Tx history 21.4
Transcript of Tx history 21.4
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Chapter 21: The Cattle Kingdom
Section 4: The Closing of the Open Range
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Fencing the Open Range• Problems:
– Farmers wanted to keep stray cattle out of crops
– Little wood on plains to build fences
– Illinois woman asks husband to create a fence to keep dogs out of garden
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Barbed Wire
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Fencing the Open Range•Joseph F. Glidden—Illinois farmer who invented barbed wire
Joseph Glidden
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Fencing the Open Range•Glidden opened a factory to produce wire
•“Light as air…cheap as dirt”
•Made large scale fencing easy & inexpensive
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Fencing the Open Range
•The cattle kingdom began to disappear after fences started to enclose the open range
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The Range Wars• Barbed wire presented problems:
–Small property owners surrounded
–Public roads blocked off & mail delivery disrupted
–Water sources fenced off
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The Range Wars•Range War—armed conflict over fencing and sheep that erupted during the 1880s
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The Range Wars• Fence cutting becomes a major issue• 1884: Gov. John Ireland calls an
emergency session of the legislature:– Fence cutting illegal
– Gates every three miles
– Illegal to fence land you do not own
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The Range Wars•In parts of
Texas that were too rugged and dry for cattle, some ranchers turned to sheep herding.
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Legacy of the Open Range•Death of the Open Range:
–Barbed wire and fencing of open range
–Extension of rail lines & refrigerated railcars
–Overgrazing of land
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Legacy of the Open Range•Death of the open range:
– Introduction of windmills & expansion of farming onto the Plains
–Expansion of sheep ranching•Cattle ranching an important part
of Texas’ legacy & economy