Two livelihood zones in Thazi and Minbu townships, the dry zone , Myanmar.doc

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Livelihood Profles

Two Livelihood Zones in

Thazi and Minbu Townships,

The Dry Zone, Myanmar

Assessed Using the Household Economy Approach (HEA)

December 2011

Report Prepared for:

Oxfam UK

Network Activities Group (NAG)

Funded !:

"#F$

Report Prepared !:

A%exandra Kin&' Food conom! Group (FG)

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F#" $A* **+R,

$-a.i $owns-ip: Khun Thein Soe, Nay Tun, Hnin Hnin Khain, Nay Lynn Soe,Sein Lin, Thi !ay Zin, Thein Thein "un, "le#andra Kin

*inu $owns-ip$ H%ar H%ar &i, Myo Zaw "un, Myo Lwin, Pan &i Phyu, LwinMar 'o, Nain !in La%%, (ona%han )rass, Puspasari *ndra,

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$A+" OF /ON$N$,

#ntroduction

)a+round %o %he "ssessmen% -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.

The Household &+onomy "pproa+h--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

./on%en%s o0 %he Livelihood Profles---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

2ield Me%hodoloy----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3

Summary and /omparison o0 Livelihood Zones--------------------------------------------------------------3

$-a.i Rainfed "ow%and "ive%i-ood 0one +ase%inePro1%e-------------------------------------------------------------- 45

Zone

Des+rip%ion---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45

Mare%s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

6e0eren+e7ear------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

Seasonal/alendar-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48

!eal%h)readown------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.

Sour+es o0 2ood in %he 6e0eren+e 7ear 98545:44;-------------------------------------------------------------- 45I or even ?5I o0 %he popula%ion in a par%i+ular area livesbelow %he na%ional pover%y line, bu% %his is measurin pover%y on a na%ional, absolu%e s+ale- *n alivelihoods analysis we are in%eres%ed in unders%andin some o0 %he diCeren+es be%ween diCeren%roups wi%hin %he +ommuni%y and %he reasons 0or %hese G in whi+h +ase i% is no% par%i+ularly use0ul %olump >5I or ?5I o0 %he popula%ion %oe%her in%o one roup-

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row, a%her or re+eive as i0%s, how mu+h 0ood %hey buy, how mu+h +ash in+ome is earnedin a year, and wha% o%her essen%ial needs mus% be me% wi%h in+ome earned-

Household Coping (or Response !trategies: 'n+e %his baseline is es%ablished, ananalysis +an be made o0 %he liely impa+% o0 a sho+ in a bad year- This is done by assessinhow a++ess %o 0ood and in+ome will be aCe+%ed by a sho+, wha% o%her 0ood and in+omesour+es +an be added or e#panded %o mae up ini%ial shor%aes, and wha% fnal def+i%semere-.

"utcome (or !cenario #nalysis$ The obEe+%ive o0 ou%+ome 9or s+enario; analysis is %oinves%ia%e %he eCe+%s o0 a sho+ or +hane on uturea++ess %o 0ood and in+ome, so %ha%de+isions +an be %aen abou% %he mos% appropria%e %ypes o0 in%erven%ion %o implemen%- Thera%ionale behind %he approa+h is %ha% a ood unders%andin o0 how people have survived in%he pas% provides a sound basis 0or proEe+%in in%o %he 0u%ure- Three %ypes o0 in0orma%ion are+ombined$ 9i; in0orma%ion on baseline a++ess, 9ii; in0orma%ion on hazard 9i-e- 0a+%orsaCe+%in a++ess %o 0oodFin+ome, su+h as own produ+%ion or mare% pri+es; and 9iii;in0orma%ion on household response s%ra%eies 9i-e- %he sour+es o0 0ood and in+ome %ha%people %urn %o when e#posed %o a hazard;- The approa+h +an be summarized as 0ollows$

