Two suffragettes.
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Transcript of Two suffragettes.
Two suffragettes.
The Progressive Era
Amid great political and social change, women gain a larger public role and lead the call for reform. President Theodore Roosevelt dubs his reform policies a Square Deal.
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The Progressive Era
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
The Origins of Progressivism
Women in Public Life
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Progressivism Under Taft
SECTION 5 Wilson’s New Freedom
Section 1
The Origins of ProgressivismPolitical, economic, and social change in late 19th century America leads to broad progressive reforms.
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• Journal: Pre Question: What needs improvements or reforms in today’s society? Are there ways we could make our citizens lives better? Think of three improvements you would want for Americans. (examples: more teachers for smaller class sizes, laptops to each student etc.)
(After class response show “Old America” Power point” for warmup) with details on three pictures
Four Goals of Progressivism
Concerns of Progressives• Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address
problems of 1890s• Different reform efforts collectively called
progressive movement• Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity,
correct injustice by:- protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement- creating economic reform, fostering efficiency
The Origins of Progressivism1SECTION
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Continued . . .
1. Protecting Social Welfare• Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other
reform groups• Florence Kelley, political activist, advocate for
women, children- helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours
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continued Four Goals of Progressivism
2. Promoting Moral Improvement• Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving
own behavior• Prohibition—banning of alcoholic drinks• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads
prohibition crusadeImage
Continued . . .
Florence Kelley (September 12, 1859 – February 17, 1932) was an American social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight-hour workdays, and children's rights is widely regarded today.
Bonus fact: In 1909 Kelley helped create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
WCTU
continued Four Goals of Progressivism
3. Creating Economic Reform• 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism;
many become socialists• Muckrakers—journalists who expose corruption
in politics, business
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4. Fostering Efficiency• Many use experts, science to make society,
workplace more efficient• Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial • Scientific management—time and motion studies
applied to workplace• Assembly lines speed up production, make people
work like machines- cause high worker turnover
Cleaning Up Local Government
Reforming Local Government• Reformers try to make government efficient,
responsive to voters• Some cities adopt government by commission
of experts • Many use council-manager: people elect council
that appoints manager
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Reform Mayors• Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit
fares, corruption • Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights
corrupt utility companies
Reform at the State Level
Reform Governors• Governors push states to pass laws to regulate
large businesses• Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor, then
senator of Wisconsin- attacks big business
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Protecting Working Children• Child workers get lower wages, small hands handle
small parts better- families need children’s wages
• National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of harsh conditions
• Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages• Groups press government to ban child labor,
cut hours Continued . . .
Chart
continued Reform at the State Level
Efforts to Limit Working Hours• Muller v. Oregon—Court upholds limiting women
to 10-hour workday• Bunting v. Oregon—upholds 10-hour workday
for men• Reformers win workers’ compensation for families
of injured, killed
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Continued . . .
continued Reform at the State Level
Reforming Elections• Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative,
referendum, recall• Initiative—bill proposed by people, not
lawmakers, put on ballots• Referendum—voters, not legislature, decide if
initiative becomes law• Recall—voters remove elected official through
early election • Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to
choose candidates
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Direct Election of Senators• Seventeenth Amendment permits popular
election of senators
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Section 1 review: Think like a teacher! In groups of two or three write down 5 questions the Teacher will DEFINITELY include on a quiz or test and include the answers! Be ready to quiz the class and read your teacher’s mind!
Section 2
Women in Public LifeAs a result of social and economic change, many women enter public life as workers and reformers.
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Women in the Work Force
Changing Patterns of Living• Only middle-, upper-class women can devote
selves to home, family• Poor women usually have to work for wages
outside home
Women in Public Life2SECTION
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Farm Women• On Southern, Midwestern farms, women’s roles
same as before• Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help
with crops
Continued . . .
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continued Women in the Work Force
Women in Industry• After 1900, 1 in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in
manufacturing• 50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half
of men’s wages• Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high
school education• Business schools train bookkeepers,
stenographers, typists
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Domestic Workers• In 1870, 70% of employed women do domestic
work• Many African-American, immigrant women do
domestic labor- married immigrants take in piecework, boarders
Women Lead Reform
Women Get Involved• Many female industrial workers seek to reform
working conditions• Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become
reform groups
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Women in Higher Education• Many women active in public life have attended
new women’s colleges• 50% college-educated women never marry;
many work on social reforms
Continued . . .
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Map
continued Women Lead Reform
Women and Reform• Women reformers target workplace, housing,
education, food, drugs• National Association of Colored Women (NACW)—
child care, education• Susan B. Anthony of National American Woman
Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)- works for woman suffrage, or right to vote
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A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage• 1. Convince state legislatures to give women right
to vote• 2. Test 14th Amendment—states lose
representation if deny men vote• 3. Push for constitutional amendment to give
women the vote
Web for women! Create your own Web of women’s issues and key people from this section….Link specific web strands between specific people and the groups or reforms they helped. Include at least 10 details in your web…Possible alternate activity: women’s suffrage poster or flag! (baby shields, big hats and long dresses on the march!
