Two Dimensions of Writing

Consolidatory Writing• It is an activity which is primarily

designed to reinforce oral skills.

• It provides opportunity in– Basic structures

– Grammar

– Rules and Lexical Items

– Rhetorical Pattern

Free Writing

• Free Compositions

• It focuses on the creative use of language in communication of ideas.

Examples of fully controlled writing

exercises:

1. Copying sentences and paragraphs.

2. Taking down sentences and paragraphs from dictation.

3. Rewriting sentences and selecting the correct word or expression from parenthesis.

The child was punished for her _______. (obey)

4. Substituting correct grammatical forms and structures.

5. Substituting correct expression or vocabulary term.

I bet you get married [A] before I get married [A].

I bet you get married [A] before I do [B].

6. Substituting specific and vivid forms for general words and items.

• Wordy: Jen believed but could not confirm that Nick had feelings of affection for her. (14 words)

• Concise: Jen assumed that Nick adored her. (6 words)

7. Rewriting sentences and passages and supplying the correct forms and appropriate expressions.

Wrong:

1. My father knows well to teach English.

Correct:

1. My father knows how to teach English well.

8. Completing sentences in a paragraph.

9. Completing a paragraph by supplying the missing details.

10. Writing a paragraph through a series of questions.

11. Conversion of statements, questions and commands.

12. Transformation of sentences containing structures and vocabulary items learned.

13. Writing a question for a given statements.

14. Writing a question suggested by a given answer.

15. Writing an outline based on unsorted list of items or situations.

16. Joining sentences.

17. Combining pair of sentences into one sentence which meet a given statement.

18. Rearranging sentences into a story.

19. Paraphrasing sentences.

20. Paraphrasing paragraphs.

21. Writing an outline and a paragraph based on notes taken from dictations.

22. Writing dialogue similar to those in the oral practice exercises, substituting the pupil’s personal circumstances.

23. Writing a connected story from a given set of sentences.

Examples of controlled writing or guided writing activities:

1. Writing sentences making use of structures or vocabulary learned.

2. Writing questions about reading passage or listening comprehension passage.

3. Writing sentences containing the structures presented, based on set of key words.

4. Writing a paragraph based on key sentences.

5. Writing an imaginary conversion based on a given situations.

6. Writing compositions in the style of a given passage or discourse.

7. Writing about personal experiences and observations based on given situation.

8. Retelling the story.

9. Finishing a story.

10. Imitating model paragraph.

11. Writing one’s reactions to the main ideas in the passages for reading and listening comprehension.

12. Writing paragraphs that explain, illustrate, list details, compare and contrast, state reasons, define.

Examples of free writing experience:

1. Personal notes and letters

2. Business notes and letters

3. Simple narration

4. Description

5. Explanation

6. Argumentation