BaselineJ Ha$ardJ Response "utcome

The idea is %ha% on+e %he baselines have been +ompiled %hey +an be used repea%edly 0or%his %ype o0 ou%+ome analysis over a number o0 years G un%il sinif+an% +hanes in %heunderlyin e+onomy render %hem invalid- " ood H&" baseline will enerally be valid 0orbe%ween = and 45 years- !ha% varies is %he prevailin level o0 0ood se+uri%y, bu% %his is a0un+%ion o0 varia%ions in hazard, no% varia%ions in %he baseline- Pu% ano%her way, %he level o0+rop or lives%o+ produ+%ion may vary 0rom year %o year 9hazard;, bu% %he underlyinpa%%ern o0 produ+%ion 9%he baseline; does no% usually +hane very rapidly-

The ou%pu% 0rom an ou%+ome analysis is an es%ima%e o0 %o%al 0ood and +ash in+ome 0or aproEe+%ed period, on+e %he +umula%ive eCe+%s o0 +urren% hazards and in+ome enera%ed0rom +opin s%ra%eies have been %aen in%o a++oun% 9as illus%ra%ed in %he fure below;-

#n E%ample o& an "utcome #nalysis &or 'oor Households &rom a LivelihoodZone in !outhern Ethiopia

3The %erm response s%ra%ey is pre0erred %o +opin s%ra%ey 0or %wo reasons- 2irs%ly, %he %erm +opins%ra%ey is o0%en used %o re0er %o reular +omponen%s o0 everyday livelihood 9e-- frewood sale;,whi+h s%ri+%ly speain are only +opin s%ra%eies when in%ensifed in response %o a hazard- Se+ondly,+opin +an be %aen %o imply %ha% %he s%ra%ey in Bues%ion is +os%:0ree, whi+h is no% always %he +ase-

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Three %ypes o0 Buan%i%a%ive da%a are+ombined %o predi+% ou%+ome$ da%a onbaseline sour+es o0 0ood and +ash, da%a on%he hazard, and da%a on +opin s%ra%eies-

2irs% o0 all, %he eCe+%s o0 %he hazard onbaseline sour+es o0 0ood and +ash in+omeare +al+ula%ed 9middle bar in %he +har%;-

Then %he eCe+% o0 any +opin s%ra%eies isadded in 9rih%:hand bar;-

The resul% is an es%ima%e o0 ma#imum %o%al0ood and +ash in+ome 0or %he +urren% year-

ote:%n this graphic ood and cash incomeha#e been added together and in this casee*pressed in ood terms+ (,he results couldalso be e*pressed in cash terms)+

The ne#% s%ep is %o +ompare proEe+%ed %o%al in+ome aains% %wo %hresholds %o de%erminewhe%her an in%erven%ion o0 some ind is reBuired-

The %wo %hresholds G %he Livelihoods 'rotection )hresholdand %he !urvival )hresholdG are des+ribed in %he fure below- The Sur#i#al ,hresholdis %he amoun% o0 0ood and +ashin+ome reBuired %o ensure survival in %he shor%:%erm 9i-e- %o +over minimum 0ood and non:0ood needs;- Minimum non:0ood needs will enerally in+lude %he +os%s o0 preparin and+onsumin 0ood plus any +ash e#pendi%ure on wa%er 0or human +onsump%ion- The"i#elihoods rotection ,hresholdis %he amoun% o0 0ood and +ash in+ome reBuired %o pro%e+%lo+al livelihoods- This means a level o0 in+ome %ha% ives people %he op%ion %o main%aine#pendi%ure on basi+ non:0ood oods and servi+es a% %he levels prevailin in %he re0eren+eyear- This does no% mean %ha% people will have e#a+%ly %he same s%andard o0 livin as in %here0eren+e year 9sin+e %he livelihoods pro%e+%ion base% e#+ludes mos% non:essen%ial i%ems

su+h as be%el and %oba++o;, nor %ha% %hey will pursue e#a+%ly %he same a+%ivi%ies as in %here0eren+e year- )u% i% does mean %ha% G provided %hey priori%ise %hese i%ems G people +an+on%inue %o spend similar amoun%s o0 money on inpu%s 0or +rop and lives%o+ produ+%ion andon heal%h and edu+a%ion as in %he re0eren+e year-

