Two-spotted Spider Mite

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BIOLOGY AND FECUNDITY OF THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE,

TETRANYCHUS URTICAEKOCH. (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) UNDER

LABORATORY CONDITION

Mina Mondal* and Nuzhat Ara

Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

Abstract

The duration of developmental stages of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied

on excised leaf disc of fresh bean (Lablab purpureus L.) in the laboratory for five generations. The egg to

larva, larva to protnymph, protonymph to deutonymph and deutonymph to adult stages took 4.66 ? 0.19, 1.75

? 0.14, 1.92 ? 0.12 and 1.72 ? 0.08 days respectively. The total duration from egg to adult stage was 10.15 ?

0.16 days. The total number of eggs laid per female in her lifetime was averaged as 108.3 ? 3.23 up to 16

days.

Key words: Tetranychus, mite, protnymph, deutonymph, fecundity.

mvi msctUz- UW vBWvi gvBU, Tetranychus urticae Koch-Gi RxebKvj i wewf bkvi cwizi YKvj wkg MvQi(Lablab purpureus L.) mRxe cvZvi Dci Mel YvMi cheY Ki vnqQ| wWg _K KKxU, KKxU_K cvUvwb,cvUvwb _K wWDUvwb Ges wWDUvwb _K c~YvnZ mgq j MQh_vg 4.66 ? 0.19, 1.75 ? 0.14, 1.92? 0.12 Ges 1.72 ? 0.08 wb| wWg _K c~YvnI qvi gvUmgq wQj 10.15 ? 0.16 wb| Rxe kvq Mo cwZwUx16wb chgvUwWg wqwQj 108.3? 3.23 wU|

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction

The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM),

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), isan extremely polyphagous pest that has been reported

from more than 900 host species and is described as a

serious pest of at least 150 economically important

agricultural and ornamental plants, including corn,

cotton, cucumber, beans, tomato, eggplant, peppers

and roses (Jeppson et al. 1975; Asada 1978; Helle

and Sabelis 1985a, b; Wu et al. 1990; Navajas et al.

1998; Ho 2000; Takafuji et al. 2000; Baptiste et al.

2003; Fasulo and Denmark 2004). It looks like tiny

spiders having eight legs and spin webs. However,

unlike spiders, they feed on plants; the webbing they

produce covers the plants and is not used to catch

prey. TSSM feed by sucking the contents of plantcells and damage includes webbing, fine stippling,

leaf yellowing, leaf drop, and even plant death (Helle

and Sabelis 1985a).

The TSSM was first described by Koch in 1836

(Pritchard and Baker 1955). It is thought to originate

from temperate climates (Fasulo and Denmark 2000).

While on uninjured plants, TSSM are uniformlydistributed over the leaf surfaces. When the plant

begins to decline, resulting in a reduced food supply,the mites enter a dispersal phase and aggregate in the

uppermost parts of the plants (Suski and Naegele

1963). TSSM feeding on the underside of leaves

(Cagle 1949) generally results in the typical stippling

damage, which is white or grayish colored spots due

to the punctures made by feeding (Brandenburg and

Kennedy 1987). Mites insert their stylets into the

plant cells and suck out the cell contents. Feeding can

damage protective leaf surfaces, stomata, and the

palisade layer (Huffaker et al. 1969). They may also

damage the lowest parenchymal layer. Defoliation,leaf burning, and even plant death can occur due to

direct feeding damage. Indirect effects of feeding

may include decreases in photosynthesis and

transpiration (Brandenburg and Kennedy 1987).

J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 1(2): 43-47, 2006 ISSN 1990-4827@2006, JLES, RU


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However, moderately damaged leaves may have

increased transpiration. This combination of direct

and indirect effects often reduces the amount of

harvestable material (Huffaker et al. 1969).T. urticae abundantly occurs on bean plants in

Bangladesh. This mite causes serious damage to

bean plants. Its control is very much essential to

get maximum and quality yield of bean. Before

any control measure against a pest have to be

taken, the through knowledge about biology of the

pest is necessary. Keeping this in mind an

experiment was designed to know the biology and

fecundity ofT. urticae infesting bean plants.

Materials and Methods

The duration of developmental stages wasstudied on excised leaf disc in the laboratory. Leaf

discs were made with fresh bean (Lablab purpureus

L.) leaf without mite infestation. Each disc was

circular in appearance with 2cm in diameter. The leaf

discs were placed on cotton bed in petri dish (5cm X

1cm) facing under surface upward. The cotton bed

was kept wet by soaking with water twice daily so

that the discs remained fresh. Two adult female T.

urticae were transferred to each disc for laying eggs.

The adult female mites were collected from the

cultures by rearing T. urticae on potted bean plants

for more than one year.

The discs containing adult females were checked

after two hours of mite transfer. The mites were

removed if at least one egg was found. In that way

more than 30 eggs were collected on leaf discs.

