Oxford History of Art

Twentieth-Century American Art

Erika Doss

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Gilded Age

Chapter 2 Early American Modernism: the Art of Everyday Life

Chapter 3 Avant-Garde Art and Experimentation

Chapter 4 Modernism and the Interwar Years

Chapter 5 A New Deal for the Arts: the Great Depression

Chapter 6 Abstract Expressionism

Chapter 7 Neo-Dada and Pop Art

Chapter 8 Minimalism and Conceptual Art

Chapter 9 Feminist Art and Black Art

Chapter 10 Culture Wars: the 1980s

Chapter 11 Contemporary Art

Notes

Index

abjection 230-3 Abstract Expressionism 11,14,16,1oo, 119,120,

1257,129,130,133-6,139,140 Acconci, Vito 173,174,237

Biting Piece 172,173 A C T U P 222

Adams, Ansel86 Adams, Dennis zzo Adams, James Truslow IIO

AIDS 208,213,220-2, 228,230,232,242, 247 AIRGallery 182 Albers, Josef145 Alessandra Gallery 188 Alloway, Lawrence 154,167,184 America, definition 11 American Abstract Artists 115, "6 American Academy of Fine Arts 41 American Artists' Congress 102

American Indian Movement zoo American Place, An 77 Amerika, Mark241 Arnos, Emma 198 Anderson Galleries 53 Anderson, Laurie 219

Songs andStoriesfiom Moby Dick 247,248 Andre, Carl165,172,187

Aluminum andMagnesium Plain166 Andrews, Benny 194,196 Anshutz, Thomas 4549 Ant Farm 174 Anti-form 174-6 Antin, Eleanor 217 Antoni, Janine 230,231,237

Lick andLatherz30 Anuszluewicz, Richard 163 appropriation art 211-14 Arendt, Hannah 127 Arensberg, Walter and Louise58,59,68,70,

72 Ariadne: A Social Art Network190 Armory Show, the 56,58,59,71,78,126 Arneson, Robert 152

John withArt1j3 Arnold, Charles Dudley 27 Art &Language Group 170 Art Brut 152 Artemesia 183 Arte Povera 174,207

Argorum (periodical) 165,167,169,174,184,188,

213 ArtFront (periodical) 102

Art in America (periodical) 213 Art Institute of Chicago 59,65244 Artists for Victory 123 Artists' Union 102

@trnARK 241 Arfnews (~eriodical) 127,128,147,167,182 Art ofThis Century Gallery124 Art Spirit, The (Henri) 46 Arts (periodical) 167 Art Strike 172 Art Students' League 65,105,112,136,156 Art Workers' Coalition 172 Asco 201

Ashcan Schoo135, 36,40,43-7,50,51,62 Ashford, Doug zzz assemblage art 146,150-4 Associated American Artists 111 Auchiah, James 115 Ault, Julie 222

Avalos, David 223 Avant-Garde and Kitsch (Greenberg) 12-13,

125,126

Baca, Judith 201

Great WallofLosAngeles~oo bad painting 207 Baer, Jo 164 Baldessari, John17~,213,229 Banerjee, &ta 240

Infectious Migrations 241,242 Barnes, Albert 59 Barney, Matthew 23o,z3z,z37, 247 Barr, Alfred 79 Barrie, Dennis 223 Barthe, Richmond 93 Barthes, Roland 135,214 Bartlett, Jennifer 207 Barton, Bruce 79 Basquiat, Jean-Michelzo6-10,227

Horn Players209 Baudrillard, Jean 214 Bay Area Figurative School 130 Baziotes, William 119,124 B e d , Lester

Light99

Beard, Charles andMary IOO

Bearden, Romare 135,146,155,195 Beats, the 148-52 Beaux, Cecilia 39 Bell, Larry 168 Bellows, George 25,46,50,57,72,86

Both Members of This Club 46,47,50 Bengelsdorf, Rosalind 116 Benglis, Lynda 174,184 Benjamin, Ben 241 Benjamin, Walter 158 Benton,Thomas H a r t g , 68,108,110-IZ,II~,

123,124,206 City Building96,110, 112

Berman, Wallace 151,152 Bernal, Antonio 201

Bhabha, Homi K. 246,247 Biederman, Charles 116 Bishop, Isabe1101, 102

,On the Sheet (Fourteenth Street)104,105 Bisstram, Emit 86,89 Black art movement 193-9 BlackMountain College 141,142 Black Panther Party197,198 Blashfield, Edwin 24 Bleckner, Ross 215 Bliss, Lillie 59,78 Bloom, Allen 210

Bluemner, Oscar 53,56 Blumenschein, Ernest 87 Bochner, Me1 172 body art 230-3 Boone, Mary zo6,zo8,zog, 210