)esides %hese essen%ial non:0ood oods and servi+es, %he "i#elihoods rotectione*penditure bas-et+an also +on%ain a number o0 i%ems %ha% G while no% absolu%ely essen%ial0or survival G +an none%heless be +onsidered essen%ial in %erms o0 sus%ainin a minimumlo+ally a++ep%able s%andard o0 livin- *% is usually Bui%e easy %o iden%i0y %hese i%ems %hrouhdis+ussions wi%h lo+al ey in0orman%s- "no%her impor%an% poin% abou% %he "i#elihoodsrotection ,hresholdis %ha%, as defned here, i% is se% rela%ive %o lo+al +ondi%ions ra%her %hanrela%ive %o in%erna%ional s%andards, su+h as Sphere-

Comparison o& 'ro*ected +ncome against )wo Clearly ,e-ned )hresholdsProEe+%ed %o%al in+ome 9in+ludin in+ome 0rom +opin; is +ompared aains% %wo %hresholdsdefned on %he basis o0 lo+al pa%%erns o0 e#pendi%ure-

)he !urvival )hreshold represen%s %he %o%al in+ome reBuired %o +over$

a; 455I o0 minimum 0ood enery needs 98455 +als per person;, plus

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b; %he +os%s asso+ia%ed wi%h 0oodprepara%ion and +onsump%ion9i-e- sal%, soap, erosene andForfrewood 0or +ooin and basi+lih%in;, plus

+; any e#pendi%ure on wa%er 0orhuman +onsump%ion-

ote: %tems included in categories

b) and c) together ma-e up theminimum non.ood e*penditurebas-et represented by the bro'nbar in the e*penditure graphic+

)he Livelihoods 'rotection)hreshold represen%s %he %o%alin+ome reBuired %o sus%ain lo+allivelihoods- This means %o%ale#pendi%ure %o$

a; ensure basi+ survival 9see above;, plusb; main%ain a++ess %o basi+ servi+es 9e-- rou%ine medi+al and s+hoolin e#penses;, plus+; sus%ain livelihoods in %he medium %o loner %erm 9e-- reular pur+hases o0 seeds, 0er%ilizer,

ve%erinary drus, e%+-;, plus

d; a+hieve a minimum lo+ally a++ep%able s%andard o0 livin 9e-- pur+hase o0 basi+ +lo%hin,+oCeeF%ea, e%+-;

6eardin +opin 9or response; s%ra%eies, i% is no% usual %o in+lude every possible s%ra%eyin %he +al+ula%ion o0 ou%+ome- This would have %he eCe+% o0 minimisin and almos%+er%ainly under:es%ima%in %he need 0or assis%an+e as measured by %he def+i%- *ns%ead, only%hose s%ra%eies %ha% are appropria%e responses %o lo+al s%ress are in+luded- *n %his +on%e#%,appropria%e means bo%h +onsidered a normal response by %he lo+al popula%ion andunliely %o damae lo+al livelihoods in %he medium %o loner %erm- *n many ari+ul%uralareas, i% may be usual 0or one or more household members %o mira%e 0or labour when%imes are hard- Provided %he response is no% pushed %oo 0ar 9i-e- %oo many people mira%in0or %oo lon a period o0 %ime;, %his +an also be +onsidered an appropria%e response %o s%ress-*n H&", %here0ore, %he mos% impor%an% +hara+%eris%i+ o0 a +opin s%ra%ey is i%s +os%, where+os% is measured in %erms o0 %he eCe+% on livelihood asse%s, on 0u%ure produ+%ion by %hehousehold, and on %he heal%h and wel0are o0 individual household members- No%e %ha% +os%is no% Eus% a 0un+%ion o0 %he %ype o0 a+%ivi%y, bu% %he e#%en% %o whi+h i% is u%ilised 9as in %helives%o+ sale and labour mira%ion e#amples des+ribed above;- Hih +os% s%ra%eies areno% in+luded in %he analysis-