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Section 3
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square DealAs president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms.
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A Rough-Riding President
Roosevelt’s Rise• Theodore Roosevelt has sickly childhood, drives
self in athletics• Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to
become governor• NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for
vice-president
Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal3SECTION
The Modern Presidency• President McKinley shot; Roosevelt becomes president
at 42• His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern
presidency• Supports federal government role when states do not
solve problems- Square Deal—Roosevelt’s progressive reforms
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10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt10. First to leave the countryRoosevelt was the first president to travel outside of the continental United States while in office. In 1906, he traveled to Panama.9. Church and StateAlthough Roosevelt had been a Sunday school teacher, he believed strongly in the separation of Church and State. While taking the oath of office during his inauguration after McKinley’s assassination, he did not swear on the Bible.When the $20 gold coin was designed in 1907, the words “In God We Trust” were not present. In a letter written by Roosevelt, he said it was irreverent to have the words printed on the coins because the money was used to buy worldly goods and services. After public outcry, Congress passed legislation requiring “In God We Trust” be restored to all U.S. coins which it had been previously printed on.8. Nobel Peace PrizeIn 1906, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role of negotiator in the Russo-Japanese War. He was the first American to win the Nobel Prize.7. A multitasking homeschoolerRoosevelt’s education was mostly homeschooling by his parents and tutors. He was an avid reader and developed a photographic memory. It is said he was a great multitasker, able to dictate letters and memos to two separate secretaries while browsing through a book at the same time.6. Just call me TRPresident Roosevelt was the first president to be commonly known by his initials.5. Boxing injuryRoosevelt was blind in his left eye, the result of a boxing injury he sustained while in office.4. Skinny-dipperRoosevelt was known to go skinny-dipping in the Potomac River during the wintertime.3. First in flightOn October 11, 1910, Roosevelt took a four minute flight in a plane built by the Wright brothers, making him the first president to fly in an airplane.2. Youngest PresidentTheodore Roosevelt was the youngest president, assuming the office at the age of 42 after President McKinley was assassinated. John F. Kennedy was the youngest president to be elected to office. He was 43 when he became president.1. You can’t kill a Bull MooseOn October 14, 1912, Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin when a local saloon-keeper shot him. The bullet lodged in his chest after passing through a jacket pocket containing his steel eyeglass case and a copy of his 50 page speech which had been folded in half. Being an anatomist, Roosevelt concluded that since he wasn’t coughing blood the bullet had not penetrated the chest wall into his lung. He declined immediate treatment and gave his 90 minute speech with blood seeping from the wound into his shirt. “Ladies and gentlemen, I don’t know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot,” Roosevelt said, “but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose.”
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Using Federal Power
Trustbusting• By 1900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries• Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest
- breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act
3SECTION
1902 Coal Strike• Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to
accept arbitration• Sets principle of federal intervention when strike
threatens public
Continued . . .
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3SECTION
Railroad Regulation• Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control
abuses- Elkins Act—stops rebates, sudden rate changes- Hepburn Act—limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates
continued Using Federal Power
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Health and the Environment
Regulating Foods and Drugs• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle—unsanitary
conditions in meatpacking• Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up
Sinclair’s account• Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act:
- dictates sanitary requirements- creates federal meat inspection program
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Pure Food and Drug Act• Food, drug advertisements make false claims;
medicines often unsafe• Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of
contaminated food, medicine- requires truth in labeling
Continued . . .
The Jungle: pics and VLA activity: Die role double 6s for details on “Upton Sinclair and The Jungle” VLA from United streaming….
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continued Health and the Environment
Conservation and Natural Resources• 1887, U.S. Forest Bureau established, manages
45 million acres• Private interests exploit natural environment
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Conservation Measures• Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries,
national parks• Believes conservation part preservation, part
development for public
Map
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Roosevelt and Civil Rights
Civil Rights at the Turn of the 20th Century• Roosevelt does not support civil rights for African
Americans• Supports individual African Americans in civil
service- invites Booker T. Washington to White House
• NAACP—National Association for the Advancement of Colored People- goal is full equality among races
• Founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black, white reformers
3SECTION
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….
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mxpnb7ZxHFU
Show TR VLA and get 10plus details for section review project in next slide
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zr3g3j5CegE
Group Review Activity: In your groups of 2 or 3 Collaborate and create an mini movie poster as if you were creating a full page ad for an upcoming TV miniseries featuring aspects of 1950s. Cover information from this section. Could cover: Life of Teddy Roosevelt and his accomplishments, food and Drug reforms, etc… Get Creative!! Include at least 6 key details for your miniseries
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Section 4
Progressivism Under TaftTaft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform leads to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.
Journal/Group Survey: Would any of you ever seriously want to run for the office of president of the United States? Why or why not? Positives and negatives of the job?
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Taft Becomes President
Taft Stumbles• 1908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with
Roosevelt’s support• Has cautiously progressive agenda; gets little credit
for successes• Does not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public
opinion
Progressivism under Taft4SECTION
Continued . . .