Border Arts Workshop 223 Boroksb, Jonathan 207 Boston Museum of Fine Arts -- Bourgeois Gallery 59 Bourgeois, Louise 134

Pregnant Woman 135 Bourne, Randolph 80 Brakhage, Stan 149 Brecht, George 148 Breton, Andrt 124 Brever, Mareel167 British Independent Group 154 BrooklynMuseum ofArt 239,244 Brooks, Van Wyck86 Brown, Joan 152 Brown, Roger 152 Browne, Byron 116 Bruce, Lenny 152 Burden, Chris 173,174,229 Burnham, Daniel 24,29 Burroughs, William 149 Butler Institute ofAmerican Art, The 7, Byrne, David 239

Cadmus, Paul 102

Cage,John 98,140,141,147,148 Calder, Alexander I I ~ , I I ~ , I ~ ~

CaliforniaInstitute ofthe Arts (Cal Arts) 183,

189,213 Camera WorR (periodical) 60 Cannon, T. C. zoo

Collector #g199 Capa, Robert 123 Cardinal, Roger 152 Carnegie, Andrewz7,28,41 Carnegie Institute 27 Carnegie International (exhibitions) 27,216,

227 Carroll Gallery 59,68 Cassatt, Mary 29,187

Modern Woman30,31,32 Castelli, Leo 127,146,154,174,206,216 Catlett, Elizabeth 197 Ctzanne, Paul 60,66,8n Chalee, Pop 113 Chamberlain, John 146 Chandler, Dana 196,197 Chaplin, Charlie48,8z Charles, Michael Ray 237,239

(Forever Free) The NBA238 Chase, William Merrittjg, 62 Chase-Riboud, Barbara194,197,198 Chavez, Ctsar 201

Chicago, Judy 183,189,191 DinnerParty, The 181,182,185,186,190,216

229,230 Chicago World's Fair (1893) 16,19-33,187,190,

245 Chicano Art Movement 199-ZOI Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation

(exhibition) 14,239 Chin, Mel178,236

Spirit237 Chomsky, Noam 171 Christopher Street Gallery 195 Chromatic abstractionists 121

Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center 223,233 City Gallery 147 Civil Rights Movement 148,149,161,162,181,

195, '97 Close, Chuck166

Big Self-portrait167 COBRA (Coalition ofBlack Revolutionary

Artists) 195 Coleman, Ornette 196 Colescott, Robert 194,238

George Washington Carver Crossingthe Delaware: Pagej-omAmerican History 195

College Art Association 183 Coltrane, John 134 Conceptual art 169-74,188, 210

Conner, Bruce 149,150,151,165 Looking Glass~jr, 152

consumerism 125,139-40,154,1561 Corcoran Art Gallery 182 Cornell, Joseph 144,188 Cortissoz, Royal56,70,71,75

Couse, Eanger Irving 97 Covert, John 70 Cox, Kenyon 24 Crane, Stephen40 Craven, Arthur 69 Craven, Thomas 112

Crisis 92 Cubism 61,114,116 Cullen, Countee 92 Cunningham, Merce 141 Curry, John Steuart

Baptism in Kansas 108, Iro Tornado Over Kansas 110

Dada 69 American53,58,6872 Neo-Dada 140-54

Dallas Nine 108 Daniel Gallery 59 Darrow, Clarence 33 Dasburg, Andrew 53,68,86,89

New Mexican Village (Taos Houses) 88,89 Davies, Arthur B. 35, 42 Davis, Miles 134,148 Davis, Stuart 57,98,115,116

Swing Landscape I I ~

Decade Show, The (exhibition) 227,228,245 Dee, Kool Moe 221

DeFeo, Jay 16,151,191 Rose, The 1~0,151

de Kooning, Elaine 135,137,169 de Kooning, Willem 98,115,121,125,133,134,

136-7,14o,145,146,154,2o5,236 Woman 1137

DeLillo, Don 210

DeMaria, Walter 176,178 Demuth, Charles 70,79

MY Egypt74, 79,80 de Nagy, Tibor 126 Denver Art Museum 167 Derrida, Jacques 214 de Saussure, Ferdinand 164,229 Detroit Institute ofArts 82 Dewey, John 62 de Zayas, Marius 70 Dia Center for the Arts 178 Dial, Thornton

Headingfor the Higher Paying Jobs 234 Dill, Laddie John

L.A. InternationalAirportr66 Diller, Burgoyne 116 Dine, Jim 146 Dinkins, David 228 Disneyland 130 di Suvero, Mark146

Peace Tower170 documentary photography 38,105-8 Dodge, Mabel56,58,86-9,98 Dondero, George 129 Dos Passos, John77, 102