/ontents of t-e "ive%i-ood Pro1%es4

The profles %ha% 0ollow are divided in%o a number o0 se+%ions$

0one description oCers a eneral des+rip%ion o0 lo+al livelihood pa%%erns 9+rop produ+%ion,

lives%o+ rearin, ari+ul%ural labour, oC:0arm in+ome enera%ion e%+-;-*arkets +on%ains basi+ in0orma%ion on %he mare%in o0 lo+al produ+%ion and on anyimpor%a%ion o0 s%aple 0ood in%o %he zone-

,easona% /a%endarse%s ou% %he %imin o0 ey a+%ivi%ies durin %he year- This is 0ollowedby 0our se+%ions %ha% provide %he +ore in0orma%ion on %he household e+onomy o0 %he zone-

4 This se+%ion has been adap%ed 0rom %he SNN! "i#elihood ro$les %ntroduction and !egionaler#ie', prepared by 2&@ 0or %he AS"*D 2&!S N&T proEe+% and %he &%hiopian @overnmen%s DPP/ in8551-

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The 5ea%t- +reakdown se+%ion des+ribes 0our or fve main weal%h roups 9very poor,poor, middle and be%%er:oC;, e#plainin %he diCeren+es be%ween %hese roups and how%his aCe+%s po%en%ial a++ess %o 0ood and +ash in+ome-

The ,ources of Food and ,ources of /as- #ncomese+%ions e#amine pa%%erns o0 0oodand in+ome a++ess a% ea+h level o0 weal%h, rela%in %hese %o %he +hara+%eris%i+s o0 ea+hroup- "n annual pi+%ure is presen%ed, wi%h 0ood e#pressed as a per+en%ae o0 8455 +alsper person per day- The sour+es o0 +ash in+ome are presen%ed in absolu%e Myanmar ya%

earned per year-

The xpenditure Patternsse+%ion is o0 in%eres% in showin wha% propor%ion o0 %heir annual+ash bude% households a% %he diCeren% weal%h levels spend on 0ood, on household i%ems,on produ+%ion inpu%s, e%+-

The se+%ions on 2a.ardsprovide in0orma%ion on %he diCeren% %ypes o0 hazard %ha% aCe+%%he zone, diCeren%ia%ed by weal%h roup where %his is appropria%e-

Response ,trate&ies des+ribe %he various s%ra%eies available %o diCeren% %ypes o0household in %he zone in di+ul% years-

&arly warnin involves iden%i0yin and in%erpre%in ey even%s %ha% indi+a%e %ha% a +risis maybe developin- The se+%ion Ke! Parameters for *onitorin&sues%s %he ey indi+a%ors

%o moni%or in ea+h livelihood zone, based upon an unders%andin o0 lo+al livelihoodpa%%erns-

The se+%ion on ,cenario Ana%!sisloos a% %he impa+% o0 a 0ew basi+ sho+s on livelihoods,in+ludin +rop 0ailure, redu+ed availabili%y o0 +asual labour oppor%uni%ies, and in+reaseds%aple 0ood pri+es- '%her s+enarios +an be e#amined i0 de+ision maers are in%eres%ed in %heimpa+% o0 diCeren% sho+s 9or posi%ive +hanes;-

The fnal se+%ion, Pro&ramme #mp%ications, ou%lines some ideas 0or loner:%ermprorammin-

Fie%d *et-odo%o&!6

The profles presen%ed here have been +ompiled %hrouh a +ombina%ion o0 feldwor andre0eren+e %o e#is%in se+ondary da%a sour+es- The feldwor %o a%her baseline householde+onomy in0orma%ion was under%aen by %wo newly:%rained feld %eams o0 '2"M and N"@s%aC in '+%ober:November 8544- Ten villaes in Thazi and eih% villaes in Minbu werevisi%ed durin %he assessmen%-

Mos% o0 %he feld da%a was +olle+%ed dire+%ly a% villae level 0rom +ommuni%y ey in0orman%sand 0o+us roups %hrouh len%hy semi:s%ru+%ured in%erviews- Three in%erviews were+ondu+%ed wi%h separa%e roups o0 +ommuni%y leaders in ea+h villae on %he 0ollowin%opi+s$ weal%h breadown, produ+%ion and pri+es, and seasonal +alendar and %imeline-Separa%e in%erviews were +ondu+%ed wi%h represen%a%ives o0


