUCTURE

The SUPERSTRUCTURE consists of the

components that actually span the obstacle the

bridge is intended to cross. It includes:

the bridge deck,

the structural members, and

the parapets, handrails, sidewalk, lighting anddrainage features.


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SUBSTRUCTURE

The bridge SUBSTRUCTURE consists of all parts that

support the superstructure. The main components are;

abutments or end-bents;

piers or interior bents;

footings; and

piling.


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CONSTRUCTION OPERATION


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CONSTRUCTION OPERATION

(CONCRETE BRIDGE)

Pre-stressing Methods

Fabrication and Erection Stages

Falsework/Temporary Framework


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Pre-stressing Methods

If steel reinforcement in

reinforced concrete

structures is tensioned

against the concrete, thestructure becomes a pre-

stressed concrete

structure.

2. Post-Tensioning

1. Pre-Tensioning
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Prestressed_concrete_en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Prestressed_concrete_en.svg


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Pre-Tensioning

Pre-tensioning is accomplished by stressing tendons, steel wires,

or stands to a predetermined amount. While stress is maintained in

the tendons, concrete is placed in the structure.

After the concrete in the structure is hardened, the tendons are

released and the concrete bonded to the tendons becomes pre-

stressed.

Hydraulic jacks and stands composed of several wires twisted

around a straight centre wire are the techniques used in pre-

tensioning.


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Post-Tensioning

Post-tensioned happened when the tendons are tensioned after the

concrete has hardened and attained sufficient strength (usually at

70% of final strength) to withstand the pre-stressing forces, and each

of the tendons are encored.

A common method used to prevent tendons from bonding to the

concrete during placing and curing is to encase the tendon in mortal-

tight metal tube or flexible metal hose before placing in the forms.

After the tendons have been stressed, the void between thetendons and the duct is filled with grout.


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Fabrication and Erection Stages

In the case of cast-in-place box-girder bridge construction, the

sequences of pre-stressing tendons have to be engineered step-by-step

to ensure that the structure will have all parameters for future service

load after completion this stage.

The sequence of the erection may produce additional stresses thatstructures or portion of the structures were not designed for. These

stressed and stability of the structures during erection is a big concern

that is often overlooked by both designers and contractors.

It is important for construction engineering to accomplish safe and

efficient fabrication and erection of bridge structure.


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Falsework/Temporary Framework

The construction of falsework is when the permanent structure is supported

during the construction. This type of work is associated with the construction

of cast-in-place concrete structures, especially bridge superstructures.

The falsework provides a stable platform upon which the forms may be builtand furnish support for the bridge superstructure.

Bridge falsework can be classified in two types:

conventional systems in which the various components (beams, posts,

caps, bracing, etc.) are erected individually to form the completed

system and

proprietary systems in which metal components are assembled into

modular units that can be stacked to form a series of towers that

compose the vertical load-carrying members of the system.


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ROAD CONSTRUCTION


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ROAD CONSTRUCTION

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places.Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy

travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply

recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.


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Design, planning, legal and environmental

approval/consideration

Alignment of road by the licensed

surveyor

Earthwork- removing top soil, cut and fill,

compacting, construction and trimming

Sub-grade

Sub-base

Wearing Course

Installation of road accessories

Step-by-step process in road construction

1) Earthwork


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1) Earthwork

Processes during earthwork includes;

excavation,removal of material to spoil,

filling,

Compacting,

construction and trimming.


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2) Sub-grades


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2) Sub grades

In highway engineering, sub-grades is the native material underneath a constructed

pavement. It is also called formation level.

Depending on the natural soils of the site, the sub-grades can be the natural soil itself-if it

meets load bearing tests, is compacted soil, or is stabilized with activities.

Sub-grades are commonly compacted before the construction of a pavement, and are

sometimes stabilized by the addition of asphalt, soil cement, portland cement or

lime. It is the foundation of the pavement structure, on which the sub-base is laid.