Douglas, Aaron 92,93,94,234 Aspects ofNegro Life 92

Douglas, Emory 198 Douglas, Frederick 26 Dove, Arthur j3, 61 64,77

Critic, The 70,71 Nature SymbolizedNo. 2 65

Dow, Arthur Wesley 68 Downtown Gallery 15 Doyle, Sam 209 Dreier, Katherine 58,59,78 Dreiser, Theodore 40 Driggs, Elsie

Pittsburgh 78, 80 DuBois, W. E. B. 91 Dubuffet, Jean 152 Duchamp, Marcelj8,68-70,85,140,141,143,

147,148,155, 170,171,186 Fountain 68,72 NudeDescendinga Staircase, No. 2 56,57,186

Dunn, Dorothy 113-14 Durham, Jimmie 236 Dwan, Virginia 178

Eakins, Thomas 45 Earthworks 161,165,176-9 East Village 208 Eddy, Arthur Jerome 59 Edelson, Mary Beth 191,192 Edwards, Melvin 194,196

AI-PhoenixNo. 1196 Peace Tower170

Egan, Charles 126

Eight, The 11,33,35,36,400 42, 43 Einstein, Albert I ~ I

Eisenhower, Dwight 130 Eisenman, Nicole 229 Ellington, Duke 76 Ellis, Brett Easton zro Ellison, Ralph 193 Equal Rights Amendment 216 Evans, Walker 211

Evergood, Phillip 102

Fakeshop 241 Farm Security Administration (FSA) 98,99,

105,107 Farrell, James 102

Faulkner, William 67 Fawbush Gallery 9 Federal Arts Project (FAP) 98,99,116,136 Feminist art 177,181-96,210,215-18 Ferlinghetti, Lawrence 149 Ferus Gallery 149,154 Finley, Karen 224,231 Finster, Howard 234 Fischl, Eric 210

Fitzgerald, F. Scott 77, a4 Flavin, Dan 165 Fleck, John 224

F~UXUS 148,173 folk art 107,114,152,234 Fonseca, Harry 199 Force, Juliana 79 Forum Exhibition of Modern American

Painters 53,54,55,59,60,68,71 Foster, Hal213,230 Foucault, Michel135,214 Francis, Sam 133 Frank, Waldo 65,86 Frankenthaler, Helen 133,135 Frazer, James 131,208 French, Daniel Chester 23,24,35

America34,35 Republic 22,23,32,35

French, Jared 130 Fried, Michael135,165,170,176 Friedan, Betty135,183,189 Front Range 183 Funk art 152-4,163 FUSCO, COCO 236,243

Two UndiscoaeredAmerindians Visit the West

Gaither, Edmund Barry 193 Garcia, Robert zoo Garza, Carmen Lomas zoo Gellert, Hugo 102

Genthe, h o l d 3 8 geometric abstraction 115-17 Getz, Stan 152 Gibson, Charles Dana 43 GildedAge II,I~-21, 25,28,29,30,35,36,

39-40> 244 Gillespie, Dizzy 148,209 Gdiam, Sam 196 Gilpin, Laura 86 Ginsberg, Allen 148-9,152 Glackens, William 35,42,43,45,50 Gober, Robert 9,230,232,239

Untitledz33 Goldberg, Ken 241 Golub, Leon 207 Gombrich, Ernst 146 G6mez-Peiia, Guillermo 228,236, 240, 243

Two UndircoveredAmerindians Visit the West

245,246 Gonzalez-Torres, Felix 222

Goodrich, Lloyd 112

Goossen, Eugene 163 Gorky, Arshile 98,115,116,124,135 Gottlieb, Adolph IZO,IZZ, 128,134,154 graffiti art 208 Graham, Dan 172 Gran Fury 222

Grateful Dead 168 Great Depression 97-102,107,108, 110 Greenberg, Clement 12,13,1257,134,135,142,

164,170,183,2~ Green Gallery 158

Greene, Balcomb 116 Greene, Gertrude 116 Greenwich Village Artists' Club 120

Griffin, Rick Aoxomoxoa (album cover) 169

Grooms, Red 147 Group Material 220, 227

AIDS Timelinezzz Guerrilla Girls 215,216 Guggenheim Museum 172 Guggenheim, Peggy 124 GulfWar 203,228 Guston, Phillip 102,207 Gutai, Japanese 147,148 Guthrie, Woody 107

Haacke, Hans 172,205,220,2~j Halley, Peter

Two Cells with Conduitzrj Hamilton, Ann 231,232,237

Myein 243 Hamilton, Richard 154 Hammond, Harmony 187 Hammons, David 198,221,227

Injustice Case 194 Hansa Gallery 147 Hansen, A1 148 Happenings 146-8,173 Haring, Keith 208,222 Harlem Artists' Guild 94,146 Harlem Art Workshop 94 Harlem O n M y Mind (exhibition) 196,197 Harmon Foundation 92,94,95 Harmon, William E. 95 Hartigan, Grace 135

l

Hartley, Marsden53,61,66,86 El Santo 87 Portrait ofa German Oficer66,67

Harvey, Bessie 234 Hassam, Childe 27 ! Hayden, Palmer77,93,95 Hayden, Sophia 24,30 Hedrick, Wally 151 Heizer, Michael176,177,178,179,zob Helms, Jesse 222,224 I Helter Skelter (exhibition) 228-9,232,233 Hemingway, Ernest 77 Hendrix, Jimi 168 Henri, Robert35,39,40,41,45, 46,47,48,53,