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,ummar! and /omparison of "ive%i-ood 0ones

"l%houh %he %wo eoraphi+al areas +overed by %his assessmen% are bo%h rain0ed, %hey arediCeren% livelihood zones 0or a number o0 reasons$ %ypes o0 +rops rown, sour+es o0 0ood+onsumed, seasonal +alendar, propor%ion o0 landless households, and oC:0arm sour+es o0in+ome- The 0ollowin %ables provide a summary o0 %he +hara+%eris%i+s o0 ea+h livelihoodzone-

3 $-a.i Rainfed "ow%and "ive%i-ood 0one

Main +rop Paddy ri+e /rop produ+%ion, lives%o+ produ+%ion, lo+al and miran% wae labourand sel0:employmen% are %he basis o0 livelihoods in %he Thazi 6ain0edLowland Livelihood Zone- The zone is lo+a%ed in %he wes%ern plain o0

Thazi Township

The main +rops rown are paddy, +hilli, +hi+peas and sesame- SmallBuan%i%ies o0 sunOower and roundnu%s are also rown- *n %erms o0s%aple 0ood +rop 9i-e- ri+e; produ+%ion, %his is a 0ood def+i% zone- 2ieldsare %illed usin o#en 0or drauh% power or hand %ra+%ors- The main+ons%rain%s %o +rop produ+%ion in+lude irreular rain0all, insu+ien%

+api%al 0or inpu%s, shor%ae o0 drauh% power 0or %imely landprepara%ion, and a la+ o0 nowlede on ood +ul%iva%ion pra+%i+es- Themain lives%o+ ep% are +a%%le, primarily raised 0or drauh% power- "very small propor%ion o0 households eep oa%s and pis-

The poores% households in %his zone are landless and are hihlyvulnerable %o Ou+%ua%ions in %he pri+e o0 s%aple 0oods due %o low +ashin+omes and a heavy dependen+e on mare% pur+hases- Low:paid lo+alari+ul%ural labour is %he mos% impor%an% in+ome sour+e 0or landlesshouseholds and mu+h o0 %his is done in nearby weal%hier villaes- '%herin+ome sour+es 0or %he poor in+lude lo+al oC:0arm labour, miran% labour90or buildin +ons%ru+%ion, road +ons%ru+%ion, minin, ari+ul%ure and0a+%ory wor; and various %ypes o0 sel0 employmen%- The sel0:employmen% op%ions vary +onsiderably 0rom one villae %o %he ne#%,

dependin on lo+ally available resour+es and mare% a++ess, andin+lude bamboo, frewood and +har+oal sales and re+y+lin me%al-

'%her+rops

/hilli, +hi+peas,sesame,sunOower,roundnu%s

Lives%o+ /a%%le, +hi+ens

*n+ome

sour+es

"ri+ul%ural

labour,+ons%ru+%ionlabour, labourmira%ion,frewood and+har+oal sales,bamboo sales

2oodsour+es

Pur+hase, own+rop produ+%ion

7 *inu Rainfed Up%and "ive%i-ood 0one

Main +rop Sesame /rop produ+%ion, wae labour and sel0:employmen% are %he basis o0livelihoods in %he Minbu 6ain0ed Apland Livelihood Zone- The zone is spli%in%o %wo diCeren% eoraphi+al areas by a hilly razin area wi%h oil felds-

"ri+ul%ure in %his zone is based on %he produ+%ion o0 oil seeds 9in+ludinsesame, roundnu%s and sunOower;, pulses 9in+ludin reen ram, pieonpeas, +owpeas, +hi+peas, and lab lab;, and +o%%on- Paddy ri+e, %he mains%aple 0ood, is no% rown in %his livelihood zone, bu% is rown in o%her par%s

o0 Minbu Township, in+ludin in villaes wi%h irria%ed land- "lmos% all +rop

'%her+rops

@roundnu%s,reen ram,pieon peas,+o%%on

Lives%o+ /a%%le

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produ+%ion is sold and households 0rom all weal%h roups pur+hase %he vas%maEori%y o0 %heir 0ood needs, whi+h is unusual in a rural, ari+ul%urallivelihood zone and maes households 0rom all weal%h roups vulnerable %oOu+%ua%ions in 0ood pri+es- The main +ons%rain%s %o +rop produ+%ion in+lude%radi%ional 0armin pra+%i+es, poor Buali%y seeds, limi%ed inves%men% 0orinpu%s and unpredi+%able wea%her +ondi%ions- The main lives%o+ ep% are+a%%le, primarily 0or plouhin- " 0ew households eep oa%s and pis-

