Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!
description
Transcript of Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!
![Page 1: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in
school…Until Now!
![Page 2: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Plasma
Bose-EinsteinCondensate
![Page 3: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
We all know about:LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
![Page 4: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…
between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?
![Page 5: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NO!If the gas is made up of particles which carry
an electric charge (“ionized particles”), but the entire gas as a whole has no electric charge, and if the density is not too high, then we can get
The 4th state of matter:
PLASMA
![Page 6: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames
![Page 8: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2. Lightning
![Page 9: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
3. Aurora (Northern Lights)
![Page 10: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4. Neon lights
![Page 11: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5. Stars
Stars make up 99% of the total matter in the Universe.
Therefore, 99% of everything that exists in the entire Universe is in the plasma state.
![Page 12: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state
![Page 13: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
6
6. Clouds of gas and dust around stars
![Page 14: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
So now we know all about four states of matter:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized
gases)
![Page 15: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
But now what happens if you lower the temperature way, way, down to
100 nano degrees above “Absolute Zero” (-273°C)
Will everything just be a
frozen solid?
![Page 16: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Not Necessarily!In 1924 (82 years ago), two scientists, Albert
Einstein and Satyendra Bose predicted a 5th state of matter which would occur at very very low temperatures.
Einstein Bose
+
![Page 17: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The 5th state of matter: Bose-Einstein Condensate
Finally, in 1995 (only 11 years ago!), Wolfgang Ketterle and his team of graduate students (like me) discovered the 5th state of matter for the first time. Ketterle and his
students
![Page 18: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
In a Bose-Einstein condensate, atoms can no longer bounce around as
individuals.
Instead they must all act in exactly the same way, and you can no longer tell
them apart!
![Page 19: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Here is a picture a computer took ofBose-Einstein Condensation The big peak
happens when all the atoms act exactly the same way!(We can’t see Bose-Einstein condensation with our eyes because the atoms are too small)
![Page 20: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Some other computer images of Bose-Einstein Condensates…
![Page 21: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
To really understand Bose-Einstein
condensate you need to know
Quantum Physics
![Page 24: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
In 2002, Ketterle and two other scientists received the highest award in science for
discovering Bose-Einstein condensate:
The Nobel Prize
![Page 25: Two states of matter they didn’t teach you about in school… Until Now!](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062316/568167b3550346895ddd0285/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The five states of matter:
LIQUIDSSOLIDS GASES
Higher Temperature
Lower Temperature
PLASMAS
(only for low density ionized gases)
BOSE-EINSTEIN
CONDENSATE