60,86, Eva Green 37,38 39,40,48,49,62 I

Heresies 183 ~ k r m s , George 150,151 Herrera, Joe zoo Hersch, Lee 119 Hesse, Eva 174,181

Untitledri-~ Higgins, Dick148 Hine, Lewis H . 38 Hip-hop 208

Hirshorn Museum 233 Hispanic Art in the United States: Thirty

Contemporary Painters and Sculptors (exhibition) 14

Hofmann, Hans 124,134,136,147 Hogue, Alexander 107, 111

Erosions No. 2: Earth Mother L a i d B a r e d Holley, Lonnie 234 Holly Solomon Gallery 188 Holt, Nancy 186

Sun Tunnels 176,177,179 Holty, Carl 116 Holtzman, Harold 116 Holzer, Jenny 213

Truisms 220

Hopper, Edward 83,130 Automat 84

Hosmer, Harriet zz Houser, AUan 113,115, zoo Hovenden, Thomas 26,33

BreakingHome Tiesz6,33, Howe, Oscar 113, zoo Hughes, Holly 224,231 Hughes, Langston 77,91,92,94, 102

Hunt, &chard Morris 24,146 Huxley, Aldous 65 Huyssen, Andre 234

identitypolitics 233-41 Immigrant, The (film, 1917) 48 immigration 13-I~,ZO,ZI, 26,49,54,75,101,203,

228,247 Index ofAmerican Design 107,114 Indian Art of the United States (exhibition)

115,132 Indiana, Robert 154 Information (exhibition) 171,172 installation art 229,231,233,237,240,243,244,

245 Institute ofAmerican Indian Arts zoo internet art 241 Intimate Gallery, The 77 Irwin, Robert 168

Jaar, Alfredo zzo Jackson, Jesse 221, 228 Jackson, Martha 126 Jackson, William Henry 199 Jacobs, Ken 149 James, William 62,66 Janis, Sidney126,154,155 Janson, H. W. 182

jazz gz,134,148,152, 209 Jazz Age 76 Jess (Collins) 151 Jim Crow segregation 25,26,47,49,91,101 Jiminez, Luis zoo John Reed Clubs 102,103 Johns, Jasper 1~2,146,155,205,~15

Flag on OrangeField14z, 143

Johnson, Buffie 134 Johnson, Jack47 Johnson, James Weldon 76,91,92 Johnson, Lyndon 162,163 Johnson, Malvin Gray 93 Johnson, Phillip 205 Johnson, Sargent 93,95

Mask 92 Johnson, William H. 93 Jonas, Joan 174 Jones, LeRoi (Amiri Baraka) 196 Jonson, R a p o n d 86

Earth Rhythms No. 6 88,89 Joseph, Cliff196,197 Judd, Donald 16 j

Large Stack 166 Judson Dance Theater 176 Judson Gallery 147 Judson Memorial Church 197 Jung, Carl C. 131

Kandinsb, Wassily 65,66,67,88 Kansas City Art Institute 112

Kaprow, Allan 133,142,147,148,240 Karamu House 94 Karp, Ivan 154 Katz, Alex 207 Kelley, Mike 227,229,230,4j/

Dirty 226 Kelly, Ellsworth 164,215 Kelly, Mary 189 Kennedy, John F. 150,161,162 Kerouac, Jack 148-9 k d s of Survival (KOS) 223 Kiefer, Anselm 207 Kienholz, Edward 150,152,154

Il(egalOperation, The153 Kim, Byron 237 King, Jr., Martin Luther 161,162,196 King, Rodney 228 Kiowa Five 115 ktchen, The 174 Kline, Franz 121

Komar, Vitaly 224 Koons, Jeff 213

St. John the Baptirt 214 Kootz, Sam 126 KOS ( k d s of Survival) 223 Kosuth, Joseph 172,240,243

Art as Idea as Idea 170,171 Kozloff,Joyce 188 Kramer, Hilton 171 Krasner, Lee 105,1zo, 135, IOT

Untitled136 Krauss, Rosalind 135,184 Kristeva, Julia 230 Kruger, Barbara 211, 213,227

