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Type-1 Diabetes

(diabetes mellitus)Chelsey Geiger

+Cause

Virus: Pancreas may become infected, which reduces or destroys its ability to produce insulin

Auto Immune Disorder: the body's own immune system destroys beta (insulin-producing) cells, mistaking them for a virus

Stress: the onset of diabetes may be triggered by one or more forms of stress in the body

+Transmission & Who Gets It

Genetics: Tends to develop in people with family history of disorder Parents can pass on characteristics that predispose their

children to develop it Risk increases with number of relatives affected, If father has it, 5-10% chance; if mother has it, 2-5% chance

Who: Children or adolescents Usually under 30 Often thin or normal body weight

NOT COMMUNICABLE!!!

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Etiology

No Incubation Period!!!

Onset of Symptoms: Usually Sudden Very Apparent

+Signs and Symptoms

Extreme thirst

Frequent urination

Drowsiness or lethargy

Sugar in urine

Sudden vision changes

Increased appetite

Sudden weight loss

Fruity, sweet, or wine-like odor on breath

Heavy, labored breathing

Stupor

Unconsciousness

+Diagnosis and Tests

Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test Blood test that indicates average blood sugar level for past 2-3

months Measures percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin,

the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells Higher the blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin with sugar

attached

A1C Level of 6.5 or Higher (on 2 separate tests): Diabetes Between 6 and 6.5: Pre-Diabetes, at high risk of developing

diabetes

+Diagnosis and Tests (Cont’d)

(If A1C Test is Unavailable)

Random Blood Sugar Test: Blood Sample taken at a

random time Blood Sugar:

milligrams/deciliter or millimoles/liter

random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher: suggests diabetes, especially when coupled with any of the signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination and extreme thirst

Fasting Blood Sugar Test: Blood sample taken after

overnight fast fasting blood sugar level less

than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L): normal

fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L): Pre-Diabetes

fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on 2 separate tests: Diabetes

+Which Type and How Long?

Blood Tests: to check for autoantibodies that are common in type 1 diabetes

Presence of ketones (byproducts from the breakdown of fat) in urine: suggests type 1 diabetes

CHRONIC

NO CURE

When you get it, it doesn’t go away

+Pathophysiology

How is Body Affected and What Part?: Beta Cells in Pancreas

attacked and destroyed by immune system

Beta Cells normally produce insulin, a hormone that helps the body move the glucose contained in food into cells throughout the body, which use it for energy

When Beta Cells destroyed, no insulin can be produced, and the glucose stays in the blood instead, where it can cause serious damage to all the organ systems of the body

Pre-Diagnosis: Physical Exhaustion: cells are

deprived of energy since glucose cannot enter them

Hunger: body senses lack of glucose and craves more food

Excessive Urination: kidneys begin to work extra hard to eliminate some of excess sugar by expelling it through urine

Thirst: body becomes dehydrated, craving more fluid

+Prognosis and Treatment

Insulin Injections: Injected beneath the skin into the body's tissues from 1 to 3

times a day (sometimes more often) Blood-sugar levels monitored by taking a simple blood test

1 or more times a day

Diet: Amount of carbs and sugar eaten during the day is

controlled Goal to match the amount of glucose entering the body to

the amount of insulin injected Keep track of how much food is eaten and when it is eaten

Exercise: Essential to good health Physical activity appears to help muscle cells take up and

use sugar even when low levels of insulin are in blood Helps keep cells nourished and blood-glucose levels normal

+Prognosis and Treatment

(Cont’d) Insulin Pumps:

Small pumping devices that are worn outside the body Contains a syringe reservoir that one fills with insulin A small, flexible tube connects the reservoir to a catheter,

which is inserted under the skin of the abdomen The pump is programmed to disperse the desired amount

of insulin A diabetic person who decides to use an insulin pump goes

through training on how to use their pump

CAN’T BE PREVENTED

CAN BE TERMINAL WITHOUT THE PROPER TREATMENT

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