Type of Learning
description
Transcript of Type of Learning
Types of Learning Behaviourism
Behaviourism
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Other Kinds of Learning
Outline
BEHAVIOURISM What is Behaviourism? It refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviours can be measured, trained, and changed.
Schools of Behaviourism :
Methodological Behaviourism
Radical behaviourism
Studies only the events that they can be measured and observed.
Sometimes use those observations to infer internal events
It claims that psychology should concern itself with the behaviour of organisms
Deny that internal, private event such as hunger, fear causes behaviour
The ultimate cause of any behaviour lies in the observable events that led up to the behaviour, not the internal states
The Raise of Behaviourism
In the early 1900s, Structuralists, studied people’s thoughts, ideas, and sensations by asking people to describe them.
1918 Jacques Loeb’s view of behaviour :
Stimuli Response
• Today’s Behaviourists believe that behaviour is a product of not only the current stimuli but also the individual’s history of stimuli and responses and their outcomes, plus the internal state of the organism, such as wakefulness or sleepiness
Assumptions Of Behaviourism
1. Determinism
Behaviourists assume that we live in a universe of cause and effect meaning we always act upon our greatest drive.
“animals deprived of food will increase the rates of behaviours that lead to food.”
2.The Ineffectiveness of Mental Explanations
In everyday life we commonly refer to our motivations, emotions, and mental state. However, behaviourists insist that such statements explain nothing.
3.The Power of the Environment to Mold Behaviour
Behaviours produce outcomes. The outcome determines how often the behaviour will occur in the future
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• Classical means it has been studied for a long time
Pavlovian conditioning
• process by which an organism learns a new association between two paired of stimuli which is a neutral stimulus and one that evokes a reflexive response
How Pavlov Found Classical conditioning?
He was on his digestion research
Found out that the dog in the lab secret saliva when it saw the lab worker who customarily fed the dog
Think on why the dog secret saliva by only looking at the lab worker but not the food itself
Then he name it the psychological process
Example Of Classical Conditioning
Drug Tolerance as an Example of Classical Conditioning
Drug Tolerance
• users of certain drugs experience progressively weaker effects after taking the drugs repeatedly
Cause of Drug tolerance
• Chemical Changes • Classical Conditioning
First Stimulus
• Injection procedure
Second Stimulus
• Drug enter brainConditioned
stimulus
• Injection procedure
Unconditioned stimulus
• Drug enter brain
Conditioned stimulus
• Injection procedure
Conditioned Response
• Body’s defenses
It is noted that conditioning is dependent on the timing between CS and UCS.
Activity in the UCS center
automatically activates the UCR center.
After sufficient
pairings of the CS and
UCS, a connection
will develop between
them.
When the activity in
the CS center
flows to the UCS center, it excites
the UCR center.
Different conditionings
• CS comes first but continues until US• Conditioning occurs readily
Forward (delayed)
conditioning
• CS comes first and ends before the start of US
• Conditioning occurs readily but response is sometimes weak
Forward (traced)
conditioning
• Conditioning is weakerForward (traced) conditioning with
longer delay
• Cs and US are presented or terminated at the same time.
Simultaneous Conditioning
• After a few repetition, CS becomes inhibitory
• That is a signal for a time of absence of the US
Backward Conditioning
• Respondent conditioning in which US is presented at regular intervals, for instance every 10 minutes
• Conditioning is said to have occurred shortly before each US
Temporal Conditioning
The longer the delay between CS and
UCS, the weaker the conditioning.
However, it is essential for them to
occur more often together than apart.
Conditioning of CS also depends on all
other stimuli present in the conditioning
situation.
US is predicted by the sum of the
associative strength of all stimuli present.
Blocking effect
The previously established association blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus
Classical Conditioning plays an important role in a variety of important behaviors.
• Emotional Responses• Behavioral therapies• Neural basis of learning and memory• Drug tolerance
“Pavlovian” is sometimes used to define simple, mechanical and robotlike behavior.
It is a way to respond and a way to prepare us for what is likely to happen.
That is why it is also called respondent conditioning.
Strength
It prepares an individual for likely events.
It has positive impact on research methodology – drew attention to observation and measurement of
behavior.
Therapists use it to address problems – panic, irrational fear.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Thorndike and operant conditioning Edward Thorndike is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviourism.