Untitled (YourBody is a Battleground)z17,

219 Kuhn, Thomas 170

Ku Klux Klan 75,245 Kwait, John (pseud. Meyer Schapiro) 103

Labowitz, Leslie 190 Lacan, Jacques 214 Lacy, Suzanne 190 Lange, Dorothea

MigrantMother~og, 106,107 Las Mujeres Muralistas 201

Lassaw, Ibrarn 116 Lawrence, D. H . 86,87 Lawrence, Jacob 196,234

Migra fion ofthe Negro, The 15,91 Lawrence, Mary 24 Lawson, Ernest 35 Lawson, Thomas 211

Leary, Timothy 168 Lee, Spike 239 Leslie, Alfred 139 Levin, Kim ZII

Levine, Jack~oz, 130 Levine, Sherry ~11,215 LCvi-Strauss, Claude 164 Lewis, Norman 1~0,135,195

Hurlem Courtyard118,13g LeWitt, Sol165, 167,169,170,172,206

1357911166 Lichtenstein, Roy 154,155,206

Eddie Diptych 156 Life (periodical) 11o,123,126,146,149,162,

213 Light and Space Movement 168,169,229 Limbaugh, Rush 216 Lin, Maya

Vietnam VeferansMemorialzoz, 203,204 Lippard, Lucy 183 Liu, Hung

Tale of Two Women, A240 Locke, Alain 91~3,193 Longo, Robert 210

Lopez,Yolanda 9,191,193,200 Portrait oftheArtist as the Virgin of

Guadalupe 9,192,239 iorca, Garcia 126 Lorentz, Pare 107 Los Angeles County Museum ofArt 182 Los Angeles Modern Art Society59 Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art

228 Los Angeles Woman's Building 190 Los Four 201

Los G d o s 86,87 Louis, Morris 133 Loving, Alvin 196 Lozowick, Louis 77,80 LSD 168 Luce, Henry 123 Lucier, Mary 174

Antique with VideoAnts andGenerations of Dinosaurs 175

Luks, George 35,40,43 Hester Street37,38,39,47

Luna, James 236 Arfifacf Piece 245

Lynch, David 210

Macbeth Gal leryj~, 40,42,43 Macdonald-Wri t , Stanton53,54,66,68,98

Abstraction on Spectrum (0rganization5)54 Maciunas, George 148 MacMonnies, Frederick 20, 24

Columbian Fountain 18,22 MacMonnies, Mary Fairchild30-I, 32 Magnuson, Ann 208 Mader, Norman 139 Mangold, Robert 164 Manship, Paul 115 Manson, Charles 229 Map~lethorpe, Robert zo3,zzz-4,233 Marcuse, Herbert 176 Marden, Brice 164 Marin, Johns3, 61,64,77,86 Marioni,Torn 172,173 Marsh, Reginald 101-5,156

Park Bench, The 104 Marshall, Kerry Jarnes 237 Martin, A p e s 164,167 Maryland Historical Society 245 mass culture 7576,158 Masses, The (periodical) 45,57,72,102 mass media 42,43 Maurer, Alfred 61 McBride, Henry 59 McCarthy, Joseph 129 McCarthy, Paul 229,230,237 McInerney, Jay 210

McKay, Claude 92 McIGm, Charles Follen 24 McKim, Mead and White 28 McLuhan, Marshal1 145 Melamid, Alexander 244 Mencken, H. L. 76-7 Mendieta, Ana 193,227

First Silueta 191 Mesa-Bains, Amalia zoo Metalious, Grace 130 Metropolitan Museum ofArt 77,196,197 Michelson, Annette 184,185 migration 13-15 Miller, Kenneth Hayes 98,105 Miller, Tim 224 Minimalism 163-8,231 Minneapolis Institute ofArts 195 Mitchell, Joan 135 Modern Artists inAmerica (~eriodical) 134 Modern Gallery 59 modernism, American II,IZ-16, 35-7,62,210,

211,227 Ashcan School and 51 critical response 75

Dada and 70 definition 11-12,37

early 357,535,60,62 feminism and 183 Forum exhibition 55,56 literature 77

patronage ~ 9 ~ 6 0 , 77,78 pluralism and empiricism 62 Southwestern, see Southwestern

Modernism Mopope, Steven 11s Morris, Gerald L. K. 116 Morris, Robert 165,172,174 Motherwell, Robert 124,125,128,133,

14% I54 AtFive in theAfternoon 126

Motley Jr., Archibald 95 Black Belt93

movies 48-~,~o,~~,IoI,Io~,Io~,IIo, 130,157, 200,205,210,220,239

multiculturalism 228 Mulvey, Laura 184 Mumford, Lewis 86 Murphy, Gerald 77,8183

Razor84 Murray, Elizabeth 207 Museum ofAmerican Folk Art 152,234 Museum of Contemporary Art (Los Angeles)