Keeping only one egg on each disc the others were

destroyed by pin. The petri dishes were covered by

lid leaving a small gap to avoid excessive moisture

inside the petri dish. The discs were checked after

every 24 hours and the stages of development were

noted till the appearance of adulthood. The leaf disc

were changed after 3 to 4 days when necessary

considering the freshness of them. The immatures

were transferred to new disc very carefully with the

help of camel hairbrush.

To study fecundity of T. urticae, deutonymphs

were collected from the potted bean plants. Five to

six deutonymph were transferred on each leaf disc.

The disc containing deutonymphs were observed twice

daily. The time of adulthood of the deutonymphs was

recorded. All the mites were removed keeping onemale and one female on each disc. The male was also

removed after laying the first egg by the female. In

that way more than 30 discs with ovipositing females

were prepared for this experiment. The discs were

checked after every 24 hours interval with the aid of

a stereo binoculor microscope. The leaf discs were

also changed after every three days in the same way

as described earlier. All the discs were checked and

the number of eggs laid was counted till the death of

the adult.

The experiments were conducted from March

2004 to January 2005 and the duration of different

developmental stages was recorded for six

generations. But every times the eggs were collected

from fresh adult female of laboratory culture and

maintained in the same way. The room temperature

and relative humidity were recorded twice daily. The

developmental success in different developmental

stages were calculated.

Results

T. urticae eggs hatched to six legged larvae in

the shortest duration of 4.33 ? 0.18 days in the 1st and

3rd generations and the average was 4.66 ? 0.19

days. Protonymph took shortest duration of 1.41 ?

0.08 days and longest duration of 2.25 0.09 days

and the average was 1.75 0.14 days. Protonymph

grown to deutotonymph in the shortest duration of

1.67 0.16 days and the longest duration of 2.25

0.11 days with the average of all five generations was

1.92 0.12 days. Deutotonymph to adult averagely

took of 1.72 0.08 days. So, egg to adult took 10.67,

10.00, 9.75, 9.83 and 9.99 days in the 1st

through 5th

generations. The average total duration from egg to

adult stage was 10.15 ? 0.16 days. The average

developmental succes for the egg, larva, protonymph,

deutonymph and egg to adult have been calculated as

0.96 ? 0.011, 0.96 ? 0.012, 0.93 ? 0.017, 0.96 ?

0.011 and 0.81 ? 0.018 respectively (Table 1).


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Table 1. Duration of various developmental stage (in days) and dedvelopmental success (within

parenthesis) ofTetranychus urticae on on bean leaf in laboratory condition

Generation Egg to larvaLarva to

protnymph

Protonymph to

deutonymph

Deutonymph to

adult

Egg to adult

14.33 0.18

(0.95)

2.25 0.09

(1.00)

2.17 0.12

(0.98)

1.92 0.12

(0.97)

10.67

(0.86)

24.50 0.12

(0.94)

1.67 0.10

(0.94)

2.25 0.11

(0.91)

1.58 0.11

(1.00)

10.00

(0.81)

34.33 0.21

(1.00)

1.75 0.09

(0.94)

1.75 0.13

(0.92)

1.92 0.07

(0.95)

9.75

(0.83)

44.83 0.18

(0.96)

1.67 0.07

(0.98)

1.75 0.14

(0.88)

1.58 0.12

(0.93)

9.83

(0.75)

55.33 0.25

(0.94)

1.41 0.08

(0.95)

1.67 0.16

(0.96)

1.58 0.08

(0.95)

9.99

(0.80)

Mean ? S.E.4.66 ? 0.19

(0.96 ? 0.011)

1.75 ? 0.14

(0.96 ? 0.012)

1.92 ? 0.12

(0.93 ? 0.017)

1.72 ? 0.08

(0.96 ? 0.011)

10.15 ? 0.16

(0.81 ? 0.018)

Table 6. Daily mean fecundity ofT. urticae in different seasons

No. of eggs laid by femmale individual TSSMDay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mean? S.E.

1st 19 17 14 18 17 17 23 14 14 12 16.5 ? 1.002nd 24 19 21 17 12 13 21 19 18 16 18.0 ? 1.16

3rd 10 19 14 13 16 10 14 19 15 14 14.4 ? 0.98

4th 8 16 10 11 13 7 7 9 8 10 9.9 ? 0.905th 8 9 7 8 9 6 7 9 7 8 7.8 ? 0.33

6th 5 7 5 7 5 6 6 8 6 6 6.1 ? 0.31

7th 4 6 5 5 4 4 5 8 5 6 5.2 ? 0.398th 5 6 5 4 3 6 4 5 5 5 4.8 ? 0.29

9th 4 7 6 4 3 4 4 3 4 6 4.5 ? 0.43

10th 4 5 4 3 4 5 3 3 3 4 3.8 ? 0.2511th 7 4 9 6 8 9 8 5 6 5 6.7 ? 0.56

12th 5 4 3 4 3 2 7 5 4 3 4.0 ? 0.45

13th 4 3 3 4 2 2 5 4 3 2 3.2 ? 0.33

14th 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 3 1 2 2.0 ? 0.3015th - 2 1 1 1 - 2 1 - 2 1.4 ? 0.19