Interesting Facts About William Taft 10. Play ball!Taft was the first president to throw the first ball of baseball season, beginning a tradition that continues today. The game was a 1910 game between the Washington Senators and the Philadelphia Athletics. The Senators won 3-0. 9. Tone deafTaft was tone deaf and had to be nudged whenever the national anthem was played. 8. First to own a carTaft was the first president to own a car. He converted the stables into a garage. 7. Last to have a cowTaft was the last president to keep a cow at the White House to provide fresh milk. Her the name was Pauline. 6. The loneliest placeOnce, when commenting about the White House, Taft called it “loneliest place in the world”. 5. A new courthouseTaft successfully argued for the construction of the U.S. Supreme Court building. He felt that the Supreme Court should distance itself from Congress since it was a separate branch of the government. Prior to then, the Supreme Court heard cases in the Capitol building. 4. A big manAt over 330 pounds, Taft was the heaviest president. Once, he got stuck in the White House bath tub and required six aides to pull him free. The tub was replaced with a new one large enough to hold four men. 3. First in ArlingtonWilliam Taft was the first president to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. President John Kennedy is the only other president to be buried there. 2. Chief Justice TaftTaft is the only president to ever serve as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, making him the only person to have ever lead both the Executive and Judicial branches of the United States government. Taft considered his time as Chief Justice to be the highest point of his career, higher than that of being president. 1. The only president to swearTaft is the only former president to ever have sworn in a president. While serving as Chief Justice, Taft administered the Oath of Office to President Calvin Coolidge in 1925 and President Herbert Hoover in 1929.
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4SECTION
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff• Taft signs Payne-Aldrich Tariff—compromise bill,
moderate tariffs• Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs,
progressivism
continued Taft Becomes President
Disputing Public Lands• Conservationists angry Richard A. Ballinger named
interior secretary- Ballinger puts reserved lands in public domain
• Interior official protests action, is fired, writes magazine exposé
• Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service - testifies against Ballinger- is fired by Taft
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4SECTION
Problems within the Party• Republicans split over Taft’s support of House
Speaker Joseph Cannon• Cannon weakens progressive agenda; progressives
ally with Democrats• 1910 midterm elections, Democrats get control of
House
The Republican Party Splits
Continued . . .
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4SECTION
The Bull Moose Party• 1912 convention, Taft people outmaneuver
Roosevelt’s for nomination• Progressives form Bull Moose Party; nominate
Roosevelt, call for:- more voter participation in government- woman suffrage- labor legislation, business controls
• Runs against Democrat Woodrow Wilson, reform governor of NJ
continued The Republican Party Splits
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4SECTION
The Election• Wilson endorses progressive platform called the
New Freedom- wants stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, lower tariffs- calls all monopolies evil
• Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad
• Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism
• Wilson wins great electoral victory; gets majority in Congress
Democrats Win in 1912
Chart
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBaFgoiiFhQ
Memory game at super speed! List as many details as you can recall from the above briefing on president Taft!
Section Review: Enter a state of Venn……Compare Taft to Teddy Roosevelt (from section 2 in a Venn Diagram… How were they similar? What different issues did each face? What different accomplishments did each achieve?
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Section 5
Wilson’s New FreedomWoodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader.
Group Survey Question: Should everyone in a town have to pay taxes in order to fund (pay for) the local schools even if many homeowners don’t have children in the local
schools? Why or why not?
What about income taxes on all to pay for the military or repair of highways (even if someone is against war or never drives?
Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
Wilson’s Background• Wilson was lawyer, professor, president of Princeton,
NJ governor• As president, focuses on trusts, tariffs, high finance
Wilson’s New Freedom5SECTION
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Two Key Antitrust Measures• Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying
stock to form monopoly• Ends injunctions against strikers unless threaten
irreparable damage• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)—new
“watchdog” agency- investigates regulatory violations- ends unfair business practices
Continued . . .
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A New Tax System• Wilson pushes for Underwood Act to substantially
reduce tariffs• Sets precedent of giving State of the Union
message in person• His use of bully pulpit leads to passage
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continued Wilson Wins Financial Reforms
Federal Income Tax• Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal
income tax
Federal Reserve System• Federal Reserve System—private banking
system under federal control• Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in
each district
Local Suffrage Battles• College-educated women spread suffrage
message to working-class • Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches
at stops- some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists
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Women Win Suffrage
Catt and the National Movement• Carrie Chapman Catt, head of NAWSA,
stresses organization, lobbying• National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures
for suffrage amendment• Work of patriotic women in war effort influences
politicians• 1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women
right to vote
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Wilson and Civil Rights• As candidate, wins support of NAACP for favoring
civil rights• As president, opposes antilynching legislation• Appoints fellow white Southerners to cabinet who
extend segregation• NAACP feels betrayed; Wilson self-defense
widens rift
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The Limits of Progressivism
The Twilight of Progressivism• Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans;
reform efforts stall
Time for that dastardly memory game kids! (you juts don’t see the word dastardly anymore)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XDeQfIbnAc&feature=relmfu
After the VLA: Recall and list as many details on President Wilson as possible in the time allotted….
Review game on chapter 17 after this on My not so smart board…
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