178 Museum of Contemporary Hispanic Art 227 Museum ofModern Art (MoMA) 59,7780,

museums 77,242-6 Myrdal, Gunnar 135

Nailor, Gerald 113,115 Unfitled113

NAMES Quilt 222

Namuth, Hans 128,132 National Academy of Design 40, 41,129,136 National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People (NAACP) 102,103 National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) 162,

163,203,206,2243 233,244 National Endowment for the Humanities

(NEH) 162,163 National Museum of American Art

(Smithsonian American Art Museum)

244 National Museum of Natural History 245 National Organization for Women (NOW)

'83 National Sculpture Society 129 Native American art 113-15, 199, zoo, 236 Nauman, Bruce 172,174 Neel, Alice 98,105,207 neoconservatism zoj Neo-Dada 140-54 Neo-Expressionism 11,206-11

Neo-Geo 214-15 Neri, Manuel15z, 153 Neshat, Shirin 241 Neue Sachlichkeit 111 Nevelson, Louise 98,105,135,146 New Deal 97-1oo,107-8, III, "5, 116,124 Newman, Barnett 121

New Masses 1oz,1o3 New Museum of Contemporary Art 227,234 New Negro Movement 14,16,77,91-5 New Realists (exhibition) 154 New School for Social Research 112

New York City 47,120,1267 NewYorkworlds Fair (1939-40) 115,124,154 NewYork World's Fair (196~) 154 Nilsson, Gladys 152 9 in a Warehouse (exhibition) 174 Nirvana 229 Nixon, Richard 171,181,203 Nochlin, Linda 182 Noguchi, Isamu III, 134

Death (LynchedFigure) 103 Noland, Kenneth 164 Nordfelt, B. J. 0 . 8 6 Norris, Frank40 Nouveaux Rialistes 147 Nutt, Jim 152

O'Doherty, Brian 145,167 Ofili, Chris 239 O'Grady, Lorraine 218 O'Hara, Frank 139 O'Keeffe, Georgia 64,65,66,68,77,83,87, p,

111,181 Cowl Skull.. Red, White, andBlue89,po Shelton with Sunspots, The 83,85,86

Oldenburg, Claes 142,146,147,155,156,206 Store, The139, qto, 148,153,154,156,158

Olds, Elizabeth 102

Olmstead, Frederick Law 20, 24 Olson, Charles 141 Ono,Yoko 148,172,181 O p art 163,168 Oppenheim, Dennis 173 Opportunity (periodical) 92 outsider art 152,234,244 Overstreet, Joe 198

Packard, Vance 145 Paik, Nam June 148,174 Palmer, Bertha 29,31 Paris, Harold 152 Parker, Charlie 134,148, Parks, Gordon 197 Parks, Rosa 149 Parrish, Maxfield 43 Parsons Gallery 119,1zo, 125,130,145 Parsons, Betty124,126 Paschke, Ed 152

INDEX 285

Paterson Strike Pageant 57,58 Pattern and Decoration 186-90 Paula Cooper Gallery 184 Peace Tower (various artists) 169,170,196 Pearlstein, Phillip 207 Pennsylvania Academy of Art 45 People's Art Guild 59 Pereira, Irene Rice 116 performance art 148,173,174,176,181,189,224,

229,231,232,237,243,245, ~4~ Perls Gallery 134 Perreault, John 188 Pettibon, Raymond 227,229 photography 13,~7-8,38,53,60,66,69-9,8~,

86,105-7,1~3,128,146,162, 167,185,197, 211-12,217-18, 223-4, 237,240,241

Photo-Secession 60 Picabia, Francis 68,69,70 Picasso, Pablo 60,61,65,66,93,186 Pierce, C. S. 164 Piper, A&ian 173,181,193,213,217,2~0, 221,223 Plessy v. Ferguson 26 Pollock, Jackson16,98,11z, 120,124-6,128,131,

I32-5,147> 207 Autumn Rhythm: Number~o 119,12o, 125,130,

131>155 Going West121

Ponti, Gio 167 Poons, Larry 163 Pop art 11,154-9,163 postminimalism 174-6 postmodernism 13,211,214,215,227 poststructuralism 214 Potter, David 156 Precisionism 77,80,82,83 Prendergast, Ernest 35,42 Prince, Richard 211

Progressivism 40,49 Prophet, Nancy Elizabeth 93 psychedelic art 163,168 Public Art Fund 219 Pynchon, Thomas 168

Queer Nation 222

Quinn, John 59

racism 25,26,30,48,91,199,237-8,244-, Rainer, Yvonne 176 Ramspacher, Karen 222

Rauschenberg, Robert 141,142,143,145,146,

155,215,236 Odalisk I#, 145

Ray, Man 68,69 Hommep, 53

readymades 69,70 Reagan, Ronald 203,205 Reaganomicszro, 22.8 Reed, John58, 102

Regionalism XI, 108-13,119 Reinhardt, Ad 1~1,134,215

286 INDEX

How to Look a t Modern Art in America 122,

123 Remington, Frederick43, 90 Resettlement Administration (M) 105,107 Responsive Eye, The (exhibition) 163 Reuben Gallery 147 Reznikoff, Charles 231 Richards, MaryCaroline 141 Richter, Gerhard 227 Rickson, Gary 196 Ried, Calvin 239 Riesman, David 130 Riis, Jacobj8 Riley, Bridget 163 Ringgold, Faith 187,194,197,198,227