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Preparation of the sub-grades for construction usually involves digging, in order to

remove surface vegetation, topsoil and other unwanted material, and to create space

for the upper layer of the pavement. This process is known as sub-grades formationor

reduction to level.

The simplest form of sub-grade formation is a 'site-strip'. This process involves the

removal of all surface vegetation along with the root zone, approximately 50mm in

depth. It is bad practice to construct a pavement over surface vegetation; as organic

material, it will decompose, which could lead to the formation of voids in the covering

layers, which could, in turn, lead to pavement settlement.

The strength of a sub-grade is measured by a test known as the CBR or "California

Bearing Ratio". This test involves the use of a standard plunger being forced onto a

sample of the soil/sub-grade being assessed at a steady rate of 1mm per minute. The

force required to achieve each 0.25mm of penetration is recorded and the results can

be checked against standard tables to give a numerical value which is referred to as

the CBR.


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"California Bearing Ratio test

3) Sub-base


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3) Sub base

The sub-base layer is often the main load-bearing layer of a pavement.

It is designed to evenly spread the load of the paving, and any traffic there on,to the sub-grade below.

The sub-base is intended to prevent channelization and settlement. A

finished sub-base should not deviate from the correct level by more than

10mm, and should reflect the final profile of the paving. The bedding layer

above the sub-base ought to be a constant thickness to avoid differential

settlement.

The materials used to construct a sub-base are chosen for their inherent

load-spreading capabilities when correctly laid.

Two different types of material considered are:

Unbound Granular MaterialCement Bound Materialmass concrete

50mm crusher runis the most popular, cheaper and suitable material for road

because it is less rigid control of the fines and slightly softer or less competent

rock.


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The thickness of the sub-base is depends on the future used of the road

Project Typical depth

Patios, Garden Paths 75-100mm

Driveways, public footpaths 100-150mm

Heavy uses 150-225mm

Highways 150mm +


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As illustrates in Figure below the use of geo-fabric materials is to provide:

Separation: to prevent bedding layers disappearing into sub-bases/subgrades;

to keep sub-bases from mixing into sub-grades; to minimise/prevent soil-pumping

Filtration: as drainage composites or lagging to filter drains

Reinforcement: to inhibit reflective cracking in asphalt courses; strengthening

of poor sub-grades


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4) Wearing Course


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) g

Wearing surfaces are either paved or unpaved. Wearing course is the top layer

of the road that we seen and trafficked. It needs to be fairly regular to provide a

smooth ride for wheeled vehicles, although this is much more important on

higher speed pavements than on residential driveways.

A macadam wearing course should consist of a small, hard aggregate,

usually 6mm or 10mm, in a tar or bitumen binder.

compacted broken stone, now usually bound with tar or asphalt.

Alternatively, an asphalt may be used; this material is also known as a sand

carpet or asphalt carpet, and is prepared in a batch plant to a specified ratio,

consisting of selected sands and grits mixed into an asphalt matrix, with coatedchippings sprinkled over the surface and rolled (machine or hand laid, depending

on area and access) into the asphalt as part of the compaction process.


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The wearing course should be at least 20-25mm thick when rolled, and

should not deviate from the correct level by more than 6mm.

The asphalt wearing surface is usually applied in two layers:

a base asphalt layer is often installed in the early stages of a

development to handle construction traffic, and

the smoother surface layer, which can be applied at the final stage ofthe whole construction.

The wearing surface layer distributes weight to the underlying layers, and

resists deformation from the weight of vehicles. There should be no roller

marks in the finished surface.


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5) Installation of road accessories


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)

The type of road surface is dependent on economic factors and expected

usage. The completed road way is finished by paving or left with a gravel or

other natural surface.

Safety improvements like traffic signs, crash barriers, raised pavement

markers, and other forms of road surface marking are installed.

Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding,

planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with

the untouched surrounding areas.


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TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION : BUILDING, BRIDGE AND ROAD

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