Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM.
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Transcript of Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM.
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments
under INM
Types
Organic soil conditioners Inorganic
(Synthetic) soil conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Types of Organic soil conditioners
Organic
Green Manure
Compost
Peat
Crop Resides
Coconut shell mulch
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Organic Soil Conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Soil organic matter serves as a reservoir for nutrients;
• Improves soil structure ,
• Drainage,
• Aeration,
• Cation exchange capacity,
• Buffering capacity, and water-holding capacity; and provides a
source of food for microorganisms.
• Generally soils having higher in organic matter have improved soil
physical conditions.
• The effectiveness of organic soil conditioners can be partly evaluated
by examining several properties of soil organic matter.
Organic Soil Conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Soil organic matter is defined as the organic fraction of the soil and
includes plant and animal residues at various stages of
decomposition, cells and tissues of organisms, and compounds
synthesized by the soil organism population.
• Soil organic matter contains a wide array of compounds ranging
from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins to high molecular weight
humic and fulvic acids.
Green manure
•
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• GM is a crop that is grown mainly to add nutrients and organic matter
to the soil, this kind of crop is used in rotation with other crops, which
is ploughed under to serve the same purposes as animal manure.
• The roots of some green manure grow deep into the soil and bring up
nutrients that are not present in shallow rooted crops.
• Leguminous crops are especially favored as green manures because
they add nitrogen to the soil.
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Compost
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Compost is made by forming
alternate layers of organic matter and
soil, commercially made fertilizer
can also be added to the compost.
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Water
Components needed during Composting
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Components needed during Composting
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Decomposition can take place even without these ingredients, but the
process can be slow and unpleasant.
• Vegetables, if decomposed in plastic bag, will develop a foul smell
Peat
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Consists of plant remains; it
improves soil structure
Crop residues
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
•Crop residues contain
substantial quantities of plant
nutrients. Recycling of plant
nutrients
•Soil moisture temperature
regimes, enhancement of soil
structure, erosion control
Approximate C: N ratios of organic material and soil microbes.
SI.NO Crop Residues C:N Ratio
1 Alfalfa (young) 13:1
2 Bluegrass 30:1
3 Maize Straw
40:1
4 Straw (small grain)
80:1
5 Sewage Sludge
10-12:1
6 Cattle Manure
30:1
7 Peat Moss
58:1
8 Sawdust Hardwood
295: 1
9 Hardwood 295: 1
10 Pine 729:1
Soil Microbes
11 Bacteria 5:1
12 Actinomycetes 6:1
13 Fungi 10:1
Source: Tnau agritech portal
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Coconut shell mulch
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• The mulching made from the
grinding up of coconut shells.
• its is extremely long lasting since
it comes from a tropical plant and
decomposes very slowly;
Coconut shell mulch
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• It has a very strong but pleasant odor which is suppose to keep
bugs and animals (dogs and cats) away from the plants it is
mulching.
Other Organic Fertilizers
• Include bird and bat droppings, blood meal, bone meal, and
fish meal.
Coconut shell mulch
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• All these substances contain nitrogen and other
essential elements
• Bone meal is an excellent source of the element
phosphorus.
• But blood meal, bone meal, and fish meal is seldom
used on farms as fertilizers, because it is too
expensive.
Types of Inorganic soil conditioners
Inorganic
Synthetic Binding Agents
Mineral Conditioners
Gypsum
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
Synthetic Binding Agents
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• New polymers applied at much lower rates have been
promoted as soil conditioners.
• These polymers include
Natural polysaccharides,
Anionic
Cationic polymers,
polyacrylamides.
Synthetic Binding Agents
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• The compounds are very high
• molecular weight,
• long-chain polymeric,
• organic compounds,
• which bind particles together and form stable
aggregates
Mineral Conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Gypsum has long been recognized for its benefits on
high sodium-containing soils.
• Gypsum is a mineral with the chemical composition
CaSO4 * 2H2O.
• It occurs in nature as soft crystalline rock and varies in
purity.
Mineral Conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Gypsum has been shown to displace exchangeable sodium from the
cation exchange sites of soils high in sodium
• With irrigation or dryland, gypsum can be used to reclaim saline
areas or slick spots, soften and crumble alkali hard pans, supply
calcium on low exchange capacity soils, and improve infiltration for
some puddled soils.
Mineral Conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Gypsum is not recommended on soils containing native gypsum
or areas irrigated with water containing abundant amounts of
calcium and magnesium
• The amount of gypsum to apply depends on the purity of the
gypsum and the quantity of sodium present in the soil.
• Actual rates should be based on a salt-alkali soil test.
Gypsum
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Lowers bulk compactness of soil
• Prevents water run-off and eroding
• Betters Soil Composition
• It affords root growth and air and water movement.
• Converts Salty Soils
Gypsum
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• An economical method to resolve salty soils.
• Ties Organic Matter to Clay
• The importance of organic matter is magnified when it is
dispensed with gypsum.
• Soil crusting is impossible and then helps seed emersion.
Gypsum
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• No crust formation allows more and faster seed emergence
and a couple days earlier to harvest and market.
• Betters low dissolved matter Irrigation Water
• Develops water use efficiency
Gypsum
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• Gypsum helps the efficiency use of water for the crops. In
periods of drought, this is exceedingly important.
• Helps moist soils to be tilled easier
• Less energy is required for the tillage
Quantity of gypsum applied in mineral soil conditioners
Types and use of soil conditioners/amendments under INM
• 10 tons/acre.
• Gypsum applied at less than 500 pounds per acre
• Limestone, crushed rock, and other products high in calcium and/or
magnesium which improve the physical condition of some soils, when
applied at several tons per acre.