Sin+e appro#ima%ely hal0 %he popula%ion o0 %he zone is landless, wae

labour and sel0:employmen% are +en%ral %o livelihoods in %his zone- Thepoorer weal%h roups enae in lo+al ari+ul%ural wor, miran% labour,road +ons%ru+%ion, oil feld labour, +har+oal burnin, plum pi+in, andypsum +olle+%ion, amons% a varie%y o0 o%her a+%ivi%ies- Mos% able:bodiedpeople in landless households wor nearly 0ull %ime, 0or very low waes,averain only abou% 4555 ya% per day in %he re0eren+e period "uus%8545 G (uly 8544- Lo+al ari+ul%ural wor is %he mos% impor%an% in+omesour+e-

*n+omesour+es

"ri+ul%urallabour, oilfeld labour,+ons%ru+%ionlabour,+har+oalburnin, plumpi+in,

ypsum+olle+%ion

2oodsour+es

Pur+hase only

The 0ollowin raph +ompares %he sources of foodin %he %wo livelihood zones- The maindiCeren+e is %ha% households wi%h land in %he Thazi 6ain0ed Lowland Livelihood Zone+onsume some o0 %he +rops %ha% %hey produ+e, while households wi%h land in %he Minbu

6ain0ed Apland Livelihood Zone do no%-

,ources of Food$ Thazi 6ain0ed LowlandLivelihood Zone

Minbu 6ain0ed AplandLivelihood Zone

The 0ollowin raph +ompares %he sources of cas- incomein %he %wo livelihood zones- *n

bo%h +ases, landless households 9%he very poor roup in Thazi and %he very poor and poorroups in Minbu; ob%ain %heir +ash in+ome 0rom ari+ul%ural labour, oC:0arm in+ome sour+esand loans- )e%%er oC households ob%ain mos% o0 %heir in+ome 0rom +rop sales and loans- *n%he Thazi zone, be%%er oC households supplemen% %hese sour+es wi%h lives%o+ produ+%9mil; sales, lives%o+ sales and a small amoun% o0 ari+ul%ural labour- *n+ome 0romlives%o+ is minimal in %he Minbu zone- *% loos lie +ash in+omes are mu+h hiher 0ormiddle and be%%er oC households in %he Minbu zone, bu% %his is slih%ly de+ep%ive- 2arminhouseholds in %he Thazi zone +onsume some o0 %heir +rop produ+%ion, whereas %heir+oun%erpar%s in Minbu sell all o0 %heir produ+%ion-

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,ources of #ncome$ Thazi 6ain0ed LowlandLivelihood Zone

Minbu 6ain0ed AplandLivelihood Zone

The 0ollowin raph +ompares %he expenditure patterns in %he %wo livelihood zones-Households in %he Minbu zone spend a hiher propor%ion o0 %heir in+ome on s%aple 0ood9ri+e;- 2or %he poorer weal%h roups, %his is be+ause %he pri+e o0 ri+e in %he re0eren+e yearwas hiher in Minbu %han in Thazi- 2or %he be%%er oC weal%h roups, %his is par%ly be+ause o0%he pri+e diCeren+e, bu% mainly be+ause %he middle and be%%er oC roups in Thazi +onsume%heir own ri+e produ+%ion 0or a% leas% par% o0 %he year-

xpenditure Patterns$ Thazi 6ain0ed Lowland

Livelihood Zone

Minbu 6ain0ed Apland

Livelihood Zone

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Two livelihood zones in Thazi and Minbu townships, the dry zone , Myanmar.doc

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