Flag is Bleeding, The 193 Rivera, Diego 102

Detroitlndust~y Mural, North Wall82,11z Rivers, Larry 139 Rockbourne, Dorothea 164 Rockefeller, Abby Aldrich 78 Rockefeller, John D. 28,41 Rockefeller, Nelson 102,172 Rockwell, Norman 123,130

Easter Morningrgr Rodia, Simon

Watts Towersr~o, 151,188, 234 Roe v. Wade 183 Rollins,Tim 222, 223 Ronnebeck, Louise 105

Harvest 97,98, ~ o o Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 98,99 Roosevelt, Theodore 46 Rosenberg, Harold 127 Rosenfeld, Paul 86,87 Rosenquist, James 154

F-111 155,158, 159 Rosenthal, Rachel 191 Rothenberg, Susan 207 Rothko,Mark~zo, 1~1,124,131,133-5, 154

Yellow Band121 Rothstein, Arthur 107 Royal Chicano iZlr Force 201

Rozak, Theodore 168 Rrose SClavy~8,69 Russell, Morgan53,66,68

Saar, Allison Nocturne Navigator 234,235

Saar, Betye 150,187,193,196,198,234,237 RecordforHattie188,198

Sacco, Nicola 105 Saint Gaudens, Augustus 22-4 Salinger, J. D. 130 Salle, David 206,207 San Francisco Museum ofModern Art 181 Santa Fe Indian School 113,114 Sargent, John Singer 56,62

Mrs. Fish Warren (Gretchen Osgood) andHer Daughter Ruche139

Savage, Augusta 93,105,134 Schamberg, Morton 70 Schapiro, Meyer 103,147 Schapiro, Miriam 183,188,189

Mary Cassatt andMe 187 Scharf, Kenny 208 Schlesinger Jr., Arthur 127 Schnabel, Julian 206,208, 210

?TTAzo7 Schneemann, Carolee 148,176,181,191

Interior Smoll18j Scholder, Fritz 199, zoo Schwitters, Kurt 144 Scudder, Janet 24 Scull, Robert and Ethel155,158,178 Seale, Bobby q 4 , 197 SeMa, Sonia 134 self-taught art 152 Semmel, Joan 230

Through the ObjectiEyer84 Sensation (exhibition) 239,244 Serra, Richard165~174

TiltedArc168,zog, 204 Serrano, Andres 203,227

Piss Christ 223,224 Shahn, Ben 1oz,12j

Jersey Homesteads 100, IOI, 1o3,105, I24 Sharp, Joseph 87 Shaw, Jim 229 Sheeler, Charles53,82, 111, I,-

Americana 83 Classic Landscape 81

Sherman, Cindy 185,227,241 Untitled #zrr 217

Shinn, Everea35,42,43,45,47 Sikander, Shahzia 240 Simmons, Gary 237 Simpson, Lorna 218 Sinclair, Upton 40

Sloan,John35,41-3,45,57,58,86 ChineseRestaurant y, 54,5584 Hairdressers Window gg Mouies, 5 Cents50

Smith, Bessie 76 Smith, David 115 Smith, Jaune Quick-to-See 227

Trade (Giftsfi Trading Land with White People) 236

Smith, Kiki 9,230,231 Virgin Mary 9,1o, 231

Smith, Tony 165 Smith, W. Eugene 123 Smithson, Robert 172,176,178,186,236

SpiralJetty161,r62,176-9 social realism 100-5,113 Socittt Anonyme, Inc. 58,78 Society ofAmerican Artists 40,41 Society of Independent Artists (exhibition) 59,

69,71,72,78 SonicYouth 227,229

Sonnabend Gallery 173 Sotheby's 205,241 Southwestern modernism 77,86-91,186 Soyer, Moses 102

Soyer, Raphael 102

Spero, Nancy 169,191,219 Spiral 195,198 Stankiewicz, Richard 146 Steffens, Lincoln 40 Stein, Gertrude 58,67 Steinbach, Hans 213 Steinbeck, John 102,107 Steinke, Darcey 241 Steir, Pat 207 Stella, Frank 165,215