It is called operant conditioning because the subject operates in the environment to produce outcome
Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between events, operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our behaviour.
Puzzle box and cats
Thorndike devised a classic experiment, in which he used a puzzle box to empirically test the laws of learning, a box which cats could escape by pressing a lever, pulling a string, or
titling a pole. Sometimes,he placed food outside the box.Thorndike would put a cat into the box and time how long it took to escape.
Puzzle box and cats
The cats experimented with different ways to escape the puzzle box and reach the food. Eventually they would stumble upon the lever which opened the cage. When it had escaped it was put in again, and once more the time it took to escape was noted. In successive trials the cats would learn that pressing the lever would have favourable consequences and they would adopt this behaviour, becoming increasingly quick at pressing the lever
Puzzle box and cats
Thorndike concluded that learning occurs only when certain behaviours are strengthened at the expense of others. He added that animals learn by trial and error. When something works to the animal's satisfaction, the animal draws a connection or association between the behaviour and positive outcome
Reinforcement and Punishment
Reinforcement is an event that increases the future probability of the most recent response .
While Punishment is the opposite of reinforce , it decreases the possibility of response.Eg. ( food and Pain )
However, Punishments are not always effective; as we see that the threat of punishment could not stop or decrease the rate of crime.
Primary and Secondary Reinforcement Reinforcement is divided into: Primary (Unconditioned) reinforces : they are
biological like; food, drink, and pleasure . Secondary(Conditioned) reinforces : like money, and
grades in schools. Most human reinforces are secondary, we spend
most of our time working for secondary reinforcers. Many secondary reinforcers are surprisingly
powerful. Consider, for example, how hard some children will work for a little gold star that the teacher pastes on an assignment.
Punishment and Skinner Experiment Skinner did a lab experiment on rats, he
trained rats to press a bar to get food. The rats failed to get the food and they even got slapped every time they press the bar. They temporarily stopped pressing the bar but in the long run they continued pressing the bar which he concludes that punishment temporarily suppresses behavior but produces no long term effect.
Four categories of Operant Conditioning
Skinner and the Shaping of Responses:
Shaping is a conditioning paradigm used primarily in the experimental analysis of behaviour. The method used is differential reinforcement of successive approximations. It was introduced by B.F. Skinner with pigeons and extended to dogs, dolphins, humans and other species.
We first give the bird food when it turns slightly in the direction of the spot from any part of the cage. This increases the frequency of such behaviour. We then withhold reinforcement until a slight movement is made toward the spot
We continue by reinforcing positions successively closer to the spot, then by reinforcing only when the head is moved slightly forward, and finally only when the beak actually makes contact with the spot. ... The original probability of the response in its final form is very low; in some cases it may even be zero
Applications of Operant Conditioning:
Operant conditioning has become a very influential area of psychology, because it has successfully provided practical solutions to many problems in human behaviour.
Behaviour modification is the application of operant conditioning techniques to modify behaviour.
For example, people with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa have been helped to gain weight, and animals such as primates have been trained to assist physically disabled individuals by feeding and caring for them.
Other Kinds of Learning Conditioned Taste Aversions
Associating eating something with getting sick in which someone has a bad experience with a food and avoids it because of the experience.
Conditioned taste aversion is a very unique form of classical conditioning.
There is a long gap or lag of time from when the person eats the
food and then becomes sick (often hours).
Birdsong Learning What The bird Say ? For most species song is limited to males during the mating season. Mockingbirds copy all the songs they hear and defend their territory
against intruders of all species sometimes even squirrels, cats, people, and automobiles.
Social Learning
According to the social-learning approach (Bandura, 1977, 1986), we learn about many behaviours before we try them.
Much learning, especially in humans, results from observing the behaviours of others and from imagining the consequences of our own behaviour.
Modelling and Imitation If you visit another country with customs unlike your own, you may
find much that seems bewildering. Even the way to order food in a restaurant may be unfamiliar.
You model your behaviour after others or imitate others. Imitation relates to an exciting discovery in brain functioning known
as ‘’mirror neurons, which are activated while you perform a movement and also while you watch someone else perform the same movement, such as reaching to grab an object.
Conclusion Behaviourism:Methodological and
Radical .The raise Of Behaviourism
Assumptions of Behaviourism
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Other Kinds of Learning
Condition Taste Aversion Birdsong Learning
Social Learning Imitation