16th - - 1 - - - - 1 - 2 1.4 ? 0.28

Total 109 126 110 106 102 92 120 116 99 103 108.3 ? 3.23

The eggs laid by a single female and the daily

fecundity of T. urticae are shown in Table 2. The

average number of eggs laid by a female on the 1st

through 16th

days were 16.5 ? 1.00, 18.0 ? 1.16, 14.4

? 0.98, 9.9 ? 0.9, 7.8 ? 0.33, 6.1 ? 0.31, 5.2 ? 0.39,

4.8 ? 0.29, 4.5 ? 0.43, 3.8 ? 0.25, 6.7 ? 0.56, 4.0 ?

0.45, 3.2 ? 0.33, 2.0 ? 0.30, 1.4 ? 0.19 and 1.4 ? 0.28

respectively. The total number of eggs laid per

female in her lifetime was averaged as 108.3 ? 3.23.

Discussion

Extensive researches have been done on the

biology of different species of TSSM. Most of these

works are related to the effect of temperature on these

mites. Laing (1969) showed that the duration of

incubation period of T. urticae under a diurnal

temperature cycle of 15 to 28.3C was 6.6 days;

protonymph and deutonymph stages were 3.0 and 3.5

days, respectively. Sabelis (1981) reported that a

female T. urticae can develop from egg to adult in

approximately 6.5 days at 30?C. Helle and Sabelis

(1985a) found a female T. urticae can lay many as 60

eggs in five days. Northcraft and Watson (1987)

studied the developmental biology ofT. cinnabarinus

at three fluctuating temperatures having the means

22.7, 26.6 and 30.5. They reported that the


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developmental time, longevity and survival rate of

adult females were all significantly decreased with

each increase in temperature. Preoviposition periods

and rate and duration of oviposition also tended todecrease with each increase in temperature. Mean

generation time was 17.7, 14.3 and 11.6 days

respectively at 22.7, 26.6 and 30.5?C. Deciyanto et

al. (1989) studied the life cycle ofTetranychus sp. on

six cultivars of Mentha piperita and M. arvensis .

They found that the life cycle averaged as 10.6 to

14.4 days and a female laid 35.2 to 77 eggs.

Berry (1998) stated that extreme cold

temperature ceases the development of spider mite.

He reported that two-spotted spider mites over-winter

as female under loose bark, in the crack, in the soil,

and in other protected places in the orchard. Females

that over winter emerge in the spring, disperse, andbegin laying eggs on the leaves. Eggs hatched in the

leaves in four to six days. Development continued

through proto and deutonymph satages to the adult. A

complete life cycle required one to three weeks.

During summer life cycle completed rapidly and

there were seven to eight generations each year. Shih

(1999) observed two-spotted spider mite to lay

maximum 100 eggs in 10 days. He stated the

temperature 23 30?C was the optimal for the

development of spider mite. Larval, and nymphal

development lasted 16 days at 20?C but only seven

days at 31?C.

Bonato (1999) reported that development time of

T. evansi was 13.6, 9.8, 7.8 and 6.3 days at 21, 26, 31

and 36C, respectively which indicates the decreasing

developmental period with the increase of

temperature. Sakunwarin et al. (2003) reported that

the developmental time from egg to adult of T.

truncatus Ehara varied from 6.30 to 14.89 days at 20,

24, 28, 31 and 35C. As regards the adult stages, the

duration of preoviposition, oviposition and

postoviposit ion periods as well as adult longevity,

decreased with the rising temperature in the range of

25-30C and mean total fecundity also declined with

ascending temperature (Badii et al. 2003). Fu et al.

(2002) showed that the developmental time of T.

piercei varied from 7 days at 32C to 33.1 days at

16C; the highest number of eggs (35.8 eggs/female)

was recoded at 28C and the lowest at 16C (17.9eggs/female) and female longevity was the longest

(34.5 days) at 20C and the shortest (8.2 days) at

36C. The mean oviposition period was 19.85 days,

the daily oviposition was 3.69 egg/female mean

incubation period was 4.63 days egg to adult 10.73

days in T. marianae (Noroha 2006)In the present investigation it was recorded that

at 25 ? 4C the time taken was 10.15 ? 0.16 days

throughout five generation studied. It was also found

that the fecundity was 16.5 ? 1.00 to 7.8 ? 0.33 in

first five days and single female laid eggs up to 16

days with an average of 108.3 ? 3.23 eggs. These

findings are in agreement with the above findings.

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