Installation view164 Stella, Joseph 14,62, 64,70

Battle oflights, Coney Island, Mardi Gras 62,

63 Sterling, Bruce 219 Sternberg, Harry 102

Sterne, Hedda 134 Stettheimer, Florine 58,59,70

Portrait ofMarcelDuchamp~8 Stieglitz,Alfred59-61,65,66,68,77,83

MarcelDuchamp, Fountain 69 Steerage, The 13,60

Still, Clyfford 121,1z4,134 Storrs, John

Study in Pure Form (Forms in Space No. 4) B Strand, Paul 82,86 structuralism 164,229 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

163 Studio Museum, The 195,198,227 Sullivan, Louis 29 Surrealism 61,124 Survival Research Laboratories (SRL) 148,219,

220

Synchromism54, ~9~66-8,89, 112

Take Backthe Night 190 Talking Heads 239 Tansey, Mark ZII

Taos Societyofktists 87, zoo Tarbell, Ida 40 Taylor, Frederick Winslow 62,81 Taylor, Joshua 14 Ten, The 41,42 Teraoka, Masami zzz

AIDS Serieflatfooed Women andFlying Saucerssrz, 213

Thayer, Abbott Henderson 9,16,30,32,37 Virgin Enthroned8,9,30,37

Thomas, Alma 196 Thompson, Louise 91 Time (periodical) IIO,IIZ, 143,155,163 Tinguely, Jean 148 Toche, Jean 197 Toledo Museum of k t 27

INDEX 287

Tolson, Edgar 152 Tooker, George

Subway g o Top Value Television 174 Torrey, Frederick C. 57 Transcendental Painting Group 88,89 Transcendentalism 64,66 Tudor, David 141 Tudor-Hart, Percyval68 Turner, Frederick Jackson 28,32,87,247 Turrell, James 161,168,176,178

Catso, Blue 160 Twain, Mark 21

291 60,62,68 Tyler, Scott 223

UdC, Ik6.237 Ukeles, Mierle Laderman 189 United Farm Workers 201

U+ted States Information Agency 129 usable past 86,110

Vance, Carole 224 Van DerZee, James 197 Vanguard group 102

Van Gogh, Vincent 80,199, 205 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo 105 Vasarely, Victor 163 Vassilakis, Takis 172 Verlarde, Pablita 113 Venice Biennale 195,197,238,244 vernacular glance 145 video art 174,175,237,241,248-9 VietnamWar158,163,171-3,182,203 Viola, Bill 247 Virginia Dwan Gallery 176,178 Vonnoh, Bessie Potter24

Walker, Mice 186,218 Walker Art Center 245 Walker, Kara 237,238 Walkowitz, Abraham 53,64 Wallace, Michele 197 Ward, Eleanor 127 Warhol, Andy 154,155,1~8,162,166,zog, 241

Twenty-Five ColoredMarilyns 138 157 WARM 183 Warner, Charles Dudley 21

Washington, Booker T. 26 Washington, Harold 223 Watergate 181 Watts riot 169 Weber, Max 61,62,64,65

Chinese Restauranti;j, gq,jj, 62,84 Weems, Carrie Mae

MirrorMirrorzr8

I l

Wegman, William 174 Weiner, Lawrence 172 Weintraub, Annette 241 Wells-Barnett, Ida 26 Wesselmann, Tom

GreatAmerican Nude #~1156,157,184 West as America, The (exhibition) 244 I

West, Come1238 I

Weston, Edward 211

Wexner Center for the Arts 231 White, Charles 197 Whitman, Rohert 146,147 Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt 43,56,77,78 Whitney Annual 182 Whitney Biennial 16,152,227,234,241,245 Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art 43,77,79,

80,95,116,167,196,~057,246 Whitney Studio Club 78 Wiegand, Charmion Van 116 Wilke, Hannah 217 1

S. 0. S. Starijcation Object Series 184,185 Wlllard, Marian 126 l Williams, Megan 229 Williams, Pat Ward Accused/Blowtorch/Pad~ock 212,213,22,

Williams, Robert 229 Williams, Sue 229 Williams, William Carlos 80. Rz

Wilson, Fred 243 Mi~zing the Museunz 245

Wodiczko, Krzysztof 220, 227 Projection 221

Wojnarowicz, David 222,224,227 Wolfe, Tom 168,205 Womanhouse (various artists) 189,190 Woman~ArfJournal(periodica1) 183 Women's Caucus for Art 183 Wood, Grant 115

American Gothic 108,109, 111 Spring Turningrop, 111

Woodruff, Hale 77,93,95,135,195 Woods, Tiger 235 Works Progress Administration (WPA) 97,

~ ~ , ~ ~ , I o o , I O ~ , I I ~ , I I ~ , I ~ ~

World War I72,75,89 World War 11 123,124 Wright, Richard 91, 102

Wyeth, Andrew 130

X, Malcolm 196

Yale Universitygq, 241 Young, La Monte 148

Zen Buddhism 141,153, IUY

Zinn, Howard 228

288 INDEX